Isikweletu sezithombe: pxfuel
by I-Peace Science Digest, Ngo-September 14, i-2021
Lokhu kuhlaziywa kufingqa futhi kuveze ucwaningo olulandelayo: Qureshi, A. (2020). Ukubhekana nempi "yokwesaba": Ukushayela umphakathi wobucayi obucayi kakhulu. Izifundo ezibucayi ngobuphekula, 13 (3), 485-499.
Lokhu kuhlaziywa kungokwesithathu ochungechungeni lwezingxenye ezine lokukhumbula iminyaka engama-20 kaSepthemba 11, 2001. Ekuqhakambiseni umsebenzi wakamuva wezifundo ngemiphumela eyinhlekelele yezimpi zase-US e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kanye neMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula (GWOT) kabanzi, sihlose ukuthi lolu chungechunge luvuse ukucabanga okubucayi kwempendulo yase-US ebuphekula nokuvula ingxoxo ngezindlela ezingezona ezinobudlova zempi nodlame lwezepolitiki.
Izinkulumo zokukhuluma
- Ukuqondwa okukodwa kwempi nokulwa nobuphekula njengenqubomgomo yamasu eyedwa, kunganakwa umthelela obanzi womuntu wempi / wokulwa nobuphekula, kungaholela kwizifundiswa ukuthi zifake isandla ekwenzeni "inqubomgomo engacatshangwa kahle" egcina ihambisana neMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezokwesaba ( I-GWOT).
- Ngenkathi ngaphambili zombili i- "warzone" kanye "nesikhathi sempi" kungenzeka ukuthi zazihlukaniswe ngokusobala, i-GWOT ichithe lokhu kwehlukaniswa kwezindawo nezesikhashana phakathi kwempi nokuthula, yenze "umhlaba wonke waba yindawo yempi" futhi yandisa okwenzeka empini "ngesikhathi sokuthula" . ”
- “I-matrix yokulwa nobuphekula” - ukuthi ubukhulu obuhlukahlukene benqubomgomo yokulwa nobuphekula “buhlangana futhi buqinelane” —unomphumela wokuqoqeka, nobandlululo kubantu ngaphesheya komthelela ocacile wanoma iyiphi inqubomgomo eyodwa, enezinqubomgomo ezibonakala zinobungozi - njenge “ngaphambi kobugebengu ”Izinhlelo zokuhlanjululwa kwemibono — ezakha enye“ ungqimba lokuhlukumeza ”emiphakathini esivele ihlosiwe futhi yahlukunyezwa yiziphathimandla.
- Ukwenziwa kwenqubomgomo yokuvimbela udlame kumele kuqale ekuqondeni okwenzeka emiphakathini ethinteke kakhulu yi-GWOT ukuze ingazibandakanyi nezinqubomgomo eziyingozi nezinobuhlanga.
Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Kokujwayeza Ukwazisa
- Njengoba impi yase-US e-Afghanistan ifinyelela esiphethweni sayo, kusobala ukuthi ukukhishwa inyumbazane, umbutho wezempi, nokucwasa ngokobuhlanga kusondela kwezokuphepha — noma ngabe phesheya noma “ekhaya” - akusebenzi futhi kuyingozi. Ezokuphepha esikhundleni salokho ziqala ngokufakwa kanye nokuba ngeyakho, ngendlela yokuvimbela udlame oluhlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu futhi oluvikela amalungelo abantu bawo wonke umuntu, kungaba endaweni noma emhlabeni jikelele.
