I-Conflict Yesikhathi Sethu: US Imperialism vs uMthetho Wezomthetho

NguNicolas JS Davies, World BEYOND War

Izwe libhekene nezinkinga eziningi eziqhamukayo: izinkinga zesifundazwe ezivela eKashmir kuya eVenezuela; izimpi ezinonya ezithukuthele e-Afghanistan, eSiriya, e-Yemen naseSomalia; kanye nezingozi ezikhona zezikhali zenuzi, ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuqedwa okukhulu.

Kepha ngaphansi kwazo zonke lezi zingqinamba, umphakathi wabantu ubhekene nengxabano, engakaxazululwa yokuthi ngubani noma yini elawula umhlaba wethu nokuthi ngubani okumele enze izinqumo ezibucayi mayelana nokuthi zingabhekanwa kanjani nazo zonke lezi zinkinga - noma sizobhekana nazo nhlobo. Isimo esibucayi sokuba semthethweni kanye negunya elenza izinkinga zethu eziningi cishe zibe nzima ukuxazululwa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwempikiswano yamazwe aseMelika nokubusa komthetho.

Imperialism kusho ukuthi uhulumeni oyedwa ophethe ubukhosi phezu kwamanye amazwe nabantu emhlabeni wonke, futhi wenza izinqumo ezibucayi mayelana nokuthi bazolawulwa kanjani futhi ngaphansi kohlobo luni lwezomnotho abazohlala kuwo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlelo lwethu lwamanje lomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, ngokusekelwe kulo I-UN Charter kanye nezinye izivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba, zamukela amazwe njengezimele futhi ezimele, anamalungelo ayisisekelo okuzilawula futhi axoxisane ngokukhululeka ngezivumelwano mayelana nobudlelwano babo kwezepolitiki nezomnotho komunye nomunye. Ngaphansi komthetho wamazwe omhlaba, izivumelwano zamazwe amaningi ezisayinwe futhi zaqinisekiswa yizikhulu ezinkulu zamazwe ziba yingxenye yesakhiwo somthetho wamazwe omhlaba obophezela kuwo wonke amazwe, kusukela kokuncane kuya kwamandla amakhulu.

Esihlokweni sakamuva, "Isakhiwo Esifihliwe SoMbuso wase-US," Ngibheke ezinye zezindlela i-United States esebenzisa ngayo amandla ombuso kwamanye amazwe azimele, azimele kanye nezakhamizi zawo. Ngicaphune isazi semvelo nesizwe uDarryl Li's Ucwaningo lwe-ethnographic Amacala abhubhi base-US aseBosnia, abonisa uhlelo olubucayi lobukhosi lapho abantu emhlabeni wonke abagcini nje ngokuvumelana nobuzwe bukazwelonke bamazwe abo kodwa futhi nobukhosi obuseduze bokubusa kombuso wase-US.

Ngichaza ukuthi uJulian Assange, obanjwe e-Embassy e-Ecuadorian eLondon, noHuawei CFO Meng Wanzhou, ababoshiwe ngenkathi beshintsha izindiza eVancouver Airport, bangabantu abahlukunyezwe ubukhosi obubusayo base-United States njengamakhulu angenacala "amaphekula asolwa" amabutho ase-United States abanjwe emhlabeni wonke futhi wathunyelwa kuze kube phakade, ukuboshwa okungekho emthethweni eGuantanamo Bay nakwamanye amajele ase-US.

Ngenkathi umsebenzi kaDarryl Li ubaluleke kakhulu kulokho okwembulayo ngezingqimba zobukhosi ezikhona empeleni lapho i-US ikhipha amandla ayo ombuso, impiriyali yase-US ingaphezu nje kwesenzo sokubamba nokubopha abantu bakwamanye amazwe. Izinkinga eziningi zamanje zomhlaba wonke ziwumphumela walolu hlelo olufanayo lokulawula ubukhosi bamakhosi baseMelika abasebenza ngaphandle komhlaba.

Lezi zinkinga zonke zikhombisa ukukhombisa ukuthi i-US isebenzisa kanjani amandla ombuso, ukuthi lokhu kungqubuzana kanjani futhi kubukela phansi ukwakheka komthetho wamazwe omhlaba othuthukiswe ngobuhlakani ukuphatha izindaba zamazwe omhlaba emhlabeni wanamuhla, nokuthi le nkinga yobunyoninco esemthethweni isivimbela kanjani ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu esibhekana nazo ngekhulu lama-21 - futhi ngaleyo ndlela zisifaka engozini sonke.

Izimpi zase-US Imperial Unleash Violence Long-Term and Chaos

I-Charter ye-UN yahlelwa ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili ukuvimbela ukuphindaphindiwe kwegazi lokuvumela igazi kanye nezingxabano zomhlaba wezimpi ezimbili zezwe. Umakhi we- I-UN Charter, UMengameli we-United States uFranklin Roosevelt, usefile kakade, kodwa ukushaqeka kwempi yomhlaba wonke kwakungenangqondo eminye ingqondo yabanye abaholi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi bayamukele ukuthula njengento ebalulekile ebaluleke kakhulu ezindabeni zomhlaba jikelele esikhathini esizayo kanye nesisekelo sokusekela kweZizwe Ezihlangene.

Ukwakhiwa kwezikhali zenuzi kuphakamisa ukuthi impi yomhlaba yesikhathi esizayo ingabhubhisa ngokuphelele impucuko yabantu, nokuthi akumele yalwiwa. Njengoba u-Albert Einstein atshela umuntu owayexoxisana naye, “Angazi ukuthi iMpi Yomhlaba Yesithathu izolwa kanjani, kodwa ngingakutshela ukuthi bazosebenzisani ku-Fourth: amadwala!”

Ngakho-ke abaholi bezwe bafaka amasignesha abo kuJehova I-UN Charter, isivumelwano esibophezelayo esivumela ukusongelwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nganoma yiliphi izwe elimelene nomunye. I-Senate yase-United States ifunde isifundo esibabazayo sokunqaba kwayo ukwamukela isivumelwano se-League of Nations emva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, futhi ivotelwe ukuqinisa i-Charter ye-UN ngaphandle kokubanjwa kwamavoti ka-98 kuya kokubili.

Izinkathazo zezimpi zaseKorea naseVietnam zazifanelekile ngezindlela ezazingena I-UN Charterukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla, nebutho le-UN noma le-US belwela "ukuvikela" izifunda ezintsha ze-neocolonial eziqoshwe emanxiweni aseKaponialism aseJapan naseFrance.

Kodwa emva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, abaholi base-US kanye nabacebisi babo baxoshwa kulokho okwakunguMongameli waseSoviet uMikhail Gorbachev manje obhekisela njengeNtshonalanga "ukunqoba, " umbono ombuso wezwe "unipolar" elibuswa ngempumelelo "ngumbuso omkhulu," i-United States. Umbuso wase-US wanda kwezomnotho, kwezepolitiki nakwezempi eMpumalanga Yurophu futhi izikhulu zase-US zazikholelwa ukuthi ekugcineni “zingaqhuba ezempi eMiddle East ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngokudala iMpi Yesithathu Yomhlaba,” njengoMichael Mandelbaum woMkhandlu Wezobudlelwano Namazwe Asemazweni. ilele ku-1990.

Isizukulwane kamuva, abantu baseMpumalanga Ephakathi bangase bathethelelwe ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi empeleni bahlangabezana neMpi Yezwe III, njengezimbangi ezingapheli, imikhankaso yamabhomu futhi izimpi ze-proxy kuye kwehlisa amadolobha, amadolobha namadolobhana wonke ukuba ahlasele futhi wabulala izigidi zabantu ngaphesheya kwe-Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Somalia, Lebanon, Palestine, Libya, Syria nase Yemen - kungapheli ekugcineni kweminyaka engama-30 yempi, udlame kanye nezinxushunxushu.

Ayikho enye yempi ye-post-9 / 11 yase-US egunyazwe yi-UN Security Council, njengoba i-Charter ye-UN ingadinga, okusho ukuthi bonke bayaphula i-Charter ye-UN, njengoNobhala Jikelele uKofi Annan evuma icala lase-Iraq, noma ephula imibono ecacile yezinqumo ze-UN Security Council, njengokuthi UNSCR 1973Umyalelo "wokumisa izikhali ngokushesha," ukuvinjelwa kwezingalo okuqinile nokukhishwa kwe "a ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe yanoma yiluphi uhlobo ”eLibya ngo-2011.

Empeleni, kuyilapho abaholi base-US base-Imperialist bevame ukulangazelela ukusebenzisa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN njenge ukugqoka iwindi ngenxa yezinhlelo zabo zempi, bacabanga ukuthi benze izinqumo zangempela mayelana nempi nokuthula ngokwabo, besebenzisa izimpikiswano zezombusazwe ukuze zilungise izimpi ezingenalo isisekelo sangempela somthetho emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba.

Abaholi base-US bakhombisa ukungawunaki uMthethosisekelo wase-US njengalokhu kuthathwa nezinqumo ze-UN Charter kanye ne-UN. Njengoba uJames Madison abhalela uThomas Jefferson ngo-1798, uMthethosisekelo wase-United States “ngokunakekelwa okufundisiwe wawuphakamisa umbuzo wempi kusishayamthetho,” ngokunembile ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kabi okunjalo kwamandla empi yigatsha eliphezulu likahulumeni.

Kodwa kuthathe amashumi eminyaka yempi futhi izigidi zokufa okubudlova ngaphambi kokuthi iCongress yase-US ifake isicelo se-War Powers Act sangesikhathi saseVietnam sokuqinisa igunya laso lomthethosisekelo lokumisa noma yiziphi zalezi zimpi ezingekho emthethweni. ICongress kuze kube manje inciphise imizamo yayo empini eseYemen, lapho iSaudi Arabia ne-UAE kuyizimbangi eziholayo futhi i-US idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu, yize ibalulekile. Ngomunye wabo eWhite House, amaLungu amaningi eCongress Republican namanje aphikisana nalokhu kugomela okulinganiselwe kwegunya lomthethosisekelo weCongress.

Khonamanjalo u-HR 1004, umthethosivivinywa omele uCicilline wokuqinisekisa ukuthi uMnu Trump akanalo igunya ngokomthethosisekelo lokuyalela ukusetshenziswa kombutho wamasosha aseMelika eVenezuela, unabaphenyi abangama-52 kuphela (ama-50 Democrats nama-2 amaRepublican). Umthethosivivinywa ongumngane kaSenator Merkley eSenate usalinde i-cosponsor yawo yokuqala.

Izingxabano zezepolitiki zase-US mayelana nempi nokuthula ziwaqaphelisisa iqiniso lezomthetho ukuthi i I-UN Charter, ixhaswe yi-"Renunciation of War njengesixhobo seNqubomgomo kaZwelonke" ku-1928 I-Kellogg-Briand Pact futhi ukuvimbela ukuhlukunyezwa kumthetho wesiko wamazwe omhlaba, konke kuvimbela i-US ekuhlaseleni amanye amazwe. Esikhundleni salokho osopolitiki base-US baphikisana ngobuhle nobubi bokuhlaselwa kwe-US kunoma yiliphi izwe elinikezwe kuphela ngokuya ngezintshisekelo zase-US kanye nokubiyela kwabo ohlangothini olulodwa lwamalungelo ezepolitiki nokungalungi kwalesi simo.

I-US isebenzisa ulwazi lwempi ukuze badonsa ohulumeni bezinye izizwe futhi impi yezomnotho ukuqeda amazwe ahlosiwe, ukudala izinkinga zezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezomnotho ezingase zisebenze njengama-prétexts for the war, njengoba izwe liye labona ezweni langakithi futhi njengathi ushumayela namuhla eVenezuela.

Ngokusobala lezi yizenzo nezinqubomgomo zamandla ombuso, hhayi lezo zezwe elizimele elisebenza ngaphansi komthetho.

Ukusika Ngaphandle Kwegatsha Sihlala Kuzo

Alipheli isonto ngaphandle kwezifundo ezintsha eziveza izici ezingabikwanga ngaphambili zenhlekelele yezemvelo ebhekene nohlanga lwesintu nezwe esiphila kulo. Zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane zingaba iphela ngekhulu leminyaka, ngezinye izimpungushe nezinkanyane zendlu, okubangela ukuqhuma kwemvelo njengezitshalo ezingenanjongo, izinyoni ezilambile kanye nezinye izidalwa zilandela izinambuzane zibe sekuqothulwa kakhulu.  Isigamu sabantu bomhlaba ezincelisayo, izinyoni, izinhlanzi nezilwane ezihuquzelayo sezivele zanyamalala eminyakeni engama-40 edlule.

Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kungaveza ukuphakama kwamamitha ayisithupha noma ayisishiyagalombili olwandle kuleli khulu leminyaka - noma kuyoba yi-20 noma i-30 izinyawo? Akekho ongaqiniseka. Ngesikhathi esikuso, kuzobe sekwephuze kakhulu ukukuvimbela. UDahr Jamail isihloko sakamuva at Ngaphandle, ebizwa ngokuthi, "Sichitha Uhlelo lwethu Lokusekela Ukuphila," kubuyekezwa okuhle ngalokho esikuziyo.

Ngokombono osebenzayo, wobuchwepheshe, ushintsho oludingekayo kumandla avuselelekayo lapho ukusinda kwethu kungancika khona kufinyeleleka ngokuphelele. Manje yini evimbela umhlaba ekwenzeni lolu shintsho olubucayi?

Ososayensi baye baqonda isayensi eyisisekelo yokufudumala kwembulunga yabantu noma ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusukela ku-1970s. I UN Framework Convention mayelana Nokuguquka Kwesimo Sezulu (UNFCCC) kwaxoxiswana ngakho engqungqutheleni i-Rio Earth Summit yango-1992 futhi yagunyazwa ngokushesha cishe ngawo wonke amazwe, kubandakanya ne-United States. I- Uhlelo lwe-1997 Kyoto amazwe azibophezele ukwenza ukusikeka okuqondile, okubophezelayo ekukhishweni kwekhabhoni, ngokusikeka okukhulu okwenziwe emazweni athuthukile abhekene kakhulu nale nkinga. Kepha kwakukhona eyodwa engekho emsebenzini: i-United States. Yi-US kuphela, i-Andorra neSouth Sudan ehlulekile ukufaka isiqiniseko seKyoto Protocol, kwaze kwaba yilapho iCanada nayo ihoxa kuyo ngo-2012.

Amazwe amaningi athuthukile kakhulu anciphisa ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali abo ngaphansi kohlelo lokuqala lwe-Kyoto Protocol, futhi Isimemo se-2009 se-Copenhagen kuhlelwe ukwakha uhlaka lomthetho oluzolandelela iKyoto. Ukukhethwa kukaBarack Obama kukhuthaze abaningi ukuthi bakholelwe ukuthi iMelika, izwe ngokomlando elibhekele ukukhishwa okukhulu kwekhabhoni, ekugcineni lizojoyina uhlelo lomhlaba wonke lokulungisa le nkinga.

Esikhundleni salokho, intengo yase-US ngokubamba iqhaza kwayo bekungukugcizelela kokuhlosiwe kokuzithandela, okungabophi esikhundleni sesivumelwano esisemthethweni. Bese kuthi ngenkathi i-European Union (i-EU), iRussia neJapan zibeka imigomo yokwehliswa okungu-15-30% kokukhishwa kwazo ngo-1990 ngo-2020, kanti iChina yayihlose ukwehlisa ngo-40-45% kusuka ekukhishweni kwayo ngo-2005, i-US neCanada bebeqonde kuphela behlise ukukhishwa kwabo ngama-17% emazingeni abo ka-2005. Lokhu bekusho ukuthi inhloso yase-US bekungukuncishiswa okungu-4% kuphela kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni kusuka ezingeni lango-1990, ngenkathi cishe wonke amanye amazwe athuthukile ebehlose ukusikwa okungu-15-40%.

