NguNicolas JS Davies, uJanuwari 3, 2019
Kusukela Antiwar.org
Ubaba wayengudokotela eBrithani Royal Navy, futhi ngakhulela ukuhamba ngomkhumbi phakathi kwezindawo zokugcina zaseMbusweni waseBrithani - iTrincomalee, Gibraltar, eHong Kong, eMalta, e-Aden, eSingapore - nokuhlala ezindaweni ezizungezile zasendlini. E-England naseScotland.
Izisekelo ezisemgodini zaseBrithani lapho ngakhula khona futhi umbuso okhulayo owasekela manje yingxenye yomlando. Ingodosi yaseChatham. i-dockyard yokusebenza iminyaka engaphezulu kwe-400, manje isakhiwo se-museum nokuvakasha. Inkundla Yesikhwama seTrincomalee, lapho ngizalwa khona, bekulokhu kunesizinda lapho iSri Lankan Navy isolwa khona ngokuhlukunyezwa nokunyamalala kweziboshwa zaseTamil ngesikhathi sempi yombango yaseSri Lankan.
Kusukela kuma-1970 asekupheleni, ngiye eCalifornia naseFlorida, ngibhekene nokuphikisana kombuso wase-US njengabanye baseMelika. I-US ayinawo umbuso wendawo owaziwayo emhlabeni wonke njengamaBrithani noma ama-Ottoman Empires. Ozombangazwe baseMelika bavame ukuphika ukuthi i-United States igcina noma ifuna umbuso nhlobo, njengoba nje igcizelela ukuthi izithakazelo zayo zande kuwo wonke umhlaba, futhi njengoba izinqubomgomo zayo zithinta ukuphila - futhi zisongela abantu esikhathini esizayo.
Ngakho-ke kufanele siyiqonde kanjani lo mlando we-US empire, okuyiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izimpilo zethu kanye nekusasa lethu, kodwa okwamanje isakhiwo saso sihlala sifihliwe futhi siphila?
In Ama-ethnographies eMbusweni wase-US, okwahlelwa nguCarol McGranahan weYunivesithi yaseColorado kanye noJohn F. Collins weCUNY, abalingiswa abangamashumi amabili nane bafunda amaqembu abantu abaphila babo ababunjwa umbuso wase-US kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo. Izikhonzi zabo zivela kubantu bomdabu base-US naseHawaii ukubiza abasebenzi base-Philippines ePhilippines abantu abathunjiwe ngenkani of Diego Garcia.
Ama-ethnographi amaningi amaningi agcizelela ukuthi kubonakala sengathi ukuphikisana kombuso wezwe okhona ngempela ezweni elilandelelanayo lapho cishe wonke amazwe ehlonishwa khona emhlabeni njengesizimele nezwe.
Ubukhosi obuqinisiwe
Ukungena kokugcina ku I-Etnhographies yoMbuso wase-US wafika ekuhlaziyweni okuphelele kunabo bonke abathintekayo futhi abayinkimbinkimbi yamaphethini lapho izifunda ezizimele ezizimele nezakhamuzi zawo zikhona ngaphansi kobukhosi obukhulu bombuso wase-US.
Lesi sahluko, "Ukusuka Ngaphandle kokuya eMbusweni: Ubukhosi, Ukujikeleza kweCarceral kanye neMpi Yezwe Yonke Kuphekula, ”NguDarryl Li, uprofesa we-anthropology e-University of Chicago, ulandela iqembu lamadoda eza eBosnia Hercegovina evela emazweni amaningi ama-Arab ayolwa nohlangothi lwamaSulumane aseBosnia Impi ye-proxy esekelwa e-US ukuphula iYugoslavia kuma-1990s.
Ngo-2001, iningi lala madoda e-660 enza amakhaya amasha eBosnia. Abaningi babeshadile baseBosnia futhi babe nemindeni yaseBosnia. Bonke babanikezwe isakhamuzi saseBosnia ngokuqaphela indima yabo ezweni lokuzimela kwabo. Kodwa emva kwecala likaSeptemba 11th 2001, uhulumeni wase-US wabona lezi zangaphambili mujahideen njengezinto eziyingozi ngokwemvelo, futhi zagcizelela ukuthi kumele "zikhishwe emvelweni" futhi "zibuyiselwe ezweni lazo."