Isifinyezo
Okujwayelekile kusayensi yezepolitiki kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe omhlaba ukucabanga ngempi njengenqubomgomo yamasu, njengendlela yokufeza. Lapho sicabanga ngempi ngale ndlela kuphela, noma kunjalo, siyibona ngokobubanzi obubodwa-njengethuluzi lenqubomgomo-futhi singaboni imiphumela yayo enezici ezahlukahlukene futhi ebanzi. Njengoba u-Asim Qureshi ephawula, lokhu kuqonda okukodwa ngempi nokulwa nobuphekula kungaholela kwizifundiswa - ngisho nalabo abagxeka izifundo ezijwayelekile zobuphekula - ukufaka isandla ekwenziweni kwenqubomgomo "okucatshangwe kabi" okugcina kuhambisana neMpi Yomhlaba Wonke Yezobuphekula (GWOT ) kanye nezinqubomgomo ezibanzi zobuphekula eziyingozi. Isizathu sakhe kulolu cwaningo, ngakho-ke, ukubeka phambili ulwazi lomuntu lwe-GWOT ukusiza izifundiswa ezibucayi ikakhulukazi "ukucabanga kabusha ngobudlelwano bazo nokwenza izinqubomgomo," kufaka phakathi ukuphikisana nezinhlelo zobudlova (CVE) ezinodlame.
Umbuzo ophakathi nophenya ucwaningo lombhali uthi: Ngabe iGWOT — kufaka phakathi inqubomgomo yayo yokulwa nobuphekula yasekhaya — inolwazi kanjani, futhi ingabe lokhu kungaqondakala njengokuhlangenwe nakho kwempi ngaphesheya kwezindawo ezisemthethweni zempi? Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, umbhali usebenzisa olwakhe ucwaningo olushicilelwe ngaphambilini, ngokususelwa ezingxoxweni nasekusebenzeni kwasemkhakheni nenhlangano yokukhuthaza ebizwa nge-CAGE.
Okuhlangenwe nakho komuntu, umbhali uqokomisa ukuthi impi ihlanganisa kanjani konke, ingena kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwansuku zonke nemiphumela njengokujwayelekile njengoba ishintsha impilo. Futhi ngenkathi ngaphambili i "warzone" kanye "nesikhathi sempi" (lapho kwenzeka khona lokho kwenzeka) bekungahlukaniswa ngokusobala, i-GWOT ichithe le mehluko wezindawo nowesikhashana phakathi kwempi nokuthula, okwenza "umhlaba wonke ube yindawo yempi ”Nokunweba okuhlangenwe nakho kwempi kube“ yisikhathi sokuthula, ”lapho umuntu engamiswa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi empilweni yakhe yansuku zonke. Ubhekisa odabeni lwamaSulumane amane aseBrithani aboshwa eKenya (izwe “okusobala ukuthi lingaphandle kwendawo yempi”) futhi abuzwa imibuzo ngabaphathi bezokuphepha / bezobunhloli baseKenya nabaseBrithani. Bona, kanye nabesilisa, abesifazane nezingane abangamashumi ayisishiyagalombili, babekwa nasezindizeni eziphakathi kweKenya, iSomalia, ne-Ethiopia lapho bafakwa khona emakhejini afana nalawo asetshenziswa eGuantanamo Bay. Ngamafuphi, i-GWOT ikhiqize imikhuba ejwayelekile kanye nokusebenzisana kwezokuphepha phakathi kwamazwe amaningi, ngisho nalawo abonakala engavumelani, "adonsela [izisulu], imindeni yabo kanye nalabo ababukele, emcabangweni wempi yomhlaba wonke."
