NguDavid Swanson, ngo-Okthoba 1, 2020
Uma usesha kuwebhu izithombe "ze-Nazi salute" uthola izithombe ezindala ezivela e-Germany kanye nezithombe zakamuva ezivela e-United States. Kodwa uma usesha izithombe ze-“Bellamy salute” uthola inqwaba yezithombe ezimnyama nokumhlophe zezingane zase-US nabantu abadala abaphakamise izingalo zabo zesokudla ziqine phambi kwabo kulokho okuzothinta abantu abaningi njengendelelo yamaNazi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwawo-1890 kuya ku-1942 i-United States yasebenzisa isaluthe sikaBellamy ukuze ihambisane namagama abhalwe uFrancis Bellamy futhi aziwa ngokuthi iSithembiso Sokwethembeka. Ngo-1942, iCongress yaseMelika yayala abantu baseMelika ukuthi esikhundleni salokho babeke izandla zabo phezu kwezinhliziyo zabo lapho befunga ukwethembeka efulegeni, ukuze bangenzi iphutha njengamaNazi.[i]
Umdwebo kaJacques-Louis David wango-1784 Isifungo samaHoratii kukholakala ukuthi isiqalile imfashini eyathatha amakhulu eminyaka eveza amaRoma asendulo enza isenzo esifana nsé ne-Bellamy noma i-Nazi salute.[Ii]
Ukukhiqizwa kwesiteji sase-US Ben kaHure, kanye nenguqulo yefilimu yango-1907 efanayo, yasebenzisa ukuthinta. Labo abayisebenzisayo emikhiqizweni emangalisayo yase-US yangaleso sikhathi bebezokwazi kokubili ukubingelela kukaBellamy kanye nesiko lokubonisa "i-salute yamaRoma" kubuciko be-neoclassical. Ngokwazi kwethu, “i saluthe yamaRoma” empeleni yayingakaze isetshenziswe amaRoma asendulo.
Kunjalo, i salute elula kakhulu, akunzima ukucabanga up; ziningi kuphela izinto abantu abangakwazi ukuzenza ngezingalo zabo. Kodwa lapho ama-fascist aseNtaliyane eyicosha, yayingakatholakali eRoma lasendulo futhi yayingakaze isungulwe. Kwabonakala ku Ben kaHure, futhi kumafilimu amaningana ase-Italy asethwe ezikhathini zasendulo, kuhlanganise ICabiria (1914), ebhalwe nguGabriele D'Annunzio.
Kusukela ngo-1919 kuya ku-1920 u-D'Annunzio wazenza umashiqela wento ebizwa ngokuthi i-Italian Regency yaseCarnaro, eyayilingana nedolobha elincane elilodwa. Wasungula imikhuba eminingi uMussolini ayezoyifanelekela ngokushesha, kuhlanganise nombuso wezinkampani, amasiko omphakathi, izigebengu ezigqoke izingubo ezimnyama, izinkulumo ze-balcony, kanye “nokubingelela kwamaRoma,” ayengakubona ICabiria.
Ngo-1923, amaNazi ayesethole indelelo yokubingelela uHitler, okungenzeka alingisa amaNtaliyane. Ngeminyaka yawo-1930 izinhlangano zobufascist kwamanye amazwe kanye nohulumeni abahlukahlukene emhlabeni wonke bakucosha. UHitler ngokwakhe ulandisa ngemvelaphi yaseJalimane yenkathi ephakathi yokubingelela, okuyinto, ngokwazi kwethu, okungasekho ukuthi imvelaphi yasendulo yamaRoma noma ingxenye yezinto eziphuma emlonyeni kaDonald Trump.[Iii] Ngokuqinisekile uHitler wayazi ngokusetshenziswa kukaMussolini i-salute futhi cishe wayazi ngokusetshenziswa kwe-US. Ukuthi ukuxhumana kwe-US kuthambekele ekuvuneni indesheni noma cha, kubonakala sengathi akuzange kumvimbe ekuthatheni indesheni.