Ekuqaleni, lokhu kwenziwa ngenqubo engabandlululi “ukuhumusha, ”Kodwa ngemuva kuka-2005 yafakwa ezinhlwini zeKhomishane YoMbuso enamalungu ayisishiyagalolunye (eyayihlanganisa isikhulu Samasosha ase-United States kanye nesikhulu saseBrithani esivela kwamanye amazwe) sokuhlubula abantu ubuzwe baseBosnia; a “Isikhungo Sokuthola Izindwendwe Ezimbi,”Ijele elakhiwe ngezindleko ze-European Union onqenqemeni lwekamu lababaleki lamaSerbia aseBosnia eLukavica emaphethelweni eSarajevo; kanye ne "Service for Foreigners 'Affairs" ngaphansi koMnyango Wezokuphepha waseBosnia, ehlelekile, yaqeqeshwa futhi yahlonyiswa ngabeluleki baseMelika ngezindleko zabakhokhi bentela base-US, ukuphatha ijele nokuqhuba ukuxoshwa.
UDarryl Li wavakashela, wafunda futhi waxhumana nabanye balaba bantu nemindeni yabo yaseBosnia iminyaka eminingana. Uqaphele ukuthi, ngenkathi i-US isebenzisa ubukhosi obuphakeme kunala madoda kanye nesiphetho sawo, iqhaza laseMelika lalifihliwe ngokucophelela ngemuva futhi lasebenza ngokuzimela okusemthethweni kweBosnia Hercegovina; nokuthi izinhlawulo zamaqembu ezizwe ezahlukahlukene zaziphethwe kanjani ubudlelwano bobukhosi baseMelika namazwe ahlukahlukene abavela kuwo nokuthi bangabuyiselwa “ezweni” labo.
Amadoda amaningi aseGibhithe abuyiselwe eGibhithe, isihlobo esithembekile sase-United States, lapho beboshelwe khona, bahlukunyezwa futhi, ezimweni eziningi, baphela, ngokusho kwemindeni yabo yaseBosnia. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amadoda ayisithupha ase-Algeria ahanjiswa ekamu lokuhlushwa lase-US eGuantanamo Bay eCuba. Baboshwa lapho baze bazuze a icala lokumisa eNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US eyabavumela ukuba baxolise habeas corpus ezinkantolo zase-US, futhi ekugcineni zakhishwa ku-2009, 2010 naku-2013.
Indoda yaseSyria-Bosnia okuthiwa u-Abu Hamza yaba yiyona de facto umholi wokumelana nama-denaturalizations nokuthunjwa. Waboshwa iminyaka engu-7-1 / 2 etilongweni laseLukavica, phakathi nesikhathi esiningi i-US kanye nabalingani bayo bekulwela impi yegazi kodwa engaphumeleli ukufaka umbuso onamandla kakhulu ezweni lakubo. Ekugcineni wadedelwa e-2016 ukuze abuyele emndenini wakhe waseBosnia.
Lapho uDarryl Li evakashela kuqala u-Abu Hamza ejele laseLukavica e-2009, wayegqoke i-orange jalabiyya nesigqoko se-baseball, ayebhale kuso igama elithi “BOSNATANAMO.” Wayesezenzele lo mfaniswano ukugqamisa ukufana phakathi kosizi lweziboshwa eLukavica naseGuantanamo.
Amafulegi ahamba phezu kwesango lokulinda ejele laseLukavica kwakuyiBosnia neYurophu YaseYurophu, kanti i-US yayibandakanyeka ngokusemthethweni ekuboshiwe kwabesilisa lapho kuphela ngamashaneli ezombusazwe, izimali ezivulekile kanye nokusizwa kwabaqeqeshi nabeluleki baseMelika. Kodwa nokho umbuso wase-US wawuyikho amandla amancane ahlanganisiwe ngemuva kokuba khona kwejele kanye nakho konke okwenzekile lapho.