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhali uqokomisa lokho akubiza ngokuthi yi "matrix yokulwa nobuphekula" - ukuthi ubukhulu obuhlukahlukene benqubomgomo yokulwa nobuphekula "buhlangana kanjani futhi buqinisane," kusuka "ekwabelaneni ngobuhlakani" kuye "kuzinqubomgomo zokujeziswa komphakathi njengokuncishwa ubuzwe" kuya "ngaphambi kobugebengu" izinhlelo ze-deradicalization. Le “matrix” inomphumela wokuqoqeka kubantu ngaphesheya komthelela ocacile wanoma iyiphi inqubomgomo eyodwa, nenqubomgomo ebukeka sengathi ayinabungozi — njengezinhlelo zokulwa nobugebengu “zangaphambi kobugebengu” - ezakha enye “ungqimba lokuhlukumeza” emiphakathini esivele ihlosiwe futhi ukuhlukunyezwa ngabaphathi. Unikeza isibonelo sowesifazane owabekwa icala lokuba "nencwadi yobushokobezi" kodwa ijaji elanquma ukuthi alizange lishukunyiswe yimibono equkethwe yilokho kushicilelwa. Yize kunjalo, ijaji lacabanga ukuthi kuwukuhlakanipha — ngenxa yokungaqiniseki nokuthi lalinabafowethu ababoshelwe icala lobuphekula — ukuze limnikeze “isigwebo sokuhlala izinyanga eziyishumi nambili” ukuze amphoqe ukuba enze “uhlelo oluyimpoqo lokwehlisa isithunzi,” ngaleyo ndlela “aqinise ] umbono wosongo, yize kungekho songo olwake lwaba khona. ” Kuye, impendulo "ibingahambelani" nosongo, njengoba umbuso manje usulandela hhayi nje "amaSulumane ayingozi" kepha "nemibono yamaSulumane uqobo." Lokhu kushintshela ekulawulweni kwemibono ngohlelo lwe-CVE, kunokugxila kuphela ebudloveni obungokwenyama, kukhombisa indlela i-GWOT engene ngayo cishe kuzo zonke izinhlaka zempilo yomphakathi, ikhombe abantu ikakhulu ngokuya ngalokho abakukholelwayo noma nokuthi babukeka kanjani — futhi ngalokho okuluhlobo oluthile lobandlululo lwesakhiwo.
Esinye isibonelo — sengane esencane ebethulwe kaninginingi futhi, kokunye, iboshwa futhi ihlukunyezwa emazweni ahlukahlukene ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kobuphekula okusolwayo (futhi okungabazisayo), kepha ibuye isolwe ngokuba yimpimpi — iyaqhubeka ibonisa “ukuziqinisa isipiliyoni sempi ”esenziwe yi-matrix yokulwa nobuphekula. Leli cala liphinde likhombe ekuwohlokeni komehluko phakathi komphakathi kanye nomuntu olwa nobuphekula nenqubomgomo yokulwa nezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nendlela umuntu anganikwanga ngayo izinzuzo ezijwayelekile zobuzwe, empeleni ethathwa enecala kunokuba asizwe futhi avikelwe ngumbuso ngokucabanga yokungabi msulwa kwakhe.
Ngazo zonke lezi zindlela, "izingqondo zempi ziyaqhubeka zisakazeka… ngezikhathi zokuthula" ku-GWOT — emazingeni womzimba nangokomqondo — nezikhungo zasekhaya ezinjengamaphoyisa abamba iqhaza kumasu anjengokulwa nempi ngisho nalapho kuthiwa "yisikhathi sokuthula." Ngokuqala ekuqondeni okwenzeka emiphakathini ethinteke kakhulu yi-GWOT, izifundiswa zingamelana "nobumbano… nezinhlelo ezihlelekile zobandlululo" futhi ziphinde zicabange ukuthi ingagcinwa kanjani imiphakathi iphephile ebuphekuleni ngaphandle kokunikela ngamalungelo alabo abakule miphakathi ehlosiwe.
Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba
Ngemuva kweminyaka engamashumi amabili kuqale iMpi Yomhlaba Jikelele Yezobuphekula (GWOT), i-US isanda kuhoxisa amabutho ayo okugcina e-Afghanistan. Noma ngabe yahlulelwa kancane ngesisekelo semigomo obekufanele iyifeze - ukuvimbela ukusebenza kwe-Al Qaeda ezweni nokuhlwitha ukulawula kumaTaliban — le mpi, njengezinye izindlela eziningi ezisetshenziswa ngodlame lwezempi, iziveza njengenganele ngokwedlulele futhi ayisebenzi: AmaTaliban asanda kuthola amandla okuphatha i-Afghanistan, izinsalela ze-al Qaeda, kanti i-ISIS nayo ithole indawo ezweni, yaqala ukuhlasela ngesikhathi i-US ihoxisa.
