Kusukela I-History News Network
Udaba lokungenelela kosizo lukhombise ukukhathazeka kolunye lwezepolitiki ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngobudlova obuncane eRwanda, eBosnia-Herzegovina, eKosovo, eDarfur, eLibya naseSyria, abaningi abashiya kwesokunxele bashiya ukuphikisana kwabo nendabuko kwezempi futhi baphikisana nokungenelela kwamasosha okuqinile yi-United States nabalingani bayo ukunciphisa lezi zinkinga. Abagxeki bathi ukuphendula ngokuthi ukungenelela kuzogcina kubhebhethekisa zona kanye izinkinga obekufanele zixazululwe. Lezi zinkinga zisanda kuphikiswa e-Oxford Union Society e-Oxford University ngoMashi 4, 2019. Ababambe iqhaza kwakunguMichael Chertoff - owayenguNobhala Wezokuphepha Kwasekhaya ngesikhathi sikaMongameli uGeorge W. Bush nowayengumbhali we-USA Patriot Act - owethula umuntu ofanelekayo ukuvikela ukungenelela kosizo; nami uqobo, ngaphikisana nalo mkhuba.
Eminyakeni edlule, lapho ngiphikisana ngalolu daba, ngahlatshwa umxhwele wumuzwa wokushisekela ngokwenkolo okwakubonisa ukungenelela kokungenelela. “Kukhona okumele sikwenze!” kwakuyi-refrain ejwayelekile. Labo ababenikeza ukugxeka - kubandakanya nami uqobo - babephonswa njengabahlubuki bokuziphatha okuhle. Kodwa-ke, ukwehluleka okuphindaphindiwe kokungenelela engikubhalayo ngezansi kubathintile futhi kusizile ukulinganisa ithoni. Ngesikhathi senkulumompikiswano e-Oxford, ngabona ukungabikho okuphawulekayo kwemizwa. Ngisuke kulo mcimbi ngibona ukuthi, ngenkathi abanye besavikela ukungenelela kosizo, izimpikiswano zabo azinalo ithoni lempi ebeliphawuleka kakhulu esikhathini esedlule. Ngibona ukuthi ukwesekwa komphakathi kokungenelela sekuqala ukuncipha.
Okulandelako kungumlando wokuzwakalisa izitatimende eziphelele mina kanye noMnu Chertoff, kanye nezimpendulo zethu kumbuzo obhekene nomongameli kanye nelungu lezethameli. Ngenxa yezizathu zobumnandi, ngishiye imibuzo eminingi yezilaleli, kanye nezimpendulo. Abafundi abanentshisekelo bangathola impikiswano egcwele ku-Oxford Union Ibhayisikobho yezimanga.
UDaniel Wilkinson, uMongameli we-Oxford Union
Ngakho-ke, bafo, okushiwo yilesi: "Le ndlu ikholelwa ukuthi ukungenelela kwabantu kuyaphikisana ngokwemibandela." Futhi uSolwazi Gibbs, ingxabano yakho yokuvula imizuzu eyishumi ingaqala lapho usukulungele.
UProfesa David Gibbs
Ngiyabonga. Yebo, ngicabanga ukuthi uma umuntu ebheka ukungenelela kosizo, umuntu kufanele abheke irekhodi lalokho okwenzekile futhi ikakhulukazi izindlela ezintathu zokungenelela ezinkulu ezaqala kusukela ngo-2000: Ukungenelela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003, ukungenelela kwe-Afghanistan ngo-2001, kanye neLibya ukungenelela kowezi-2011. Futhi okufana ngabo bobathathu laba, ngukuthi bobathathu balungisiswa okungenani ngokwengxenye ngezizathu zokusiza. Ngiqonde ukuthi, ezimbili zokuqala ngokwengxenye, eyesithathu cishe ngokukhethekile zazifanele ngezizathu zokusiza. Futhi bobathathu bakhiqiza izinhlekelele zosizo. Lokhu kucace bha, ngicabanga kunoma ngubani obefunda iphephandaba ukuthi lokhu kungenelela akuhambanga kahle nhlobo. Futhi lapho kubhekwa inkinga enkulu yokungenelela kosizo, umuntu kufanele aqale abheke lawo maqiniso ayisisekelo, angathandeki. Ake ngingeze ukuthi kuyangimangaza kakhulu ngezindlela eziningi ukuthi wonke umqondo wokungenelela kosizo awuzange uhlulwe ngokuphelele yilokho okwenzekile, kepha akunjalo.
Sisenezingcingo zokunye ukungenelela, kufaka phakathi iSyria, ikakhulukazi. Futhi, kunezingcingo ezivamile zokushintsha kombuso, ikakhulukazi ukungenelela, eNyakatho Korea. Angazi ngempela ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokuzayo neNorth Korea. Kepha uma i-United States yenza ushintsho lombuso eNyakatho Korea, ngizobeka engozini ukubikezela okubili: Okukodwa, cishe kuzolungiswa okungenani ngokwengxenye njengokungenelela kosizo okwenzelwe ukukhulula abantu baseNyakatho Korea kumashiqela omubi kakhulu; futhi okubili, kuzoveza cishe inhlekelele enkulu yabantu kusukela ngo-1945. Omunye wemibuzo uthi: Kungani singafundi emaphutheni ethu?
