nguSarah Alcantara, Harel Umas-as & Chrystel Manilag, World BEYOND War, Mashi 20, 2022
I-Culture of Militarism ingenye yezinsongo ezimbi kakhulu ekhulwini lama-21, futhi ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe, usongo lukhula lukhudlwana futhi luseduze kakhulu. Isiko layo lilolonge umhlaba waba yilokho oyikho namuhla kanye nalokho obhekene nakho njengamanje - ukucwasa ngokwebala, ubumpofu, nengcindezelo njengoba umlando ugcwele kakhulu isiko lawo. Nakuba ukuqhubekisela phambili isiko layo kusithinte kakhulu isintu kanye nomphakathi wesimanje, indawo ezungezile ayigwenyiwe ezenzweni zayo zonya. Njengoba kunezizinda zamasosha ezingaphezu kuka-750 okungenani emazweni angama-80 kusukela ngo-2021, i-United States of America, enebutho elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, ingelinye elibambe iqhaza elikhulu enkingeni yesimo sezulu.
Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni
Ibutho lezempi liwumsebenzi oqeda uwoyela kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ngobuchwepheshe bezempi obusezingeni eliphezulu, lokhu kuzokhula ngokushesha nangokukhula okukhulu esikhathini esizayo. Amasosha aseMelika angawona mthengi omkhulu kawoyela, futhi ngokufanayo ungumkhiqizi omkhulu wamagesi abamba ukushisa emhlabeni. Ngokufakwa kwezempi okungaphezu kuka-750 emhlabeni wonke, izibaseli zemvelo ziyadingeka ukuze kusetshenziswe izisekelo nokugcina lokhu kufakwa kusebenza. Umbuzo uwukuthi, zishonaphi lezi zimbawula ezimbiwa phansi?
Izingxenye zika-Parkinson ze-Military Carbon Boot-Print
Ukusiza ukubeka izinto ngendlela efanele, ngo-2017, i-Pentagon's yakhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingama-59 we-Greenhouse Gases emazweni amancane anjengeSweden, Portugal, neDenmark esewonke. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2019, a cwaningo olwenziwa abacwaningi beNyuvesi yaseDurham kanye neLancaster University bathole ukuthi uma amasosha ase-US ngokwawo ezoba izwe lesizwe, azoba umshini wama-47th ngobukhulu wamagesi abamba ukushisa emhlabeni, osebenzisa uphethiloli owuketshezi futhi ukhipha i-CO2e eningi kunamazwe amaningi - okwenza isikhungo esingesinye sezingcolisi zesimo sezulu esikhulu kunazo zonke emlandweni. Isibonelo, indiza yezempi eyodwa, ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwe-B-52 Stratofortress ngehora kulingana nokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli komshayeli wemoto eminyakeni eyisikhombisa (7).
Amakhemikhali anobuthi nokungcoliswa kwamanzi
Omunye wezingozi ezivame kakhulu ezemvelo izisekelo zamasosha anazo amakhemikhali anobuthi ikakhulukazi ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kanye nama-PFA abhalwe ukuthi 'amakhemikhali angunaphakade'. Ngokuvumelana ne Izikhungo Zokulawula Nokuvimbela Izifo, I-Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) isetshenziswa "ukwenza izimbotshana ze-fluoropolymer kanye nemikhiqizo emelana nokushisa, uwoyela, amabala, amafutha namanzi. Izingubo ze-fluoropolymer zingaba emikhiqizweni eyahlukene. Yini ngempela eyenza ama-PFA abe yingozi emvelweni? Okokuqala, bona ungaphuli endaweni ezungezile; Okwesibili, bangahamba enhlabathini futhi bangcolise imithombo yamanzi okuphuza; futhi ekugcineni, bona ukwakha (i-bioaccumulate) ezinhlanzini nasezilwaneni zasendle.
Lawa makhemikhali anobuthi athinta ngqo imvelo nezilwane zasendle, futhi ngokufana, abantu abachayeka njalo kulawa makhemikhali. Angatholakala ku I-AFFF (Igwebu Lokwenza Ifilimu Elimanzi) noma ngezindlela zaso ezilula isicishamlilo futhi sisetshenziswe lapho kubasa umlilo namafutha ejethi ngaphakathi kwesizinda sezempi. Lawa makhemikhali angase asabalale endaweni ezungezile ngokusebenzisa inhlabathi noma amanzi azungeze isisekelo abese ebeka izinsongo eziningi emvelweni. Kuyaxaka lapho isicishamlilo senziwa ukuze sixazulule inkinga ethile kodwa “ikhambi” libonakala libangela izinkinga ezengeziwe. I-infographic engezansi inikezwe yi-European Environment Agency kanye neminye imithombo ethula izifo ezimbalwa iPFAS engazibangela kubo bobabili abantu abadala kanye nezingane ezingakazalwa.
Isithombe ngu I-Ejensi Yezemvelo YaseYurophu
Noma kunjalo, ngaphandle kwale infographic enemininingwane, kusenezinto eziningi okufanele zifundwe ku-PFAS. Konke lokhu kutholakala ngokungcoliswa kwamanzi emanzini. Lawa makhemikhali anobuthi nawo anomphumela omkhulu empilweni yezolimo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-an esihlokweni on Septhemba, 2021, abalimi abangaphezu kuka-50 000 ezifundazweni ezimbalwa zase-US, bathintwe i-Development of Defense (DOD) ngenxa yokusabalala okungenzeka kwe-PFAS emanzini abo angaphansi komhlaba ezisekelweni zezempi zase-US eziseduze.
Usongo lwala makhemikhali alupheli lapho isizinda samasosha sesilahliwe noma singenamuntu. An i-athikili Yesikhungo Sobuqotho Bomphakathi inikeza isibonelo salokhu njengoba ikhuluma ngesisekelo saseGeorge Air Force eCalifornia nokuthi sasetshenziswa ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi futhi sabe sesishiywa ngo-1992. Nokho, i-PFAS isekhona ngokungcoliswa kwamanzi (i-PFAS kuthiwa isatholakala ku-2015 ).
Ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo
Imithelela yokufakwa kwezempi emhlabeni wonke ayithintanga kuphela abantu nendawo ezungezile kodwa futhi nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nebhalansi yemvelo ngokwayo. I-ecosystem nezilwane zasendle ingenye yezisulu eziningi ze-geopolitics, futhi umthelela wayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ube yingozi kakhulu. Ukufakwa kwamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle kubeke engcupheni izitshalo nezilwane kuphela ezifundeni zakhona. Isibonelo, uhulumeni wase-US usanda kumemezela inhloso yabo yokuguqula isizinda samasosha siye e-Henoko nase-Oura Bay, umnyakazo ozodala imiphumela ehlala isikhathi eside ku-ecosystem esifundeni. Kokubili i-Henoko kanye ne-Oura Bay izindawo ezishisayo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ziyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5,300 zamakhorali, kanye ne-Dugong esengozini enkulu yokushabalala. Nge amaDugong asele angaphezu kwama-50 emathekwini, i-Dugong kulindeleke ukuthi ibhekane nokushabalala uma kungekho zinyathelo ezithathwayo ngokushesha. Ngokufakwa kwezempi, izindleko zemvelo zokulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezitholakala e-Henoko nase-Oura Bay zizoba ngokwedlulele, futhi lezo zindawo ekugcineni zizofa kancane futhi kabuhlungu eminyakeni embalwa ezayo.
Esinye isibonelo, uMfula iSan Pedro, umfudlana ogeleza obheke enyakatho ogeleza eduze kwaseSierra Vista naseFort Huachuca, uwumfula wokugcina ogeleza ogwadule ogeleza mahhala eNingizimu nekhaya lezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezinothile nezinhlobo eziningi ezisengozini yokushabalala. Ukumpompa amanzi angaphansi kwesizinda samasosha, I-Fort Huachuca nokho, idala umonakalo ukuya emfuleni iSan Pedro kanye nezilwane zayo zasendle ezisengozini yokushabalala njengeSouthwestern Willow Flycatcher, Huachuca Water Umbel, Desert Pupfish, Loach Minnow, Spikedace, Yellow-billed Cuckoo, kanye neNorthern Mexican Garter Snake. Ngenxa yokumpompa amanzi endawo angaphansi komhlaba amaningi ngokweqile, athathwa amanzi ukuze ahlinzekwe evela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile emfuleni i-San Pedro. Ngenxa yalokho, umfula uyahlupheka eduze nalokhu, ngoba uyisimiso semvelo esicebile esifayo esithembele emfuleni iSan Pedro ukuze uthole indawo yawo.
Ukungcola Kwemisindo
Noise Pollution kuchazwe njengokuchayeka njalo emazingeni aphakeme omsindo angaba yingozi kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngokusho kweNhlangano Yezempilo Yomhlaba, ukuchayeka njalo emazingeni omsindo angekho ngaphezu kuka-70 dB akuyingozi kubantu nasezintweni eziphilayo, nokho, ukuchayeka ku-80- 85 dB isikhathi eside kuyingozi futhi kungabangela ukuzwa unomphela. umonakalo - izikhali zamasosha njengezindiza zejethi zinesilinganiso esingu-120 dB budebuduze kanti ukuqhuma kwezibhamu isilinganiso esingu-140dB. A umbiko yi-Veterans Benefits Administration yase-US UMnyango Wezindaba Zomakadebona ubonise ukuthi omakadebona abayizigidi ezingu-1.3 kubikwe ukuthi babenenkinga yokuzwa kanti abanye omakadebona abayizigidi ezingu-2.3 kubikwe ukuthi bane-tinnitus - ukukhubazeka kokuzwa okubonakala ngokukhala nokuzwakala kwezindlebe.
Ukwengeza, abantu akubona bodwa abasengozini yemiphumela yokungcoliswa komsindo, kodwa nezilwane. Tyena u-Okinawa Dugong ngokwesibonelo, bayizilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala ezihlala e-Okinawa, e-Japan ezinezindlebe ezizwela kakhulu futhi njengamanje zisongelwa ngokufakwa kwezempi okuhlongozwayo e-Henoko nase-Oura Bay okungcoliswa komsindo kwazo kuzodala ukucindezeleka okukhulu okwenza kube kubi nakakhulu usongo lwezinhlobo ezivele zisengozini. Esinye isibonelo iHoh Rain Forest, i-Olympic National Park eyikhaya lezinhlobo zezilwane eziyishumi nambili, eziningi zazo ezisongelwa futhi zisengozini. Ucwaningo lwakamuva ibonisa ukuthi ukungcoliswa komsindo okuvamile okukhiqizwa yizindiza zamasosha kuthinta ukuzola kwe-Olympic National Park, kubeke engozini ibhalansi yemvelo yendawo yokuhlala.
Icala le-Subic Bay ne-Clark Air Base
Izibonelo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuthi izisekelo zamasosha ziyithinta kanjani imvelo emazingeni omphakathi kanye nabantu ngabanye i-Subic Naval Base kanye ne-Clark Air Base, eyashiya ifa elinobuthi futhi yashiya umkhondo wabantu abahlukunyezwe yimiphumela. isivumelwano. Lezi zisekelo ezimbili kuthiwa zinazo yayiqukethe imikhuba elimaza indawo ezungezile kanye nokuchithwa kwengozi nokulahlwa okunobuthi, okuvumela imiphumela eyingozi neyingozi kubantu. (Asis, 2011).
Endabeni yesisekelo se-Subic Naval, isisekelo esakhiwe kusukela ngo-1885-1992 ngamazwe amaningi kodwa ikakhulukazi yi-US, yayisivele ilahliwe kodwa isaqhubeka nokuba usongo ku-Subic Bay nezindawo zayo zokuhlala. Ngokwesibonelo, an esihlokweni ngo-2010, washo icala elithile lomuntu osekhulile wasePhilippines owabulawa isifo samaphaphu ngemva kokusebenza futhi wachayeka endaweni yangakubo yokulahla imfucumfucu (lapho udoti weNavy uya khona). Ukwengeza, ngo-2000-2003, kwaba nokufa kwabantu abangu-38 okurekhodiwe futhi okukholakala ukuthi kuhlobene nokungcoliswa kwe-Subic Naval Base, nokho, ngenxa yokuntula ukusekelwa okuvela kuhulumeni wase-Philippine nowaseMelika, akubangakho okunye ukuhlola okwenziwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iClark Air Base, isizinda samasosha ase-US esakhiwe eLuzon, ePhilippines ngo-1903 futhi kamuva eyashiywa ngo-1993 ngenxa yokuqhuma kweNtaba iPinatubo inesabelo sayo sokufa nokugula phakathi kwabantu bendawo. Ngokuvumelana ne isihloko esifanayo ngaphambili, kwaxoxwa ukuthi emva kwalokho Ukuqhuma kweNtaba iPinatubo ngo-1991, kubabaleki basePhilippines abangu-500, kwashona abantu abangu-76 kwathi abanye abangu-144 bagula ngenxa yobuthi beClark Air Base ikakhulukazi ngokuphuza emithonjeni engcolile namafutha namafutha futhi kusukela ngo-1996-1999, izingane ezingu-19 zabulawa. abazalwa benezimo ezingavamile, kanye nokugula ngenxa yemithombo engcolisiwe. Icala elilodwa nelidume kabi ngekaRose Ann Calma. Umndeni kaRose ubuyingxenye yababaleki abachayeka ekungcoleni esisekelweni. Ukuthola ukuthi unokukhubazeka okukhulu kwengqondo kanye ne-Cerebral Palsy akumvumelanga ukuthi ahambe noma akhulume.
Izixazululo ze-US Band-aid: “Ukutshala amasosha”
Ukuze kuliwe nezindleko ezilimazayo zemvelo zamasosha ase-US, isikhungo ngaleyo ndlela sinikeza izixazululo zebhendi ezifana 'nokutshala amasosha', nokho ngokusho kukaSteichen (2020), ukutshala amasosha ase-US akusona isisombululo ngenxa yalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
- Amandla elanga, izimoto zikagesi, nokungathathi hlangothi kwekhabhoni ezinye izindlela ezitusekayo zokonga uphethiloli, kodwa lokho akwenzi impi ibe nodlame noma incindezelo - ayenzi impi. Ngakho, inkinga isekhona.
- Amasosha ase-US ngokwemvelo asebenzisa ikhabhoni futhi axhumene ngokujulile nemboni kaphethiloli. (Isibonelo, amafutha ejethi)
- I-US inomlando obanzi wokulwela uwoyela, yingakho, inhloso, amasu, kanye nemisebenzi yezempi ihlala ingashintshile ukuze kuqhutshekwe nomnotho ophehlwa ngezinto ezimbiwa phansi.
- Ngo-2020, isabelomali samasosha sasikhona 272 izikhathi ezinkulu kunesabelomali sombuso sokusebenza kahle kwamandla namandla avuselelekayo. Imali ebekelwe amasosha ngabe isetshenziselwe ukubhekana nenkinga yesimo sezulu.
Isiphetho: Izixazululo zesikhathi eside
- Ukuvalwa kokufakwa kwamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle
- Ukuhlukana
- Sabalalisa isiko lokuthula
- Qeda zonke izimpi
Umcabango wezisekelo zamasosha njengabahlanganyeli ezinkingeni zemvelo ngokuvamile ushiywa ngaphandle ezingxoxweni. Njengoba kushiwo ngu UNobhala Jikelele we-UN u-Ban Ki-Moon (2014), “Sekuyisikhathi eside indawo ezungezile ilimaza impi nezingxabano.” Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, amakhemikhali anobuthi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, ukungalingani kwemvelo, nokungcoliswa komsindo kuyimiphumela embalwa nje eminingi emibi yokufakwa kwezikhungo zezempi - okunye okusazotholwa futhi kuphenywe. Manje kunanini ngaphambili, isidingo sokuqwashisa abantu siyaphuthuma futhi sibalulekile ekuvikeleni ikusasa leplanethi nezakhamuzi zayo. Njengoba 'ukwenza amasosha abe luhlaza' okubonakala kungasebenzi, kukhona ikhwelo lomzamo ohlangene wabantu ngabanye namaqembu emhlabeni wonke ukuze bakhe ezinye izixazululo zokuqeda usongo lwezikhungo zezempi maqondana nemvelo. Ngosizo lwezinhlangano ezahlukene, njenge World BEYOND War ngomkhankaso wayo othi No Bases Campaign, ukufezwa kwalo mgomo kuyinto engenakwenzeka.
Funda kabanzi mayelana ne World BEYOND War lapha.
Bhalisa isimemezelo sokuthula lapha.