Futhi noma ngabe impi wayenakho ifinyelele ezinhlosweni zayo — obekucaca ukuthi ayikwenzanga — kusazobakhona iqiniso lokuthi impi, njengoba ucwaningo lukhombisa lapha, ayisebenzi kuphela njengethuluzi lomgomo, njengendlela elula yokufeza okuthile. Ihlala njalo inemiphumela ebanzi futhi ejulile ezimpilweni zabantu zangempela-lezo zezisulu zayo, abenzeli bayo / abenzi bobubi, nomphakathi obanzi — imiphumela enganyamalali lapho impi isiphelile. Yize imiphumela esobala kakhulu ye-GWOT ibonakala ezinombolweni eziluhlaza zabantu abalimele — ngokusho kweCosts of War Project, abantu abacishe babe yi-900,000 babulawa ngqo ebudloveni besikhathi sempi se-9/11, kufaka phakathi izakhamizi ezingama-364,000-387,000- mhlawumbe kuyinselelo enkulu kulabo abangathintekanga ngqo ukuthi babone enye, imithelela ecashile kakhulu kumalungu omphakathi abakanye nawo (ngokusobala hhayi e "warzone") abakhonjwe ngemizamo yokulwa nobuphekula: izinyanga noma iminyaka elahlekile lapho bevalelwe khona, ukuhlukumezeka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo kokuhlukunyezwa, ukwehlukaniswa ngenkani nomndeni, umuzwa wokukhashelwa nokuntuleka kokutholakala ezweni lakho, kanye nokuqapha okukhulu ezikhumulweni zezindiza nakwezinye izindlela zokuxhumana neziphathimandla, phakathi kokunye.
Ukushushiswa kwempi yaphesheya cishe njalo kuhilela ukucabanga kwempi okubuyiselwa emuva ekhaya-ukufiphala kwezigaba zomphakathi nezokulwa; ukuvela kwe izifunda ezihlukile lapho izinqubo ezijwayelekile zentando yeningi zingabonakali zisebenza; ukwehlukaniswa komhlaba, kwehle kuye ezingeni lomphakathi, kungene “thina” kanye “nabo,” kulabo okufanele bavikeleke nalabo ababhekwa njengabasabisayo. Le mindset yempi, egxilile ekubandlululweni ngokwebala kanye nokucwaswa kwabokufika, iguqula ukwakheka kwempilo kazwelonke neyomphakathi — ukuqonda okuyisisekelo mayelana nokuthi ubani ongokabani nokuthi ngubani okufanele azibonakalise njalo: ukuthi amaGerman-American ngesikhathi seWWI, amaJapan-American ngesikhathi seWWII, noma kamuva nje amaSulumane-aseMelika ngesikhathi se-GWOT njengomphumela wobushokobezi nenqubomgomo ye-CVE.
Ngenkathi kukhona ukucubungula okucacile nokusebenzayo lapha kokulwa kwezempi ku-GWOT kanye nemiphumela yayo ebanzi "ekhaya," elinye izwi lokuxwayisa liyafaneleka: Sifaka engcupheni ukusebenzisana ne-GWOT kanye nale mpi yengqondo ngisho nangokusekela izindlela ezibonakala "zingenabudlova" ukuphikisana nobudlova obunobudlova (CVE), Njengezinhlelo zokwehliswa kwesithunzi — izindlela ezibeka ukuphepha okubeka “phansi amandla”, njengoba zingancikile kusongo noma ekusetshenzisweni kodlame oluqondile. Isexwayiso sikabili: 1) le misebenzi ibeka engcupheni “yokugeza ukuthula” isenzo samasosha esivame ukuhambisana nabo noma abasisebenzelayo, kanye 2) nale misebenzi uqobo lwayo — noma kungekho mkhankaso wezempi — isebenza njengenye futhi indlela yokuphatha abantu abathile kepha hhayi abanye njengabaphikisi be-de facto, abanamalungelo ambalwa kunezakhamizi, ukudala izakhamizi ezisezingeni eliphansi eqenjini labantu abangase bazizwe sengathi abanabo ngokugcwele. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuvikeleka kuqala ngokufakwa nokutholakala, ngenqubo yokuvimbela udlame oluhlangabezana nezidingo zomuntu futhi oluvikela amalungelo esintu awo wonke umuntu, kungaba endaweni noma emhlabeni jikelele.