Isilinganiso sokwehluleka kulezi zingenelelo ezintathu zangaphambilini sisezindlela eziningi sihlaba umxhwele. Ngokuphathelene ne-Iraq, mhlawumbe ukwehluleka okubhalwe phansi okungcono kakhulu, ngingasho. Sino-2006 I-Lancet funda. Ukubheka ngokweqile ukufa kwabantu ngokweqile e-Iraq, ngaleso sikhathi okwakulinganiselwa ukuthi kwafa abantu abangaphezu kuka-560,000. (1) Lokhu kwashicilelwa ngo-2006. Ngakho-ke, mhlawumbe kuphakeme kakhulu manje. Kube khona ezinye izilinganiso, ikakhulukazi ezihambisana naleso. Futhi lokhu kuyinto eyinkinga. Impela, izinto zazimbi kabi ngaphansi kukaSaddam Hussein, lokho akunakuphikwa, njengoba babephansi kwamaTaliban, njengoba babephansi kukaMuammar Gaddafi, njengoba manje bengaphansi kukaKim Jong Un eNyakatho Korea. Ngakho-ke, sangena sazisusa emandleni lezo zibalo ezintathu ngamunye ngamunye (noma kufanele ngithi ngeTaliban, kwakuwumbuso omkhulu, uMullah Omar ehola umbuso omkhulu), futhi izinto zaba zimbi ngokushesha. Kubukeka sengathi akuzange kwenzeke kubenzi bezinqubomgomo ukuthi empeleni izinto zingaba zimbi kakhulu, kepha zenzekile.
Omunye umphumela okufanele uwuphawule yilokho engingathi uhlobo lokuhliswa kwezifunda. Lokhu kugqame kakhulu odabeni lweLibya, olwasusa uzinzo eningi leNyakatho ne-Afrika, okwadala impi yombango yesibili eMali ngo-2013, okwabangelwa ngqo ukuntengantenga kweLibya. Lokhu kudinga ukungenelela kwesibili, okwenziwa yiFrance kulokhu, ukulwa nokungahlaliseki okuvelayo kulelo zwe, futhi kuvunyelwe okungenani ngokwengxenye ngezizathu zosizo.
Impela, enye yezinto umuntu angayisho ngokuya ngemiphumela yokungenelela kosizo, ukuthi uma unentshisekelo yokungenelela futhi leyo yinto oyifunayo, kuwumbono omuhle kakhulu ngoba yisipho esiqhubeka nokunikela. Iqhubeka nokunciphisa izifunda, ikhiqize izinhlekelele ezintsha zosizo, ngaleyo ndlela ifakazele ukungenelela okusha. Yilokho okwenzekile endabeni yeLibya bese kuba yiMali. Manje uma unentshisekelo kumthelela wokusiza, kepha isimo asibukeki sihle kangako. Akubukeki kukuhle impela.
Into egqame kakhulu lapha ukungabikho kokulahleka kokwethembeka. Kungihlabe umxhwele kakhulu ukuthi abantu abasizile ukuphikisana nalokhu kungenelela okuthathu - futhi ngalokho angisho nje abenzi bezinqubomgomo, kepha futhi nezifundiswa nezifundiswa njengami. Mina angizange ngibaphikisele, kodwa abaningi engangisebenza nabo babenza kanjalo. Futhi kuyangimangaza kimi ukuthi ayikho indlela yokuzisola noma yokuvuma ukuthi benze noma yini engalungile ngokuphikisana nalokhu kungenelela. Futhi awukho umzamo wokufunda emaphutheni ethu nokuzama ukugwema ukungenelela ngokuzayo. Kunokuthile okungasebenzi kahle kakhulu ngomlingiswa wengxoxo ngalesi sihloko, lapho sehluleka ukufunda emaphutheni adlule.
Inkinga yesibili ngendaba yokungenelela kosizo yilokho abanye abakubize ngokuthi yinkinga “yezandla ezingcolile”. Sithembele emazweni nasezinhlanganweni zalawo mazwe angenawo amarekhodi amahle kakhulu womsebenzi wobuntu. Ake sibheke i-United States nomlando wayo wokungenelela. Uma umuntu ekubheka lokho, umlando wokungenelela kwe-US, sithola ukuthi i-United States njengamandla angenele yayiyimbangela enkulu yezinhlekelele zobuntu esikhathini esedlule. Uma umuntu ebheka isibonelo ekugumbuqelweni kweMossadegh e-Iran ngo-1953, ukuketulwa kwe-Allende eChile ngo-1973. wabe esesiza ekuhleleni ukubulawa kwabantu okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu ababalelwa ku-1965. Kungenye yokubulawa kwabantu okukhulu kakhulu ngemuva kuka-500,000, yebo impela, esikalini sokwenzeka eRwanda, okungenani cishe. Futhi lokho bekuyinto ebangelwe ukungenelela. Futhi omunye angangena odabeni lweMpi YeVietnam bese ebheka isibonelo kumaPentagon Papers, ucwaningo oluyimfihlo lwePentagon lweMpi yaseVietnam, futhi umuntu akawutholi umqondo we-United States njengamandla amnene noma ikakhulukazi usizo eyodwa. Futhi imiphumela yayingeyona eyokusiza kunoma yiliphi kulawa macala.
