I-Milbon's Carbon Bootprint

NguJoyce Nelson, ngoJanuwari 30, 2020

Kusukela I-Watershed Sentinel

Akungabazeki ukuthi, emhlabeni wonke, umsebenzisi omkhulu wamafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi abezempi. Wonke lawo majethi ezempi, amathangi, imikhumbi yasolwandle, izimoto zokuhamba emoyeni, amaJeep, izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, ama-humvees, nama-drones ashisa isamba esikhulu sikadizili negesi nsuku zonke, okudala ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni enkulu. Ngakho-ke ungacabanga ukuthi izingxoxo mayelana nesimo sezulu esiphuthumayo zizogxila ku-carbon bootprint yamasosha, noma okungenani zibeke phezulu ezintweni ezikhathazayo.

Kodwa uzobe unephutha. Ngaphandle kwamazwi ambalwa anesizungu, amasosha abonakala ekhululekile engxoxweni yesimo sezulu.

Lokho kwabonakala ngokusobala ngoDisemba 2019, lapho ingqungquthela ye-NATO iqondana nokuvulwa kwe-COP25 eSpain. Ingqungquthela ye-NATO igxile cishe ngokuphelele ku-harangue yokuphatha kukaTrump ukuthi amalungu e-NATO awachithi imali eyanele ezikhalini zempi. Khonamanjalo, i-COP25 igxile “ezimakethe zekhabhoni” kanye nezizwe ezisalela emuva ekuzibophezeleni kwazo ku-2015 Paris Accord.

Lawo ma “silo” amabili bekufanele ahlanganiswe ukuze adalule isisekelo esingenangqondo esisebenza ngemuva kokubili: ukuthi ngandlela thile isimo esiphuthumayo singahlangatshezwana naso ngaphandle kokwehliswa kwezempi. Kodwa njengoba sizobona, leyo ngxoxo inqatshelwe emazingeni aphezulu.

Imali Yezempi YaseCanada

Lokho kunqanyulwa okufanayo kwabonakala ngesikhathi sokhetho lukazwelonke lwaseCanada lwango-2019, esatshelwa ukuthi lwalumayelana nesimo sezulu. Kepha kuwo wonke umkhankaso, ngokwazi kwami, akukho nokukodwa okwashiwo ukuthi uhulumeni waseTrudeau Liberal uthembise uxhaso olusha lwamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-62 “ngoxhaso olusha” lwamasosha, okukhuphule ukusetshenziswa kwezempi kweCanada kwaba ngaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-553 zamaRandi. eminyakeni engu-20 ezayo. Lolo xhaso olusha luhlanganisa ama-dollar ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30 zamajethi ezempi amasha angama-88 kanye nemikhumbi yempi emisha eyi-15 ngo-2027.

Amabhidi wokwakha lawo ma-jet fighters amasha angama-88 kufanele alethwe ngo-Spring 2020, no-Boeing, u-Lockheed Martin, kanye no-Saab emqhudelwaneni onamandla wezinkontileka zaseCanada.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-Postmedia News ine kubika okwabaqhudelana ababili abaphambili, indiza yempi yeBoeing's Super Hornet “ibiza cishe u-$18,000 [USD] ngehora ukusebenza uma kuqhathaniswa [neLockheed Martin] F-35 ebiza u-$44,000” ngehora.

Ukuze abafundi bacabange ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza bezempi bakhokhelwa amaholo ezinga le-CEO, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi zonke izingxenye zezempi zezempi ziyethusa ngendlela eyongayo uphethiloli, okunikela kulezo zindleko zokusebenza eziphezulu. U-Neta Crawford wase-Boston University, umbhali ngokubambisana wombiko ka-2019 onesihloko esithi I-Pentagon Fuel Use, Ukuguquka Kwemozulu, Nezindleko Zempi, uye waphawula ukuthi izindiza zokulwa ziwonga kangangokuthi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kukalwa “ngamalitha emayela” hhayi amamayela, ngakho “indiza eyodwa ingathola amalitha amahlanu imayela.” Ngokufanayo, ngokusho kweForbes, ithangi elifana ne-M1 Abrams lithola cishe amamayela angu-0.6 ilitha ngalinye.