I-salute esemthethweni yama-Olympics nayo ifana kakhulu nalawa amanye, nakuba engavamile ukusetshenziswa ngoba abantu abafuni ukubukeka njengamaNazi. Yayisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-Olympics ango-1936 eBerlin, futhi yadida abantu abaningi ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi ubani owayeshayela indesheni yama-Olympics nokuthi ubani owayeshayela indesheni uHitler. Amaphosta asuka kuma-Olympics ka-1924 akhombisa ukubingelela ngengalo ecishe iqonde mpo. Isithombe esivela kuma-Olympics ka-1920 sibonisa ukubingelela okuhlukile.
Kubonakala sengathi abantu abaningi babenombono ofanayo ngesikhathi esifanayo, mhlawumbe bethonywe omunye nomunye. Futhi kubonakala sengathi uHitler unikeze lo mbono igama elibi, okuholela wonke umuntu ukuthi awulahle, awuguqule, noma awululaze ukusuka kulelo phuzu kuye phambili.
Kwenza mehluko muni? UHitler wayengasungula leyo salute ngaphandle kokuba khona kwe-United States. Noma ukube ubengakwazi, ubengasungula enye indelelo ebingeke ibe ngcono noma imbi kakhulu. Yebo kunjalo. Kodwa inkinga ayikho lapho ingalo ibekwe khona. Inkinga isiko eliphoqelekile lokulwela impi kanye nokulalela okuphuphuthekile, kobugqila.
Kwakudingekile ngokuqinile eJalimane lobuNazi ukunikeza indesheni ekubingeleleni, ehambisana namazwi athi Hail Hitler! noma Hail Victory! Kwakudingeka futhi lapho kudlalwa Iculo Lesizwe noma i-Nazi Party Anthem. Iculo lesizwe lalibungaza ukuphakama kwamaJalimane, i-machismo, nempi.[Iv] Iculo lamaNazi laligubha amafulege, uHitler, nempi.[V]
Ngenkathi uFrancis Bellamy edala Isithembiso Sokwethembeka, sethulwa njengengxenye yohlelo lwezikole ezixube inkolo, ukushisekela izwe, amafulegi, ukulalela, amasiko, impi, izinqwaba nezinqwaba zokukhethekile.[vi]
Yebo, inguqulo yamanje yesibambiso ihluke kancane kunaphezulu futhi ifundeka kanje: “Ngithembisa ukwethembeka eFulegeni le-United States of America, kanye neRiphabhulikhi emi kuyo, Isizwe esisodwa esingaphansi kukaNkulunkulu, esingehlukaniseki, esinenkululeko kanye nenkululeko. ubulungisa kubo bonke.”[vii]
Ubuzwe, impi, inkolo, ukuhluka, nesifungo esingokwesiko sokwethembeka engxenyeni yendwangu: lokhu kuyingxubevange impela. Ukuphoqelela lokhu ezinganeni kufanele kube phakathi kwezindlela ezimbi kakhulu zokuzilungiselela ukuphikisa ubufascism. Uma usuzibophezele efulegeni, yini okufanele uyenze lapho othile ephakamisa lelo fulegi futhi eklabalasa ethi kumele kubulawe abantu bangaphandle ababi? Kuyivelakancane ukuthi umakadebona wempi kahulumeni wase-US noma isishoshovu sokuthula esingeke sikutshele ukuthi singakanani isikhathi abasichithile bezama ukuzisusa kukho konke ukushisekela izwe okwafakwa kubo beseyizingane.
Abanye abantu abavakashela e-United States bevela kwamanye amazwe bayashaqeka lapho bebona izingane zimile, zisebenzisa i-salute eguquliwe yokukhuluma ngenhliziyo, futhi zisho isifungo sokwethembeka “esizweni esingaphansi kukaNkulunkulu” ngamarobhothi. Kubonakala sengathi ukuguqulwa kwesimo sesandla akuzange kuphumelele ukuvimbela ukuthi babukeke njengamaNazi.[viii]
Ukukhulekela kwamaNazi akuzange kumane kuyekwe eJalimane; ivinjelwe. Nakuba amafulege namaculo amaNazi angatholakala ngezikhathi ezithile emibuthanweni yokucwasa ngokwebala e-United States, awavunyelwe eJalimane, lapho ama-neo-Nazi kwesinye isikhathi anyakazisa ifulegi le-Confederate States of America njengendlela esemthethweni yokwenza iphuzu elifanayo.
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Ikhishwe kusuka Ukushiya IMpi Yezwe II Ngemva.
Evikini elizayo inkambo eku-inthanethi iqala ngesihloko sokushiya i-WWII ngemuva:
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[i] U-Erin Blakemore, I-Smithsonian Magazine, "Imithetho Mayelana Nendlela Yokukhuluma Nefulegi LaseMelika Yavela Ngoba Akekho Owayefuna Ukubukeka NjengomNazi," Agasti 12, 2016, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/rules-about-how-to- ikheli-us-ifulegi-liqhamuke-ngoba-akekho-ofuna-ukubukeka-njengama-nazi-180960100
[Ii] UJessie Guy-Ryan, u-Atlas Obscura, "Indlela I-Salute yamaNazi eyaba ngayo Isenzo Esicasula Kakhulu Emhlabeni: UHitler wasungula izimpande zaseJalimane zokubingelela-kodwa umlando wawo wawusuvele ugcwele ukukhwabanisa," March 12, 2016, https://www.atlasobscura .com/articles/how-the-nazi-salute-became-the-worlds-most-offensive-gesture
[Iii] Inkulumo Yetafula likaHitler: 1941-1944 (ENew York: Enigma Books, 2000), https://www.nationalists.org/pdf/hitler/hitlers-table-talk-roper.pdf ikhasi 179
[Iv] I-Wikipedia, “Deutschlandlied,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutschlandlied
[V] I-Wikipedia, “Horst-Wessel-Lied,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied
[vi] Umngane Wentsha, 65 (1892): 446–447. Iphinde yanyatheliswa ngesi-Scot M. Guenter, Ifulegi laseMelika, 1777-1924: Ukushintsha Kwamasiko (Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1990). Kucashunwe Ngezindaba Zomlando: Isifundo Socwaningo Sase-US kuwebhu, iGeorge Mason University, “'Izwe Elilodwa! Ulimi Olulodwa! Ifulegi elilodwa!' Ukusungulwa Kwesiko LaseMelika,” http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5762
[vii] Ikhodi yase-US, Isihloko 4, Isahluko 1, Isigaba 4, https://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title4/chapter1&edition=prelim
[viii] “Uhlu lwazo zonke izizwe lapho izingane zifunga njalo ukwethembeka efulegeni lungaba lufushane kakhulu, futhi lungafaki noma yimaphi amazwe acebile aseNtshonalanga ngaphandle kwe-United States. Nakuba amanye amazwe enezifungo ezizweni (eSingapore) noma omashiqela (North Korea), ngingathola izwe elilodwa kuphela ngaphandle kwe-United States lapho noma ubani ethi izingane zivame ukwenza isifungo sokwethembeka efulegeni: Mexico. Futhi ngiyawazi amanye amazwe amabili anesithembiso sokwethembeka efulegeni, nakuba kungekho kubonakala alisebenzisa njalo njenge-United States. Zombili ziyizizwe ezingaphansi kwethonya elinzima lase-US, futhi kuzo zombili izimo isibambiso sisha. IPhilippines ibe nesifungo sokwethembeka kusukela ngo-1996, kanye neNingizimu Korea kusukela ngo-1972, kodwa isethembiso sayo kusukela ngo-2007.” Kusuka kuDavid Swanson, Ukwelapha I-Exceptionalism: Yini Engalungile Ngendlela Esicabanga Ngayo Nge-United States? Yini Esingayenza Ngayo? (UDavid Swanson, 2018).
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