Kunodaba olukhulu mhlawumbe lokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu ngama-ejensi ombuso abandakanyeka ekungeneleleni e-United States. Manje sesiyazi ngemibhalo ehlukanisiwe ukuthi zombili ezempi ebezigqoke iyunifomu kanye ne-CIA babenomsebenzi eminyakeni yama-50 kanye nasekuqaleni kwama-60s ekwenzeni izivivinyo zemisebe kubantu abangaqaphile; ukwenza izinto ezinjengokuhambahamba nokuba nodokotela abasebenzela ezempi bejova abantu ngama-isotopu asebenzisa imisebe bese belandelela imizimba yabo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze babone ukuthi kube namiphi imiphumela nokuthi kubaphathe kanjani ukugula - ngaphandle kokubatshela. I-CIA ibe nokuhlolwa kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okuphazamisa kakhulu, kuvivinya amasu amasha okuphenya abantu abangaqaphile, nemiphumela elimazayo kakhulu. Omunye wososayensi ababambe iqhaza ezifundweni zemisebe waphawula ngasese, futhi lokhu kuvela embhalweni owehlisiwe, ukuthi okunye akwenzayo kwaba nalokho akubiza ngomthelela we "Buchenwald", futhi sabona ukuthi wayeqonde ukuthini. Futhi umbuzo osobala futhi uwukuthi: Kungani emhlabeni singafuna ukwethemba ama-ejensi enza izinto ezinje ukwenza okuthile okusizayo manje? Lena inkambo kudala. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi manje sisebenzisa igama elithi "ukungenelela kosizo" alikwenzi ibinzana lemilingo futhi akuwususi ngomlingo lo mlando owedlule, ofanele futhi okufanele ubhekwe. Angifuni ukugxila ngokweqile ezweni lami ngemuva kwakho konke. Ezinye izifundazwe zenze ezinye izinto eziphazamisayo. Umuntu angabheka umlando weBrithani neFrance, ake sithi, ngokungenelela kwamakholoni nangemuva kwamakoloni. Umuntu akasitholi isithombe somsebenzi wokusiza; ngokuphambene impela ngingasho, kungaba ngenhloso noma empeleni.
Manje ngicabanga ukuthi enye yezinkinga okufanele ziqashelwe ekugcineni izindleko zokungenelela kosizo. Lokhu kuyinto enganakwa kakhulu, kepha mhlawumbe kufanele ibhekwe, ikakhulukazi njengoba irekhodi lemiphumela lilibi kakhulu ngomphumela wobuntu. Yebo, isenzo samasosha ukukhuluma ngokuvamile kubiza ngokweqile. Ukuqongelela amandla alinganayo, ukuwathumela phesheya kwezilwandle isikhathi eside akunakwenziwa ngaphandle kwezindleko ezinkulu. Endabeni yempi yase-Iraq, esinakho yilokho okubizwe ngokuthi “yimpi eyizigidigidi ezintathu zamarandi.” UJoseph Stiglitz waseColumbia noLinda Bilmes balinganisela ngonyaka we-2008 izindleko zesikhathi eside zeMpi yase-Iraq ezifika ku- $ 3 trillion. (2) Lezo zibalo azisekho, ngoba sekuphele iminyaka eyishumi edlule, kepha ama- $ 3 trillion maningi impela uma ucabanga Mayelana nakho. Eqinisweni, kukhulu kunomkhiqizo wekhaya ophelele ohlanganisiwe weGreat Britain okwamanje. Futhi umuntu uyazibuza ukuthi hlobo luni lwemiklamo emihle yokusiza abantu ebesingayenza ngama- $ 3 trillion, kunokuyichitha empini engenzanga lutho ngaphandle kokubulala abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu ambalwa futhi yabeka uzungu esifundeni.