UDarryl Li uqhathanise ukukhokha kwamadoda aseBosnia namanye amacala e-post-9 / 11 e-US, futhi wathola iphethini efanayo kulo lonke elase-US gulag, lapho izinhlawulo zabantu ezivela emazweni athile ikakhulukazi zihloswe ngokohlobo lobuhlobo bobukhosi base-US namazwe abathintekayo.
Ngokwesibonelo, amadoda amane aseBrithani ababoshiwe ePakistan futhi athunyelwe eGuantanamo bephakathi kweziboshwa zokuqala zokukhululwa futhi babuyiselwe ekhaya, babuyela ekhaya ukuphila okuvamile e-UK Ngokuphambene nalokho, uLi wahlangana nendoda yasePalestine eGaza e2007 "eyabuyiselwa ekhaya" lapho yize yayingakaze ihlale lapho phambilini. Wazalelwa eJordani futhi wakhulela eSaudi Arabia nasePakistan, lapho aboshwa khona wanikezwa amabutho ase-US. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana emajele aseMelika nase-CIA, ikakhulukazi e-Afghanistan, wabuyiselwa eJordani, wanikelwa kwa-Israyeli futhi wadingiselwa eGaza.
Kuzo zonke lezi zimo, uLi wabona ukuthi umbuso wase-US wagcinwa kanjani ubukhosi obuhle futhi obukhulu phezu kwabantu kanye namazwe abathintekayo, hhayi ngokungazinaki ngokuphelele ubukhosi baseBosnia, iGibhithe, i-UK nakwamanye amazwe, kodwa ngokukhetha nangokuzikhethela amandla akhe ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zabo ezizimele ezizimele zezombangazwe nezomthetho kanye nemininingwane yobuhlobo bayo nomunye wabo.
Ukucwaninga kukaDarryl Li kwembula uhlelo lwamazwe omhlaba wokubusa okungenasisekelo, lapho ukuphila kwabantu kwakungaphansi kokubusa kobukhosi obuphezulu bombuso wase-US kanye nobukhosi bamazwe abo.
UMbuso, hhayi okuhlukile.
Ikamu lokuhlushwa lase-US e-Guantanamo eCuba libhekwa njengelungelo elimangalisayo emthethweni we-US kanye nasemhlabeni jikelele. UDarryl Li uphawule ukuthi iziboshwa azizona kuphela abantu abangewona baseMelika nabangewona amaCubans abahlala eGuantanamo, enabasebenzi abasebenzisa izakhamuzi, abapheki nezinye izisebenzi, ikakhulukazi abavela eJamaica nasePhilippines. Njengeziboshwa kanye nabalindi babo baseMelika, laba basebenzi baphinde baphile ngaphansi kobukhosi obusekelwe eMbusweni waseMelika.
"Zombili iziboshwa zezwe lesithathu kanye nabasebenza kwa-GTMO babelana ngenkinga yokuhlala esikhaleni esiphakathi kokuvikelwa ngokomthetho kohulumeni babo, umbuso wendawo kanye ne-hegemon yase-US," kuphawula uLi.
UDarryl Li waphetha ngokuthi loluhlaka lokubusa okuzinzile, lapho abantu abahlala khona ngaphansi kobukhosi bezwe labo kanye neyombuso wase-US, akuyona into ehlukile, kodwa umkhuba wokuphila embusweni we-US. Ngakho ukuhlukunyezwa okwabelwana ngakho kwabasebenzi kanye neziboshwa eGuantanamo kuyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuthi umbuso wase-US usebenza kanjani, hhayi okuhlukile kuwo.
Ezinye izimo ezibonakala zihlukile zingabuye ziqondwe kangcono njengezibonelo zalesi simiso esivele sisekhona sobukhosi besimo esibukhali.
Izindaba ze-Consortium isilandele eduze futhi yabika ngokuxoshwa kukaJulian Assange ku-Embassy yase-Ecuadorian eLondon. Esimweni sikaJulian, amandla aseMelika ase-US asebenze ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yezinhlangano ezine ezizimele ezizimele kodwa eziphansi - e-Australia, eSweden, e-United Kingdom nase-Ecuador - ukuze zimbambe eLondon iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-6 futhi zimvimbele ukuba aphinde athole inkululeko. Futhi kungekudala kungaphumelela ekumnikeze e-US ngamaketanga.
Uma lokhu kwenzeka kuJulian, ikusasa lakhe ngeke lihluke kakhulu kulokho abantu ababesaba ukuhlukumeza imibuso esemthethweni, yasendaweni eyedlule. I-Saudis inqobe iningi le-Arabhiya ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18th, kodwa umholi wayo U-Abdullah bin Saud washayiswa, wathunjwa, wahanjiswa ngamaketanga e-Istanbul futhi wanqunywa ikhanda ngomyalelo we-Ottoman Sultan e-1818.
Kuze kufike i-1830, iBrithani Royal Navy yalethela abahlukumezi, abashushumbisi kanye namaqhawe athunjiwe ezikhungweni eziphakeme emhlabeni jikelele ebuyela eLondon ukuze baxoshwe (kancane kancane, uma kwenzeka kubaqaphi) Idokhumenti yokuPhathwa phezu kweThames. Izidumbu ezidume kakhulu ezidutshulwe ziboshwe ngetende futhi ziboshwe ngamaketanga avela ku-gibbet emfuleni wamanzi njengesixwayiso ngokumelene nama-pirate kwabagibeli emikhumbi edlula.
Uma kukhona okungasindisa uJulian Assange kusuka ku Inguqulo ye-21st yekhulu leminyaka yesiphetho sabo ezandleni zamandla omhlaba wanamuhla, ukuthukuthela komphakathi wonke futhi ukwesaba izikhulu zase-US ukuthi lezi zimboni zezinkanyezi zizokwethula umdlalo wazo.
Kodwa ukwesaba ukuveza ukuhlukumeza nobugebengu bawo akuvamile ukuvimbela umbuso wase-US. Kusukela ku-2001, i-US isilungele kunanini ngaphambili ukuhlasela noma ukuhlasela amanye amazwe ngentando, ngokungaboni umthetho we-US noma womhlaba wonke, nokuthumba noma ukukhipha abantu abavela emhlabeni wonke ukuze babhekane nokubuyiswa kombuso emajele nasemakhotho ase-US.
Isikhulu se-Huawei uMeng Wanzhou, manje osejele eCanada, uyisisulu samanje se-US emperial power. Okungenani i-26 US namabhange angaphandle baye bakhokhela izinhlawulo zezigidi zamaRandi ngokuphula umthetho we-US e-Iran, kodwa akekho noyedwa wabaphathi bawo oboshiwe futhi usongelwa ngejele le-30 ngonyaka. Ekuqaliseni impi yokuhweba neChina, inselelo yobukhosi baseShayina ukudayisa ne-Iran nokubamba i-Meng Wanzhou njengenhlangano yokubamba iqhaza noma yokubambisana kulezi zingxabano, i-US ibonisa ukuzimisela kokuqothulwa ukuqhubeka nokwandisa izifiso zayo zobukhosi.
Icala Umshushisi we-NSA u-Edward Snowden kubonisa ukuthi kunezindawo ezinqunywe yizwe laseMelika. Ngokubalekela okokuqala eHong Kong bese efika eRussia, u-Edward washiya ukuthunjwa noma ukukhishwa. Kodwa ukuphunyuka kwakhe okuncane kanye nokukhetha okuncane kakhulu okukhona kuye kungumfanekiso wokuthi izindawo ezimbalwa zomhlaba zihlala ziphephile ngaphesheya kokufinyelela kwamandla ombuso wase-US.
Ukuphela koMbuso
Umthelela omubi nokulimaza umbuso wase-US ekubuseni kwamanye amazwe kuye kwabonakala kubangaki bawo isikhathi eside.