I-Pentagon's Fuel Use

Ngokusho the Izindleko zempi Umbiko ovela ku-Watson Institute eBrown University, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-United States “ungumsebenzisi oyedwa omkhulu kunabo bonke” wamafutha ezinsalela ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni, futhi “ungumkhiqizi oyedwa omkhulu wamagesi abamba ukushisa (GHG) emhlabeni.” Leso sitatimende sinanelwe ocwaningweni olufanayo lwango-2019 olukhishwe ngu-Oliver Belcher, Benjamin Neimark, kanye noPatrick Bigger baseDurham naseLancaster Universities, olubizwa. Izindleko Zekhabhoni Efihliwe 'Zempi Yendawo Yonke'. Yomibili le mibiko yaphawula ukuthi “izindiza zezempi ezikhona kanye nemikhumbi yempi [zivala] amasosha ase-US kuma-hydrocarbons iminyaka eminingi ezayo.” Kungashiwo okufanayo nakwamanye amazwe (njengeCanada) athenga i-hardware yezempi.

Yomibili le mibiko ithi ngo-2017 kuphela, amasosha aseMelika athenga imiphongolo kawoyela engu-269,230 ngosuku futhi asebenzisa imali engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-8.6 zamaRandi kuphethiloli webutho lezindiza, amasosha, asolwandle nasolwandle. Kodwa leso sibalo se-bpd esingu-269,230 esokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli “okusebenza” kuphela - ukuqeqesha, ukusebenzisa, nokusimamisa ihadiwe yezikhali - okungamaphesenti angama-70 wengqikithi yokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwezempi. Lesi sibalo asibandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli “kwesikhungo” - izibaso ezimbiwa phansi ezisetshenziselwa ukunakekela izizinda zezempi zase-US zasekhaya nezangaphandle, ezingaphezu kuka-1,000 emhlabeni jikelele futhi ezibalelwa ku-30% wesamba esiphelele sokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli wezempi wase-US.

NjengoGar Smith, umhleli ophumayo we-Earth Island Journal, kubika ngo-2016, "I-Pentagon ivumile ukushisa imiphongolo kawoyela ye-350,000 ngosuku (amazwe angama-35 kuphela emhlabeni adla ngaphezulu)."

Indlovu EGumbini

Ngesiqephu esimangalisayo, I-Pentagon: I-Climate Elephant, eyanyatheliswa ekuqaleni i-International Action Center kanye ne-Global Research, uSara Flounders wabhala ngo-2014: “Kunendlovukazi engxoxweni yesimo sezulu okufuna i-United States kukhulunywe ngakho noma ibonakale.” Leyo ndlovu yiqiniso lokuthi “iPentagon ayinakho ukukhululeka kuzo zonke izivumelwano zesimo sezulu samazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela ngezingxoxo ze-Kyoto Protocol [COP4] ngo-1998, emzamweni wokuthola ukuvumelana ne-US, yonke imisebenzi yezempi yase-US emhlabeni wonke kanye nase-US ikhululekile ekulinganisweni noma ezivumelwaneni zokunciphisa [i-GHG]."

Kulezi zingxoxo ze-COP1997 zango-1998-4, iPentagon yaphikelela kulokhu “kuhlinzekwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke,” ikunikeza inkululeko ekwehliseni - noma ngisho nokubika - ukukhishwa kwayo kwesisi esibamba ukushisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasosha ase-US aphikelela ngo-1998 ukuthi kuzo zonke izingxoxo ezisemthethweni ezizayo mayelana nesimo sezulu, izithunywa ziyavinjelwa ukuthi zixoxe nge-carbon bootprint yamasosha. Noma bebefuna ukukuxoxa lokho kodwa abakwazi.

NgokukaFlounders, lokho kukhululwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke kubandakanya "yonke imisebenzi yezizwe ngezizwe efana nomfelandawonye wezempi we-NATO eyalwe yi-US kanye ne-AFRICOM [United States Africa Command], umfelandawonye wamasosha ase-US manje osemboze i-Afrika."

Okuxakayo ukuthi i-US ngaphansi kukaGeorge W. Bush yabe inqaba ukusayina i-Kyoto Protocol. ICanada yalandela lesi sibonelo, yahoxa eKyoto ngo-2011.

Izindleko zempi umbhali uNeta Crawford unikeze ukucaciseleka okwengeziwe ngalokhu kukhululwa kwezempi. Engxoxweni yangoJulayi 2019, uCrawford wathi ukuhlinzekwa kwezokuphepha kuzwelonke “kukhululwe ngokukhethekile uphethiloli wezempi wamasosha kanye nemisebenzi yamasosha empini ukuthi ibalwe njengengxenye yokukhishwa okuphelele kwe-[GHG]. Lokho okwawo wonke amazwe. Alikho izwe elidingekayo ukuze libike lokho kukhishwa [kwezempi]. Ngakho akuhlukile [e-US] kulokho.”

Ngakho-ke ngo-1998, i-US yathola ukukhululwa kuwo wonke amasosha amazwe ekubikeni, noma ekunqamuleni, ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yawo. Leli lungelo lempi kanye nezempi (ngempela, yonke inhlangano yezempi-yezimboni) iphunyukile kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, ngisho nabashisekeli besimo sezulu.