Futhi lezi zimpi azikapheli eLibya, noma e-Iraq, noma e-Afghanistan. I-Afghanistan isondele ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi yempi yesibili kanye neyesibili yokungenelela kwe-US. Lokhu kungahle kube yimpi ende kunazo zonke emlandweni wase-US, uma kungenjalo vele. Kuya ngokuthi uyichaza kanjani impi ende kunazo zonke, kepha impela kukhuphukela lapho. Futhi umuntu angacabanga ngazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto ebezingenziwa ngenye yale mali, isibonelo, ukugonywa kwezingane, ezigonywe ngaphansi. (Imizuzu emibili kunjalo? Umzuzu owodwa.) Umuntu angacabanga ngabantu abangenayo imithi eyanele kubandakanya ezweni lakithi i-United States, lapho abantu abaningi bengayi khona nemithi efanele. Njengoba osomnotho bazi, unezindleko zamathuba. Uma usebenzisa imali entweni eyodwa, ungahle ungayitholi yokunye. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi ebesikwenza ukusebenzisa ngokweqile ukungenelela futhi ngaphandle kwemiphumela ebalulekile yokusiza noma okumbalwa kakhulu engingakubona. Ngicabanga ukuthi kungihlabe umxhwele ukufaniswa kwezokwelapha lapha nokugcizelelwa kwezokwelapha, ngakho-ke yingakho ngibize incwadi yami ethi “Ungalimazi Okokuqala.” Futhi isizathu ukuthi kwezokwelapha awuhambi nje uyohlinza isiguli ngoba isiguli siyahlupheka. Kufanele wenze ukuhlaziywa okufanele ukuthi ngabe ukuhlinzwa kuzoba kuhle noma kungalungile. Ukuhlinzwa kungalimaza abantu, futhi kwezokwelapha kwesinye isikhathi into engcono kakhulu ongayenza ayilutho. Futhi mhlawumbe lapha, into yokuqala okufanele siyenze ngezinhlekelele zokusiza abantu azizenzi zibe zimbi kakhulu, yilokho esikwenzile. Ngiyabonga.
U-Wilkinson
Ngiyabonga, Uprofesa. UMichael, ingxabano yakho yemizuzu eyishumi ingaqala uma usulungile.
UMichael Chertoff
Isiphakamiso lapha ukuthi ngabe ukungenelela kosizo kuyaphikisana yini ngokwemigomo, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi impendulo yalokho ithi cha. Kwesinye isikhathi ayeluleki kahle, kwesinye isikhathi, yelulekwa kahle. Kwesinye isikhathi ayisebenzi, kwesinye isikhathi iyasebenza. Akuvamile kusebenza ngokuphelele, kepha akukho lutho empilweni olwenziwayo. Ngakho-ke, ake ngiqale ngokuxoxa ngezibonelo ezintathu uprofesa azinikeza: i-Afghanistan, i-Iraq neLibya. Ngizokutshela ukuthi i-Afghanistan bekungekhona ukungenelela kosizo. I-Afghanistan yaba ngumphumela wokuhlaselwa okwenziwa e-United States okwabulala abantu abayi-3,000 XNUMX, futhi kwakuwumzamo obala nongamabomu ukususa umuntu owaqala ukuhlasela emandleni okuthi akwenze futhi. Uma ucabanga ukuthi bekungafanele, ngizokutshela ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho: Lapho singena e-Afghanistan, sathola ukuthi ama-laboratories i-al Qaeda ayesebenzisa ukuzama amakhemikhali kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezilwaneni, ukuze bakwazi ukuhambisa labo bantu ENtshonalanga. Ukube asizange siye e-Afghanistan, kungenzeka ukuthi sibahogela manje njengoba sikhuluma. Lokhu akukhona ukusiza abantu ngomqondo wokuzidela. Lolu uhlobo lokuphepha oluyisisekelo, oluyisisekelo izwe ngalinye elikweleta izakhamuzi zalo.
I-Iraq futhi ngicabanga ukuthi ngokubona kwami hhayi ikakhulukazi ukungenelela kosizo. Singaphikisana empikiswaneni ehlukile ukuthi kwenzekeni ngobuhlakani, nokuthi ngabe bekungalunganga ngokuphelele noma bekungalungile nje kuphela, maqondana nokutholakala kwezikhali zokubhujiswa kwabantu abaningi e-Iraq. Kepha okungenani lokho bekuwukucabanga okukhulu obekungena. Kungenzeka ukuthi bekuyiphutha, futhi kunezinhlobo zonke zezimpikiswano zokuthi indlela okwenziwe ngayo ayenziwanga kahle. Kepha futhi, kwakungeyona eyokusiza. ILibya bekungukungenelela kosizo. Futhi inkinga ngeLibya ngicabanga ukuthi ingxenye yesibili yalokho engifuna ukukusho, okungekhona konke ukungenelela kosizo okuhle. Futhi ukuze wenze isinqumo sokungenelela, kufanele ubheke izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu kulokho obhekene nakho. Lithini isu lakho nenhloso yakho, ngabe unokucacelwa ngalokho? Yini okuqwashisayo ngokuthi ziyini izimo ezisendaweni ongenelela kuyo empeleni? Yini amakhono akho nokuzimisela kwakho ukuzibophezela ukubona izinto kuze kube sekupheleni? Futhi-ke, ukusekelwa okuvela emphakathini wamazwe ngezinga elingakanani? ILibya iyisibonelo sesimo lapho, ngenkathi umfutho kungenzeka ukuthi wawusiza abantu, lezi zinto zazingacatshangwa ngokucophelela. Futhi uma ngingasho njalo, mina noMichael Hayden salibeka leli phuzu ku-oped ngemuva nje kokuthi le nqubo iqale. (3) Ukuthi ingxenye elula yayizosusa uGaddafi. Ingxenye enzima bekuzoba yilokho okwenzekayo ngemuva kokususwa kukaGaddafi. Ngakho-ke lapha ngivumelana noprofesa. Ukube othile ubebheka lezi zinto ezine engizibalile, bebengathi: “Uyazi, asazi ngempela, empeleni asikwenzanga lokho ngokwenzeka ngaphandle kukaGaddafi?” Kwenzekani kubo bonke abashisekeli abasejele? Kwenzekani kuwo wonke ama-mercenaries akhokhelwe, manje abangasakhokhelwa? Futhi lokho kwaholela kweminye imiphumela engemihle. Ngicabanga nokuthi kube nokwehluleka ukuqonda ukuthi lapho ususa umashiqela, unesimo esingazinzile. Futhi njengoba uColin Powell ayevame ukusho, uma uyiphulile uyithengile. Uma uzosusa umashiqela, kufanele ube ukulungele ukutshala imali ekusimamiseni. Uma ungakulungele ukwenza lokho kutshalwa kwezimali, awunalo ibhizinisi lokumsusa.