Enkulumweni yencwadi yakhe ye-1965, I-Neo-Colonialism: Isigaba Sokugcina se-Imperialism, UMongameli Kwame Nkrumah waseGhana ubhale wathi, “Ingqikithi yekoloniyaloni entsha ukuthi uMbuso ongaphansi kwawo, ngokomqondo, uzimele futhi unazo zonke izinto ezingaphandle zobukhosi bamazwe omhlaba. Empeleni uhlelo lwayo lomnotho futhi ngaleyo ndlela inqubomgomo yalo yezepolitiki iqondiswa ngaphandle. ”
UDarryl Li ucaphune isinqumo sikaNkrumah sokuthi lokhu, “… uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwama impiriyali. Kulabo abakwenzayo, kusho amandla ngaphandle kokuzibophezela, futhi kulabo abaphethwe yikho, kusho ukuxhashazwa ngaphandle kokulungiswa. ”
U-Nkrumah wasuswa ejele ihlelwe yi-CIA ngonyaka ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwamazwi akhe, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwakhe kusasele, ecela imibuzo ebucayi, "Kuyoze kube nini umhlaba ubekezelela lolu hlobo lombuso olunganaki?" Noma, "Ngabe sizovumela lesi 'sigaba sokugcina se-impiriyali' ukuthi sibe isigaba sokugcina sempucuko yethu?”
Indlela umbuso wase-US owenza ngayo amandla ngokusebenzisa izingqimba zobukhosi ezihlukanisiwe kokubili amandla namandla obuthakathaka. Ngesikhathi esifushane emlandweni, kuye kwasiza i-US ukuba isebenzise amandla angaphansi kombuso, njengoba uNkrumah echazwe.
Kodwa uNkrumah wayenesizathu esihle sokubiza lesi sigaba sokugcina sama-imperialism. Uma nje umbuso wase-United States uthathe isinqumo sokuzibiza ngokugcwele ubukhosi obungokomthetho abawuthole ku-20th ikhulu leminyaka, futhi benqabe izifiso zamakhosi zase-US ezingenasibindi zokubusa nokuxhaphaza izikhungo zabo, abantu bazo kanye nekusasa labo, lo mbuso awukwazi ukuwagcina unomphela okungaphezu kwamakhosi aseBrithani noma ase-Ottoman.
Lo mbuso ongenakuziphendulela uye wabhidliza imithombo yezethu kanye nezinye izizwe, futhi kwaveza izingozi ezikhona ezingasongela umhlaba wonke, kusukela empini yenyukliya kuze kube yinkinga yemvelo. I-Bulletin ye-Atomic Scientists iye yaqhubekela kancane kancane ezandleni zayo I-Doomsday Clock kusuka kumaminithi we-17 kuya phakathi kwamabili ku-1994 kuze kube nemizuzu engu-2 kuya phakathi kwamabili ku-2018.
Uhlelo lwe-US "lwentando yeningi ephethwe" noma "Ubumbano obuthakathaka"ugxila engcebweni ekhulayo namandla ezandleni zesigaba esibusayo esikhohlakele, ngokuya ngokubeka umphakathi waseMelika "ekuxhashazweni ngaphandle kokulungiswa" okufanayo nezikhonzi zangaphandle zombuso waseMelika nokusivimbela ekubhekaneni nezinkinga ezinkulu noma ezikhona.
Lo mbuthano onamandla wokuqinisa ubungozi usithinta sonke, okungenani labo kithi abahlala enhliziyweni yalowo mbuso owonakele futhi ekugcineni ozilimazayo. Ngakho thina baseMelika sinesithakazelo esibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni wonke ekuqothuleni umbuso wase-US futhi siqala ukusebenza nabo bonke omakhelwane bethu ukwakha ikusasa elihle elinokuthula, elilindelekile futhi elisimeme sonke esingabelana ngakho.
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UNicolas JS Davies ungumbhali weGazi Ezandleni Zethu: I-American Invasion and Destruction of Iraq. Ungumcwaningi we CODEPINK kanye nomlobi ozimele umsebenzi wakhe oshicilelwe yizinhlobonhlobo zezindaba ezizimele, ezingekho ezinkampani.