Ngokwazi kwami, akekho umxoxisi wesimo sezulu noma usopolitiki noma inhlangano iBig Green eke yashaya ikhwela noma yasho lokhu kukhululwa kwezempi kwabezindaba - “ikhoni lokuthula” elididayo.

Eqinisweni, ngokusho komcwaningi waseCanada uTamara Lorincz, owabhala iphepha elisebenzayo lika-2014 elinesihloko esithi. Ukususwa Kwezempi Kwe-Deep Decarbonization we-International Peace Bureau ezinze eSwitzerland, ngo-1997 "u-Vice-President wase-US u-Al Gore wajoyina ithimba lezingxoxo laseMelika e-Kyoto," futhi wakwazi ukuvikela ukukhululwa kwezempi.

Okudida kakhulu, ngo-2019 i-op-ed Okwe New York Review of Books, isishoshovu sezulu uBill McKibben uvikele i-carbon bootprint yebutho lezempi, wathi iPentagon "ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kuyancipha eduze kwenani labantu," nokuthi "empeleni amasosha abewenza umsebenzi ongemuhle kakhulu wokwehlisa ukukhishwa kwawo. .”

Emihlanganweni ye-COP21 eyaholela ku-2015 Paris Climate Agreement, kwenziwa isinqumo sokuvumela izwe ngalinye lezwe ukuthi linqume ukuthi iyiphi imikhakha kazwelonke okufanele yenze ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ngaphambi kuka-2030. Ngokusobala, amazwe amaningi anqume ukuthi ukukhululwa kwezempi (ikakhulukazi "ukusebenza" ” ukusetshenziswa kwamafutha) kufanele kugcinwe.

Ngokwesibonelo, eCanada, ngemva nje kokhetho lukazwelonke lwakamuva, The I-Globe & Imeyili kubika uhulumeni oyingcosana ophinde waqokwa weLiberal ubeke ohlwini iminyango eyisikhombisa ezodlala indima “enkulu” ekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni: Ezezimali, Izindaba Zomhlaba Wonke, Ukuqamba Okusha, Isayensi Nokuthuthukiswa Komnotho, Imvelo, Impahla Yemvelo, Izindaba Zohulumeni Kahulumeni, kanye Nobulungiswa. Ongekho ngokugqamile uMnyango Wezokuvikela Kazwelonke (DND). Kuwebhusayithi yayo, i-DND iphakamisa "imizamo yayo yokuhlangabezana noma yedlule" inhloso ye-federal emissions, kodwa iphawula ukuthi leyo mizamo "ingabandakanyi imikhumbi yezempi" - okungukuthi, izinsimbi zezempi ezishisa uphethiloli omningi.

NgoNovemba 2019, iGreen Budget Coalition - eyakhiwe yizinhlangano ezizimele ezingama-22 zaseCanada - yakhipha Izincomo zika-2020 zokusika i-carbon zeminyango yenhlangano, kodwa akazange akhulume nhlobo ngokukhishwa kwe-GHG yezempi noma i-DND ngokwayo. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuguquka kwezempi / isimo sezulu "i-cone of silence" iyaqhubeka.

Isigaba 526

Ngo-2010, umhlaziyi wezempi u-Nick Turse wabika ukuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela wase-US (i-DOD) uklomelisa izigidigidi zamadola ezinkontilekeni zamandla unyaka ngamunye, kanti imali eningi izothenga uphethiloli oyinqwaba. Lezo zinkontileka ze-DOD (ezibiza ngaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-16 zamaRandi ngo-2009) ziya ikakhulukazi kubahlinzeki bempahla kaphethiloli abaphezulu abafana noShell, ExxonMobil, Valero, kanye ne-BP (izinkampani eziqanjwe u-Turse).

Zone zalezi zinkampani bezisebenza futhi zibambe iqhaza ekukhishweni nasekucwengisweni kwesihlabathi setiyela.

Ngo-2007, izishayamthetho zase-US zaziphikisana ngomthetho omusha we-US Energy Security and Independence Act. Abanye abenzi benqubomgomo abakhathazekile ngokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, beholwa yingqungquthela yeDemocratic Alliance, uHenry Waxman, bakwazile ukufaka umthetho obizwa ngeSigaba 526, okwenze kwaba semthethweni ukuthi iminyango kahulumeni wase-US noma ama-ejensi athenge izibaso ezimbiwa phansi ezinomshini omkhulu wekhabhoni.

Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-DOD ingumnyango kahulumeni omkhulu kakhulu othenga amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi, iSigaba 526 sasiqondiswe ngokusobala e-DOD. Futhi uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa, ukucwengwa, kanye nokushiswa kwe-Alberta tar sands crude kukhipha okungenani ukukhishwa kwe-GHG okungu-23% ngaphezu kukawoyela ovamile, Isigaba 526 naso sasiqondiswe ngokucacile esihlabathini setiyela esingahluziwe (namanye amafutha asindayo).

“Leli lungiselelo,” kubhala u-Waxman, “liqinisekisa ukuthi izinhlangano zikahulumeni azisebenzisi amadola abakhokhi bentela emithonjeni emisha kaphethiloli ezokwandisa ukufudumala kwembulunga yonke.”

Ngandlela thize, iSigaba 526 sashaywa indiva indawo yokwamukela uwoyela enamandla eWashington futhi kwaba umthetho e-US ngo-2007, okwenza ukuthi inxusa laseCanada lingene esenzweni.

As I-TyeeUGeoff Dembicki wabhala iminyaka kamuva (ngoMashi 15, 2011), "abasebenzi benxusa laseCanada ekuqaleni kuka-Feb. 2008 bahlabe umkhosi ngokuhlinzekwa kwe-American Petroleum Institute, ExxonMobil, BP, Chevron, Marathon, Devon, kanye ne-Encana, ama-imeyili angaphakathi aveza."

I-American Petroleum Institute yakha “iqembu elisebenzayo” leSigaba 526 elahlangana nabasebenzi benxusa laseCanada kanye nabamele i-Alberta, kanti inxusa laseCanada e-US ngaleso sikhathi, uMichael Wilson “wabhalela uNobhala Wezokuvikela waseMelika ngaleyo nyanga, ethi iCanada ayizange. bafuna ukubona iSigaba 526 sisetshenziswa kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi akhiqizwa ezihlabathini zikawoyela zase-Alberta,” kubhala uDembicki.

Ingabe incwadi ka-Wilson bekuwumzamo wokulondoloza izinkontileka zikaphethiloli wenqwaba enenzuzo ekhishwe i-DOD ezinkampanini (ezifana ne-Shell, i-ExxonMobil, i-Valero, ne-BP) ebandakanyeka esihlabathini setiyela?

Ukunxusa okunamandla kwasebenza. Isikhungo se-DOD sokuthenga amafutha ngobuningi, I-Defence Logistics Agency - Amandla, yenqabile ukuvumela iSigaba 526 ukuthi sisebenze, noma siguqule, izinqubo zayo zokuthenga, futhi kamuva samelana nenselelo efanayo yeSigaba 526 eyafakwa amaqembu emvelo ase-US.

Ngo-2013, uTom Corcoran, umqondisi omkhulu weSikhungo esizinze eWashington seNorth American Energy Security, utshele I-Globe & Imeyili ngo-2013, "Ngingasho ukuthi kuwukunqoba okukhulu kwabakhiqizi bezihlabathi zikawoyela baseCanada ngoba bahlinzeka ngenani elikhulu likawoyela ongahluziwe ocwengiwe futhi uguqulelwe ekubeni umkhiqizo woMnyango Wezokuvikela."

"Ukucabanga Kakhudlwana"

NgoNovemba 2019, owayengumongameli wase-US uJimmy Carter wabhala incwadi enothando i-op-ed ngoba Isikhathi Magazine, bethi “ukunikeza abesifazane namantombazane amandla” kungasiza ekuxazululeni inkinga yesimo sezulu. Uthe isimo esiphuthumayo sesimo sezulu singase sibe sibi kakhulu, kanye nesikhathi sokwenza okuthile sifushane kakhulu, kangangoba kumele siyeke “ukucwila emaphethelweni emboni yethu yamandla omhlaba” futhi esikhundleni salokho “sicabange okukhulu, senze ngokushesha, futhi sifake wonke umuntu.”

Kodwa uCarter akakaze akhulume ngezempi, okusobala ukuthi ayifakiwe encazelweni yakhe ethi “wonke umuntu.”

Ngaphandle uma empeleni siqala "ukucabanga okukhulu" futhi sisebenze ukudiliza umshini wempi (kanye ne-NATO), lincane ithemba. Ngenkathi thina sonke sizama ukuguqukela ekusaseni elinekhabhoni ephansi, amasosha ane-carte blanche ukuze ashise wonke ama-fossil ayifunayo ku-hardware yawo yempi engapheli - isimo esikhona ikakhulukazi ngoba abantu abaningi abazi lutho ngezempi. ukukhululwa ekubikweni nasekunciphiseni ukukhishwa kwesimo sezulu.

Incwadi yakamuva yombhali owawina umklomelo uJoyce Nelson, I-Dystopia yokudlula, inyatheliswa yizincwadi ze-Watershed Sentinel.