Njengesibonelo ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ubheka ngokwesibonelo ukungenelela eSierra Leone nase-Ivory Coast. ISierra Leone yayingu-2000. Kwakukhona i-United Front eyayithuthuka enhlokodolobha. AbaseBrithani bangena, babaxosha. Bababuyisela emuva. Futhi ngenxa yalokho, iSierra Leone yakwazi ukuzinza, futhi ekugcineni balimaza ukhetho. Noma e-Ivory Coast, wawunomuntu owayephethe owenqaba ukwamukela ukuthi uhlulekile okhethweni. Waqala ukusebenzisa udlame kubantu bakhe. Kube nokungenelela. Ekugcineni waboshwa, manje i-Ivory Coast inentando yeningi. Futhi, kunezindlela zokwenza ukungenelela kosizo olungaphumelela, kepha hhayi uma ungazinaki izici ezine engikhulume ngazo.
Manje, ake ngikunikeze isibonelo sento esibhekene nayo namhlanje, futhi yilokho okwenzekayo eSyria. Futhi ake sibuze umbuzo ukuthi ngabe eminyakeni embalwa eyedlule, ngaphambi kokuba amaRussia ahlanganyele ngokujulile, ngaphambi kokuba ama-Irani azibandakanye ngokujulile, ngabe ukungenelela bekuzokwenza umehluko ekusindiseni amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ekubulaweni, izakhamuzi ezingenacala ngamabhomu nezikhali zamakhemikhali, kanye nenkinga enkulu yokufuduka kwabantu abaningi. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi impendulo ithi: Ukube besikwenzile eSyria lokho esikwenzile enyakatho ye-Iraq e-1991, sakha indawo engabhabha kanye nendawo engahambelani no-Assad nabantu bakhe, futhi ukube besikwenze kusenesikhathi, sigweme lokho esikubona manje kwenzeka futhi kuqhubeka ukwenzeka esifundeni. Ngakho-ke, manje sengizokubheka kusuka kwenye i-lens: Kwenzekani uma ungangeneleli, njengoba ngiphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi senzile eSyria? Hhayi-ke ukuthi unenkinga yokusiza abantu kuphela, unenkinga yokuphepha. Ngoba njengomphumela wokungaphoqeleli ngempela noma yimiphi yemithetho engikhulume ngayo futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uMongameli Obama uthe kunomugqa obomvu mayelana nezikhali zamakhemikhali bese umugqa wanyamalala lapho kusetshenziswa izikhali zamakhemikhali. Ngenxa yokuthi asizange siphoqelele lezi zindlela zokusiza, besingagcini ngokufa kwabantu abaningi, kepha empeleni sibe nesiphithiphithi esifinyelele enhliziyweni yeYurophu. Isizathu sokuthi i-EU manje ibe nenkinga mayelana nokufuduka kungenxa yokuthi, futhi mhlawumbe ngenhloso ethile, amaRussia kanye nabaseSyria bathathe isinyathelo ngamabomu ukuxosha izakhamizi ezweni nokubaphoqa ukuthi baye kwenye indawo. Abaningi babo manje baseJordani futhi babeka ubunzima eJordani, kepha abaningi babo bazama ukungena eYurophu. Futhi anginakungabaza okuncane ukuthi uPutin waqonda noma waqaphela ngokushesha, noma ngabe kwakungeyona inhloso yakhe yasekuqaleni, ukuthi uma usudale inkinga yokufuduka, udala ukuphazamiseka nokungezwani phakathi kwesitha sakho esiyinhloko, okuyiYurophu. Futhi lokho kunomthelela osizisayo, imiphumela esiqhubeka nokuyibona namuhla.
Futhi-ke, enye yezinto engifuna ukuyisho ukwethembeka, kulapho sikhuluma ngokungenelela kosizo, kuvame ukuba nobukhulu bokuzidela kukho, kepha uma kukhulunywa ngokusobala kukhona nobuntu obuzithandayo. Izindawo zokuphazamiseka yizindawo lapho amaphekula asebenza khona, futhi uke wabona i-Isis kuze kube muva nje inensimu ezingxenyeni ezithile zaseSyria nasezingxenyeni ezithile ze-Iraq ezingalawulwa kahle. Idala izinkinga zokufuduka kanye nezinkinga ezifanayo, ezinomthelela ekuzinzeni nasekuhleleni okuhle komhlaba wonke. Futhi kudala izikhalazo nezifiso zokukhokhelwa okuvame ukuholela kumjikelezo wobudlova obuqhubeka kaninginingi, futhi uyakubona lokho eRwanda.