The Isivumelwano sezulu seParis ibisuselwa kumodeli efanayo yokungabopheli, izinhloso zokuzithandela njengeCopenhagen Accord. Njengoba isigaba sesibili manje sokugcina se-Kyoto Protocol siphela ngo-2020, alikho izwe elizoba ngaphansi kwanoma yisiphi isibopho esibophezelayo samazwe omhlaba sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Amazwe abantu bawo kanye nabezombusazwe abazinikele ngokweqiniso ekuguqulweni kwamandla avuselelekayo baya phambili, kanti amanye awanjalo. INetherlands isishaye umthetho wokudinga i- I-95% ukunciphisa ekwakheni kwekhabhoni kusuka ezingeni layo le-1990 yi-2050, futhi linalo uvinjelwe ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikagesi kanye ne-diesel emva kuka-2030. Khonamanjalo ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni yase-US kwehle ngo-10% kuphela selokhu kwaba ngo-2005, futhi empeleni iphakanyiswe ngu-3.4% e 2018.

Njengemithetho yamazwe omhlaba evimbela impi, i-US inqabe ukuboshwa izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke zokubhekana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Sebenzise amandla ayo ombuso ukuvimbela isinyathelo samazwe ngamazwe ekuguqulweni kwesimo sezulu kuzo zonke izinyathelo, ukugcina ngangokunokwenzeka umnotho wezolimo wamazwe ngamazwe omhlaba wonke isikhathi eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Amafutha we-fracking kanye ne-shale akhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwawo ngamafutha nogesi amazinga okurekhoda, okhiqiza amagesi amaningi okushisa okungaphezu kwezindabuko zamafutha kanye negesi.

Izinqubomgomo zemvelo ezonakalisayo zaseMelika, okungenzeka ukuthi ziyazibulala, zilungiswa ngazo imibono engaphephile, ephakamisa "umlingo wezimakethe" ube yincwadi yokholo eyimbumbulu, evikela ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho e-United States kunoma yiluphi uhlangothi lweqiniso oluphikisana nezintshisekelo zezimali zezinkampani eziya ngokuzimela kanye nesigaba esibusayo esingu-1% esimele nguTrump, u-Obama, amaBushes kanye namaClintons.

"Emakethe" enonakele yezepolitiki zase-US kanye nabezindaba, abagxeki neoliberalism bahlekwa usulu njengabantu abangenalwazi nabahlubuki, kanti ama-99%, “abantu baseMelika” abahlonishwayo baphathwa njengezinto ezingelutho okufanele zikhishwe zisuka ku-TV ziye endaweni yokuvotela iWalmart (noma i-Whole Foods) - futhi ngezikhathi ezithile ziye empini. Imakethe yamasheya ekhuphukayo ifakazela ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle, njengoba nje umnotho wezwe lomhlaba ubhubhisa umhlaba wemvelo omlingo wawo wangempela usisekela nathi.

Imperialism yase-United States yilabo abathintekayo abasakaza igciwane le-neoliberalism emagumbini amane eMhlaba, njengoba nje kubhubhisa umhlaba wemvelo osisondeza sonke: umoya esiwuphefumulayo; amanzi esiwaphuzayo; umhlaba oveza ukudla kwethu; isimo sezulu esenza umhlaba wethu uphile; kanye nezinye izidalwa eziyisimangaliso ukuthi, kuze kube manje, ziye zabelana futhi zacebisa izwe esiphila kulo.

Isiphetho

As UDarryl Li waphawula ezimweni zabasolwa bobuphekula abafundile, i-US isebenzisa ubukhosi obunamandla, obungaphandle komthetho obudla ubukhosi bamanye amazwe. Ayiboni mingcele ehlala njalo yobukhosi bayo. Imingcele kuphela eyamukelwa ngumbuso wase-US ngokungakhalazi yilezo ezisebenzayo amazwe aqinile angazivikela ngempumelelo ekuqobeni amandla awo.

Kepha i-US isebenza ngokungakhathali ukugcina ikhulisa ubukhosi bayo bobukhosi futhi inciphisa ubukhosi bezwe labanye ukuhambisa amandla esele iye phambili. