Ukufakwa Kwezempi Nezobuntu Kwandisa Izifunda Zodlame

By I-Peace Science Digest, Juni 24, i-2022

Lokhu kuhlaziya kufingqa futhi kubonise ucwaningo olulandelayo: McCormack, K., & Gilbert, E. (2022). I-geopolitics yezempi kanye ne-humanitarianism. Inqubekelaphambili kuJografi Yabantu, 46 (1), 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1177/03091325211032267

Izinkulumo zokukhuluma

• Ukulwela kwezempi kanye nokusiza abantu, ikakhulukazi ukusiza abantu kwaseNtshonalanga, kukhiqiza futhi kuthethelele udlame lwezepolitiki kumasayithi ahlukene nasezikalini ezihlukene ezidlulela ngale kwezindawo zezingxabano ezimisiwe noma izinkundla zempi.
• "Imizamo yokusiza abantu ivamise ukuhlangana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ibutho lezempi lendabuko," futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise izindawo zempi ngokudlulela "ezindaweni zasekhaya nezasekhaya ngokuvamile ezingaphezu kwamandla amasosha ezingxabano."
• Ukusebenzelana kwezempi nokusiza abantu kusebenza ngokuhambisana ezindaweni “njengezimpi nokuthula; ukwakhiwa kabusha nokuthuthukiswa; ukufakwa kanye nokushiywa ngaphandle; [kanye] nokulimala nokuvikelwa”

Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Komkhuba Wokwazisa

• Ukucatshangelwa kabusha kokwakhiwa kokuthula kanye nokusiza abantu kufanele kufake ukuhlakaza umbono wokucwasa ngokwebala nezempi, ngaphandle kwalokho le mizamo ngeke nje isilele ezinhlosweni zayo zesikhathi eside zenguquko kodwa isekele ngenkuthalo uhlelo olucekela phansi. Indlela eya phambili iyi-ajenda yokuthula, elwela amalungelo abesifazane, emelene nokucwasa.

Isifinyezo

Izingxabano zobuntu kanye nezingxabano ezinodlame zenzeka emongweni oxhumene, onezinhlangothi eziningi. Abalingisi bosizo ngokwesintu banikezwe umsebenzi wokuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezinto ezibonakalayo kubantu abadinga usizo. Lezo zenzo zokusindisa izimpilo kanye nokunciphisa ukuhlupheka ngenxa yezinkinga zenzeka ngaphakathi kwesibopho sobuntu sokungathathi hlangothi. UKillian McCormack no-Emily Gilbert baphonsela inselelo umbono wokuthi ubuntu kuwumzamo ongathathi hlangothi futhi esikhundleni salokho ihlose ukuveza “izindawo ezinodlame ezikhiqizwe ngosizo lwezempi.” Ngokungeza i-lens yendawo, ababhali bakhombisa ukuthi kanjani impi kanye nobuntu, ikakhulukazi ubuntu baseNtshonalanga, bukhiqiza futhi buthethelele udlame lwezombangazwe kumasayithi ahlukene nangezilinganiso ezihlukene ezedlula izindawo zokungqubuzana ezimisiwe noma izinkundla zempi.

I-Humanitarianism “igxile kulokho okucatshangwa ukuthi isintu esisemhlabeni wonke, esisekelwe eqoqweni lemikhuba yokusiza nokunakekela eqhutshwa isifiso sokungathathi hlangothi ‘sokwenza okuhle’ nozwela lwezombangazwe ngokuhlupheka kwabanye.”

Impi "Hhayi nje mayelana nezempi, kodwa ukujwayela nokujwayela ukungqubuzana nempi phakathi komphakathi, ngezindlela ezingenelela ezimisweni zezombangazwe, zithathwe ezimisweni nasekuxhumeni kokuziphatha futhi zidlulele kulokho okuvame ukubhekwa njengezizinda zomphakathi."

Ukukhipha amandla ezindawo okuhlangana kuzo i-humanitarianism kanye nezempi kulesi sihloko sethiyori, ababhali baphishekela imigqa emihlanu yokubuza. Okokuqala, bahlola ukuthi ukusebenzelana kwabantu kulawula impi nokungqubuzana. I-International Humanitarian Law (IHL), isibonelo, ibonakala ikhawulela imiphumela yempi ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni kokuziphatha okuhle okudinga ukuvikelwa kwabangewona ukulwa. Nokho, empeleni ubudlelwano obungalingani bamandla omhlaba bunquma ukuthi “ubani ongasindiswa nokuthi ubani ongasindisa.” I-IHL iphinde icabange ukuthi izimiso "zokulingana" mayelana nendlela impi eqhutshwa ngayo noma "umehluko" phakathi kwezakhamuzi kanye nezimpi zenza impi ibe yobuntu, kuyilapho empeleni lezi zenza kube semthethweni ukufa okuqondile ezindaweni ezithile ngokusekelwe ebudlelwaneni bamandla bamakholoni kanye nobunxiwankulu. Imikhuba yokusiza abantu ibe isikhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha zodlame ngokushintsha izindaba zomphakathi nezombusazwe ezihlobene nezikhala ezifana nemingcele, amajele, noma amakamu ababaleki zibe izindaba zokuphepha.

Okwesibili, ababhali bahlola ukuthi ukungenelela kwezempi kulungiswa kanjani njengezimpi zobuntu. Kuvezwe kumgomo we-Responsibility to Protect (R2P), ukungenelela kwezempi kuyafaneleka ukuze kuvikelwe izakhamuzi kuhulumeni wazo. Ukungenelela kwezempi kanye nezimpi egameni lesintu kuyizakhiwo zaseNtshonalanga ezisekelwe ekucatshangweni kwegunya lezombusazwe laseNtshonalanga phezu kwezizwe ezingezona ezaseNtshonalanga (ikakhulukazi amazwe amaSulumane amaningi). Ukungenelela kwamasosha okusiza abantu kuyi-oxymoron ngokuthi izakhamuzi zibulawa ngaphansi kwesithunzi sokuvikela impilo. Izimo zodlame zinwetshwa kubudlelwano bobulili (isb., umbono wokukhulula abesifazane ekubuseni kweTaliban e-Afghanistan) noma ukuncika kosizo lwabantu okubangelwa yizinkinga zobuntu ezidalwe yimpi (isb, ukuvinjezelwa eGaza).

Okwesithathu, ababhali baxoxa ngokuthi amasosha asetshenziswa kanjani ukubhekana nezinkinga zobuntu futhi ngaleyo ndlela aguqule izikhala zokusiza abantu zibe yizindawo zokuphepha. Amasosha avame ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwezinhlelo ezinhlotsheni ezihlukene zezinhlekelele (isb., ukuqubuka kwezifo, ukufuduka kwabantu, izinhlekelele zemvelo), ngezinye izikhathi ngaphandle kosizo, okuholela ekuqinisekiseni imboni yosizo (bheka futhi I-Peace Science Digest esihlokweni Izinkampani Ezizimele Nezokuphepha Kwezempi Zibukela phansi Imizamo Yokwakha Ukuthula) kanye nemizila yokufuduka. Imvelo yaseNtshonalanga yokulawula nokukhipha inyumbazane iyaphawuleka uma kuziwa "ekuvikelweni" kwabafuduki nababaleki "okuyikho kokubili okuyizifundo okumele basindiswe, nalabo abavinjelwa ukuthi bahambe."

Okwesine, engxoxweni yabo mayelana nemikhuba yokusiza abantu eyamukelwa amasosha, ababhali babonisa ukuthi amaphrojekthi ezempi yasebukhosini ayeboshelwe kanjani ezindaweni ezifana nokungenelela kwezokwelapha, imiklamo yengqalasizinda, ukukhuthazwa kokuthuthukiswa komnotho waseNtshonalanga, kanye nokutshalwa kwezempi kwezempi. Lokhu kwaphawuleka emijikelezweni yokucekela phansi nentuthuko ezindaweni ezifana nePalestine, Afghanistan Guatemala, kanye ne-Iraq. Kuzo zonke izimo, "izinhlelo zokusiza abantu zivame ukuhlangana, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ibutho lezempi lendabuko," futhi ngaleyo ndlela andise izindawo zempi ngokudlulela "ezindaweni zasekhaya nezasekhaya ngokuvamile ezingaphezu kwamandla amasosha ezingxabano."

Okwesihlanu, ababhali bakhombisa ukuxhumana phakathi kosizo lwabantu nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhali. Izindlela zempi zihlobene ngokwemvelo nezinkulumo zobuntu. Obunye ubuchwepheshe bezikhali obufana ne-drones bubhekwa njengobuntu. Ukubulala ngeziteleka zama-drone - umkhuba ikakhulukazi waseNtshonalanga - kuthathwa njengobuntu futhi "ukuhlinzwa," kanti ukusetshenziswa kocelemba kuthathwa njengobunobuntu "nobuqaba." Ngokunjalo, izikhali ezingabulali ziye zakhiwe ngaphansi kwesicathulo sobuntu. Lezi zikhali zisebenzisa ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinkulumo zobuntu ukuze kwandiswe izindawo zodlame ezindabeni zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe (isb., ukusetshenziswa kwezinsimbi noma isisi esikhalisa izinyembezi ngamaphoyisa nabezokuphepha ezizimele).

Leli phepha libonisa ukubhajwa kobuntu baseNtshonalanga kanye nezempi ngokusebenzisa amalensi omkhathi nesikali. Ukusebenzelana kwezempi nokusiza abantu kusebenza ngokuhambisana ezindaweni “njengezimpi nokuthula; ukwakhiwa kabusha nokuthuthukiswa; ukufakwa kanye nokushiywa ngaphandle; [kanye] nokulimala nokuvikelwa”

Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba

Lesi sihloko siphetha ngokuthi ukuhlangana kwabantu nezempi “akuyona ingxenye encane ebangela ukuqina kwempi phakathi nesikhathi nendawo, njengoba kokubili 'kungunaphakade' futhi 'kuyo yonke indawo'. Impi egcwele ibonwa izinhlangano zokwakha ukuthula, abaxhasi bezimali bokuthula nezokuphepha, izinhlangano zomphakathi, nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni (INGOs). Isimo sezwe esingaziwa kangako, nokho, sihlanganisa indlela laba badlali ababhekana ngayo nezindima zabo njengengxenye yohlelo olunolwazi lwaseNtshonalanga lwezobuntu kanye nokwakha ukuthula oluvame ukuncika kulo. ilungelo elimhlophe lesakhiwo kanye nentuthuko i-neocolonialism. Uma kubhekwa umongo wobudlelwano bamandla omhlaba obungalingani, ukuhlangana kwabantu nezempi mhlawumbe kuyiqiniso eliyisihluku elingeke lasingathwa ngaphandle kokuhlola ukuqagela okuthile okuwumongo.

Ilungelo elimhlophe lesakhiwo: “Uhlelo lokubusa kwabamhlophe olwakha futhi lugcine izinhlelo zezinkolelo ezenza izinzuzo nezinkinga zamanje zobuhlanga zibonakale zivamile. Uhlelo luhlanganisa ukukhuthaza okunamandla kokugcina amalungelo amhlophe nemiphumela yawo, kanye nemiphumela emibi enamandla yokuzama ukuphazamisa amalungelo amhlophe noma ukunciphisa imiphumela yawo ngezindlela eziphusile. Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa ukubonakaliswa kwangaphakathi nangaphandle kumazinga omuntu ngamunye, phakathi kwabantu, amasiko, nezikhungo.”

Iqembu Labaxhasi Bokuthula Nokuvikeleka (2022). Uchungechunge Lokufunda "Ukuqeda Ukuthula Nokuphepha Kosizo" [isandla].

I-Neocolonialism: “Umkhuba wokusebenzisa ezomnotho, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, i-imperialism yamasiko, nosizo olunemibandela ukuze kuthonye izwe esikhundleni sezindlela zangaphambili zamakholoni zokulawula amasosha okuqondile noma ukulawula kwezombusazwe okungaqondile.

Neocolonialism. (nd). Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 20, 2022, kusukela https://dbpedia.org/page/Neocolonialism

Sivuma futhi sihlola kanjani izindawo zodlame ezikhiqizwa impi njengezibalulekile esidingweni somsebenzi wobuntu nowokwakha ukuthula? Sizibandakanya kanjani emsebenzini wokusiza abantu nowokwakha ukuthula ngaphandle kokuvumela impi ukuthi inqume imingcele yokuzibandakanya nempumelelo?