Ngakho-ke, umongo wami yilokhu: Akuzona zonke izindlela zokungenelela zosizo eziqinisekisiwe, akukhona konke ukungenelela kosizo okucatshangwa kahle futhi kwenziwa kahle. Kepha ngophawu olufanayo, akubona bonke abangalungile noma ababulawa ngendlela engafanele. Futhi, ngibuyela emuva ku-1991 kanye ne-no-fly zone kanye ne-no-go zone eKurdistan njengesibonelo salowo obesebenza. Isihluthulelo yilokhu: Cacisa ukuthi kungani ungena; ungazithathi kancane izindleko zalokho okwenzayo; unamakhono nokuzibophezela ekuboneni ukuthi ungazisingatha lezo zindleko futhi uzuze umphumela ozibekele wona. Qiniseka ukuthi uyazi ngezimo ezisemhlabathini, ngakho-ke wenza ukuhlolwa okunengqondo. Futhi ekugcineni uthole ukwesekwa kwamazwe omhlaba, ungahambi wedwa. Ngicabanga ukuthi kulezo zimo, ukungenelela kosizo ngeke kuphumelele kuphela, kepha kungasindisa izimpilo eziningi futhi kwenze umhlaba wethu uvikeleke kakhulu. Ngiyabonga.
Umbuzo (Wilkinson)
Ngiyabonga, Michael. Ngiyabonga kokubili ngala mazwi okuqala. Ngizocela umbuzo owodwa, bese sidlulela emibuzweni evela ezilalelini. Umbuzo wami yilokhu: Nonke niphakamise izibonelo ezimbalwa zomlando. Kodwa ingabe ungasho ukuthi ukuhlolwa okulungile ukuthi cishe inkinga yukuthi akusoze kube khona uhlelo olwanele lwesikhathi eside, izinhloso ezifanele, izisusa ezanele ezanele, noma ukuhlaziywa okwanele ukulimaza ukuthi izinhlangano ngabanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ayaphutha. Futhi bayohlala benza amaphutha. Futhi ukwehluleka kwalawo maqembu kusho ukuthi ukungenelela komuntu kufanele kube ukuphikisana ngokwemigomo. Ngakho, Michael, uma ungathanda ukuphendula.
Impendulo (UChertoff)
Impendulo yami yile: Ukungasebenzi isenzo. Abanye abantu bacabanga ukuthi uma ungenzi okuthile ngandlela thile uyayeka. Kepha uma ungenzi lutho, kukhona okuzokwenzeka. Ngakho-ke, uma ngokwesibonelo uFranklin Roosevelt enqume ukungabasizi abaseBrithani ngo-1940 ngeLend Lease, ngoba “angazi noma ngenza iphutha noma cha,” lokho bekungaba nomphumela ohlukile maqondana noMhlaba Impi II. Angicabangi ukuthi besizothi “kahle kodwa lokho bekungasebenzi, ngakho bekungenandaba.” Ngicabanga ukuthi ukungenzi lutho kuyindlela yokwenza. Futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi uma unikezwa inketho, kufanele ulinganise imiphumela kuze kufike lapho ungakwazi ukuyiveza khona, kusukela kukho kokubili ukwenza okuthile nokugwema ukwenza okuthile.
Impendulo (Gibbs)
Yebo, ngicabanga ukuthi nakanjani ukungasebenzi kuyindlela yokwenza, kepha umthwalo kufanele uhlale kumuntu okhuthaza ukungenelela. Ngoba ake sicacelwe ngalokhu: Ukungenelela kuyisenzo sempi. Ukungenelela kosizo kuyisichitho nje. Lapho sikhuthaza ukungenelela kosizo, sigqugquzela impi. Ukunyakaza kokungenela kungumnyakazo wempi. Futhi kubonakala kimi labo abasekela impi abanaso umthwalo kubo ngobufakazi. Umthwalo wobufakazi kufanele ube kulabo abakhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kodlame, futhi empeleni amazinga kufanele abe phezulu kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kodlame. Futhi ngicabanga ukuthi siyabona ukuthi besikade sisetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele esikhathini esedlule ngezinga elingavamile.
Futhi inkinga eyisisekelo onayo ekungeneleleni okuncane - ngokwesibonelo indawo ye-1991 yokundiza nge-Iraq - ngabe lezi zinto zenzeka emhlabeni wangempela, hhayi ezweni lokuzenzisa. Futhi kulelo zwe langempela, i-United States izibheka njengamandla amakhulu, futhi kuyohlale kunombuzo wokwethembeka kwaseMelika. Futhi uma i-US ithatha izinyathelo ezihhafu, njengezindawo ezingandizeli, kuzohlala kunezingcindezi e-United States ezivela emaqenjini ahlukahlukene ekusungulweni kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ukuthatha umzamo omkhulu wokuxazulula le nkinga unomphela. Ngakho-ke isidingo sesinye impi ne-Iraq e-2003, sikhiqiza inhlekelele enkulu. Ngicasuka kakhulu uma ngizwa abantu bexoxa ngokuthi “ake senze ukungenelela okulinganiselwe, kuzovele kume lapho,” ngoba imvamisa akumi lapho. Kukhona umphumela we-quagmire. Ungena ku-quagmire, futhi ujula ujule kakhulu ku-quagmire. Futhi kuzohlala kukhona labo abamele ukungenelela okujulile nokujulile.
Ngicabanga iphuzu elilodwa: Ngangifuna ukuphendula isimangalo esivame ukuthi izimpi zase-Iraq nase-Afghanistan kwakungekhona ukungenelela kosizo. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi lokhu bekuyizinga elithile, zombili lezi zingenelelo okungenani ebeziyizintshisekelo zendabuko ezweni, i-realpolitik, nokunye okunjalo. Kepha uma ubheka emuva kwirekhodi, ngokusobala bobabili babefanelekile njengengxenye yokungenelela kosizo, bobabili abaphathi bakaBush kanye nezifundiswa eziningi. Nginakho lapha phambi kwami umqulu ohleliwe oshicilelwe yi-University of California Press, futhi ngikholwa ukuthi kungu-2005, obizwa Impendulo Yomthetho: Iziphakamiso Zobuntu Ngezempi e-Iraq. ”(4) Vele wenze usesho lweGoogle" ngezimpikiswano zosizo empini e-Iraq, "futhi lokhu bekuyingxenye enkulu yesithombe. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukubhalwa kabusha komlando kancane ukusho ukuthi ukungenelela kosizo kwakungeyona into ebalulekile ezingxabanweni zempi e-Iraq noma e-Afghanistan. Babeyingxenye enkulu yazo zombili lezo zimpi. Futhi ngingasho ukuthi imiphumela ihlambalaza kakhulu umbono wokungenelela kosizo.
Umbuzo (Izithameli)
Ngiyabonga, ngakho-ke nobabili nikhulume ngezibonelo ezithile zomlando futhi ngithanda ukuzwa imibono yenu yomibili ngesimo esiqhubekayo eVenezuela. Futhi abaphathi bakaTrump nezinhlelo nemibiko sekuvele ukuthi bangaba nezinhlelo zokusebenzisa umbutho wamasosha lapho nokuthi ungakuhlola kanjani lokho ngokubheka kokubili imibono owabelane ngayo.
Impendulo (UChertoff)
Ngakho-ke, ngicabanga ukuthi okwenzeka eVenezuela okokuqala nje ngiqonde ukuthi kusobala ubushiqela bezepolitiki. Futhi njengoba ngishilo angicabangi ukuthi izindaba zombuso wezepolitiki ziyisizathu sokungenelela kwezempi. Kukhona nesici sokusiza lapha. Abantu babulawa yindlala. Kepha angazi ukuthi sisezingeni lobunzima besintu esikubonile kwezinye izimo. Ngakho-ke, impendulo yami emfushane kungaba ukuthi: Angicabangi ukuthi sihlangabezane nomkhawulo wokuba nengxoxo yangempela ngokungenelela kosizo ngomqondo wezempi.
Lokho akusho ukuthi azikho izindlela ezingezona ezempi zokungenelela, ukuze ucace nje ukuze sizungeze isithombe. Kunamathuluzi amaningi ebhokisini lamathuluzi lapho ubhekene nokungenelela. Kukhona unswinyo, unswinyo kwezomnotho. Kukhona nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwamathuluzi we-cyber njengendlela yokuba nomthelela othile kulokho okwenzekayo. Kukhona okungenzeka kwezinye izimo zomthetho, ngokwesibonelo i-International Criminal Court noma okuthile. Ngakho-ke, konke lokhu kufanele kuthathwe njengengxenye yebhokisi lamathuluzi. Ukube bengibheka iVenezuela, ngicabanga ukuthi yenzekile, engikugcizelelayo ukuthi ayifinyelelanga ezingeni lokungenelela kosizo, kuzofanela ukuthi ulinganise izindaba ezinjengalezi: Ingabe kukhona umdlalo wokugcina esiwubonayo noma isu esilibona liphumelela? Ngabe sinamakhono okukufeza? Ngabe sinokuxhaswa kwamazwe omhlaba? Ngicabanga ukuthi bonke labo bangahle balwisane nayo. Lokho akusho ukuthi bekungeke kushintshe, kepha ubukhulu balokhu angicabangi ukuthi sebufinyelele eqophelweni lapho isenzo samasosha sinengqondo noma kungenzeka.
Impendulo (Gibbs)
Into ebaluleke kakhulu odinga ukuyazi ngeVenezuela ukuthi ngumnotho ongathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, futhi kube nokwehla kwentengo kawoyela kusukela ngonyaka ka-2014. Ngokuqinisekile ngizonikeza ukuthi okuningi okwenzekayo manje kuyiphutha lokuthi Izenzo zikaMaduro nezokugunyaza abekade ezithatha, kanye nokuphathwa kabi, inkohlakalo, njalonjalo. Iningi lalokhu okwenzekile ngokufunda okunengqondo, nganoma yikuphi ukufundwa okunolwazi, kungenxa yamanani aphansi kawoyela.
Kukhomba ngicabanga ukuthi inkinga enkulu, okuyindlela izinkinga zomphakathi ezivame ukubangelwa yizinkinga zomnotho. Izingxoxo zaseRwanda cishe azikaze zikhulume ngeqiniso lokuthi ukuqothulwa kohlanga - futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kwakuwukuqothulwa kohlanga endabeni yeRwanda - ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngamaHutu ngokumelene namaTutsi kwenzeka esimweni senhlekelele enkulu yezomnotho eyabangelwa ukuwa kwekhofi amanani. Nakulokhu futhi, umnotho ongenakuphikiswa owawuthembele cishe kuphela ekhofi. Intengo yekhofi iyawa, uthola inkinga yezepolitiki. IYugoslavia yaba nenkinga enkulu yezomnotho ngaphambi nje kokuthi izwe lihlukane futhi lehlele esihogweni. Siyazi ngokwehla esihogweni, iningi labantu alazi ngenkinga yezomnotho.
Ngasizathu simbe abantu bathola ukuthi ezomnotho ziyisicefe, futhi ngoba kuyisicefe futhi ukungenelela kwezempi kubonakala kujabulisa kakhulu, sicabanga ukuthi ikhambi ukuthumela ku-82nd Airborne Division. Ngenkathi mhlawumbe bekungaba lula futhi kushibhe kakhulu futhi kube lula futhi kube ngcono ngokubuka kwezenhlalakahle ukubhekana nenkinga yezomnotho; ukugcizelelwa okusindayo okubekwe enkingeni ohlelweni lwezomnotho lwamazwe omhlaba kanye nemithelela emibi kakhulu yezepolitiki emazweni amaningi. Umongo womlando uyadingeka lapha: Kuzo zonke izinkomba eziqhubekayo, eziphindaphindwayo zoMbuso Wesithathu kanye neMpi Yezwe II, esiyizwa kaninginingi, abantu bavame ukukhohlwa ukuthi enye yezinto esilethele u-Adolph Hitler kwaba yiNkulu Ukucindezeleka. Noma ikuphi ukufundwa okunengqondo komlando weWeimar Germany kungaba ukuthi ngaphandle kweDepression, cishe ubungeke uthole ukukhuphuka kobuNazi. Ngakho-ke, ngicabanga ukuthi ukubhekana nezinkinga zezomnotho kakhulu eVenezuela - Noma ngabe i-United States ibizogumbuqela uMaduro nganoma iyiphi indlela bese beyifaka komunye umuntu, omunye umuntu kusazodingeka abhekane nendaba kawoyela ophansi amanani kanye nemiphumela elimazayo emnothweni, okuzohlala kungakhulunywanga ukungenelela kosizo, noma ngabe sikubiza kanjalo noma ngokunye.
Ngicabanga elinye iphuzu mayelana ne-United States neVenezuela ukuthi iZizwe Ezihlangene zathumela ummeleli lapho futhi zagxeka unswinyo lwase-US njengokuqinisa kakhulu inkinga yabantu. Ngakho-ke, ukungenelela okwenziwe yi-United States - kwezomnotho kuleli phuzu ikakhulu, hhayi ezempi - kwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, futhi lokho ngokusobala kufanele kume. Uma sinentshisekelo yokusiza abantu baseVenezuela, impela i-United States ibingafuni ukuyenza ibe yimbi kakhulu.
UDavid N. Gibbs unguProfesa weMlando, iYunivesithi yase-Arizona, futhi ushicilele kabanzi ebuhlotsheni bamazwe angaphandle e-Afghanistan, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, naseYugoslavia yangaphambili. Manje ubhala incwadi yakhe yesithathu, ekukhuphukeni kwe-US conservatism ngesikhathi se-1970s.
(1) UGilbert Burnham, et al, "Ukufa kwabantu ngemuva kokuhlasela kwe-Iraq ngo-2003: Ucwaningo lwesampula lweCluster Cluster Sample Survey," I-Lancet I-368, cha. 9545, 2006. Qaphela ukuthi i I-LancetIsilinganiso esihle kakhulu sokushona kwabantu ngokweqile ngenxa yokuhlaselwa empeleni siphezulu kunalesi engisibalulile ngenhla. Isibalo esifanele singama-654,965, kunezi-560,000 engizethule.
(2) ULinda J. Bilmes noJoseph E. Stiglitz, I-Trillion Dollar War: Iindleko Zeqiniso Ze-Iraq Conflict. ENew York: ENorton, ngo-2008.
(3) UMichael Chertoff noMichael V. Hayden, "Kwenzekani emva kokuthi uGaddafi esusiwe?" Washington Post, Ngo-Ephreli 21, i-2011.
(4) uThomas Cushman, ed., Impendulo Yomthetho: Iziphakamiso Zobuntu Ngezempi e-Iraq. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