Kodwa-ke, indlela yokubekelwa eceleni, yezempi kwezokuphepha igxilile. Cabanga emuva ngasekupheleni kukaSepthemba 2001. Yize manje sesikuqonda ukwehluleka kweMpi e-Afghanistan nemiphumela yayo ebanzi eyingozi kakhulu, bekungenakwenzeka ukusikisela — cishe ezingabonakali-Ukuthi i-US akufanele iye empini isabela ekuhlaselweni kuka-9/11. Ukube ubunesibindi nobukhona bengqondo ngaleso sikhathi ukuphakamisa enye indlela, impendulo engavumelani nenqubomgomo esikhundleni sesenzo sezempi, kungenzeka ukuthi ubuzobizwa ngokuthi yi-naïve eqondile, ngaphandle kokuxhumana neqiniso. Kepha kungani kwakungeyona ingqondo yakho ukucabanga ukuthi ngokuqhuma ngamabhomu, ukuhlasela, nokuhlala ezweni iminyaka engamashumi amabili, ngenkathi siqhubeka nokuhlukanisa imiphakathi ebandlululiwe lapha “ekhaya,” sizobususa ubuphekula — esikhundleni sokubhebhezela uhlobo lokumelana oluye lwaqhubeka amaTaliban sonke lesi sikhathi futhi anikeze i-ISIS? Masikhumbule ngokuzayo lapho i-naïveté yangempela ilele khona. [MW]
Imibuzo Yezingxoxo
Ukube ubuyabuya ngoSepthemba 2001 ngolwazi esinalo manje ngemiphumela yeMpi e-Afghanistan kanye nempi ebanzi ye-Global War on Terror (GWOT), hlobo luni lokuphendula ekuhlaselweni kuka-9/11 ongakulwela?
Imiphakathi ingavimba kanjani futhi inciphise ukweqisa okunodlame ngaphandle kokukhomba ngokungafanele nokubandlulula imiphakathi yonke?
Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda
Intsha, J. (2021, Septhemba 8). I-9/11 ayizange isishintshe — Impendulo yethu kuyo yasiguqula. Udlame Lwezepolitiki @ a Glance. Ibuyiswe ngo-September 8, i-2021, evela https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2021/09/08/9-11-didnt-change-us-our-violent-response-did/
UWaldman, P. (2021, Agasti 30). Sisazikhohlisa ngamandla ezempi aseMelika. I-Washington Post.Ibuyiswe ngo-September 8, i-2021, evela https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/08/30/were-still-lying-ourselves-about-american-military-power/
Isikhungo Sobulungiswa saseBrennan. (2019, Septhemba 9). Kungani ukuphikisana nezinhlelo zokweqisa okunodlame kuyinqubomgomo embi. Kubuyiswe ngo-Septhemba 8, 2021, kusuka https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/why-countering-violent-extremism-programs-are-bad-policy
Izinhlangano
IKHASI: https://www.cage.ngo/
Amazwi Key: I-Global War on Terror (GWOT), ukulwa nobuphekula, imiphakathi yamaSulumane, ukulwa nobushoshovu obunobudlova (CVE), ulwazi lomuntu ngempi, Impi e-Afghanistan
Impendulo eyodwa
Ubani ubuphekula lapha?