Ngomzamo wokusebenzisana, i-Peace Direct kanye nozakwethu bathathe eminye yale mibuzo ebalulekile emibikweni yabo evelele, Isikhathi Sokuqeda Usizo futhi Ubuhlanga, Amandla kanye Nokwakha Ukuthula. Owokuqala wathola "ubandlululo oluhlelekile emikhakheni ebanzi yokusiza abantu, yentuthuko kanye neyokwakha ukuthula," kanti lokhu okulandelayo kukhuthaza "umkhakha wokwakha ukuthula ukuthi wamukele i-ajenda yokuqeda ubukoloni futhi ubhekane nokuguquguquka kwamandla okungalingani komhlaba endawo." Imibiko iphakamisa ngokuqinile ukubhekana nokuguquguquka kwamandla okungalingani phakathi kwabalingisi be-Global North kanye ne-Global South kumongo wokwakha ukuthula nosizo. Izincomo eziqondile zomkhakha wokwakha ukuthula zifingqiwe kuthebula elilandelayo:

Izincomo ezibalulekile zabalingisi bokwakha ukuthula ku Ubuhlanga, Amandla, kanye Nokwakha Ukuthula umbiko

Izincomo ezinhle kakhulu, eziguqulayo, zingasetshenziswa ngokuqinile nakakhulu uma abakhi bokuthula, abaxhasi, ama-NGO, njll., bethatha izindawo zempi ezibanzi okukhulunywe ngazo kulesi sihloko. Impi kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala, futhi endabeni yase-United States "umlando omude wokunwetshwa kombuso, ukucwasa ngokwesakhiwo, nokubusa kwezomnotho nezempi" (Booker & Ohlbaum, 2021, p. 3) kumele kubhekwe njengepharadigm enkulu. Ukucatshangelwa kabusha kokwakhiwa kokuthula kanye nokusiza abantu kufanele kufake ukuhlakaza umbono wokucwasa ngokwebala nezempi, ngaphandle kwalokho le mizamo ngeke nje isilele ezinhlosweni zayo zesikhathi eside zenguquko kodwa isekele ngenkuthalo uhlelo olucekela phansi. Indlela eya phambili iyi-ajenda yokuthula, elwela amalungelo abesifazane, emelene nokucwasa (bona, isibonelo, Umbono Wokuthula Kwabesifazane or Ukudiliza Ukucwasa kanye Nezempi Kunqubomgomo Yezangaphandle yase-US). [PH]

Imibuzo Ephakanyisiwe

• Ingabe imikhakha yokwakha ukuthula kanye neyokusiza abantu iyakwazi ukuziguqula ihambisane nemizila edabukile, elwela amalungelo abantu besifazane, kanye nokucwasa ngokwebala, noma ingabe ukubanjiswa phakathi kwezempi nokusiza abantu kuyisithiyo esingenakunqotshwa?

Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda

I-Center for International Policy and Friends Committee on National Legislation. (2021). Ukuqeda ukucwasa ngokwebala kanye nezempi kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, kusuka https://www.fcnl.org/dismantling-racism-and-militarism-us-foreign-policy

Ohlbaum, D. (2022). Ukuqeda ukucwasa ngokwebala kanye nezempi kunqubomgomo yezangaphandle yase-US. Ingxoxo iqhuma. Ikomidi Labangane kuMthetho Kazwelonke. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, kusukela https://www.fcnl.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/DRM.DiscussionGuide.10.pdf

U-Paige, S. (2021). Isikhathi sokuqeda usizo lwe-decolonise. I-Peace Direct, i-Adeso, i-Alliance for Peacebuilding, kanye ne-Women of Color Advancing Peace and Security. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, kusukela https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/PD-Decolonising-Aid_Second-Edition.pdf

I-Peace Direct, i-Global Partnership for the Prevention of Armed Conflict (GPPAC), International Civil Society Action Network (ICAN), kanye ne-United Network of Young Peacebuilders (UNOY). (2022). Ubuhlanga, amandla, kanye nokwakha ukuthula. Imininingwane nezifundo ezivela ekubonisaneni komhlaba wonke. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, kusukela https://www.peacedirect.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Race-Power-and-Peacebuilding-report.v5.pdf

White, T., White, A., Gueye, GB, Moges, D., & Gueye, E. (2022). Ukuqeda intuthuko yamazwe ngamazwe [Amaphepha Enqubomgomo Ngabesifazane Abanemibala, Ushicilelo lwesi-7]. Abesifazane Bemibala Bathuthukisa Ukuthula Nokuvikeleka. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 18, 2022, kusukela

Izinhlangano

Abesifazane Bemibala Bathuthukisa Ukuthula Nokuvikeleka: https://www.wcaps.org/
I-Feminist Peace Initiative: https://www.feministpeaceinitiative.org/
Ukuthula Okuqondile: https://www.peacedirect.org/

Amazwi Key:  ukuphepha okuqeda amandla, impi, ukucwasa, impi, ukuthula

Isikweletu sezithombe: UMarbury Brown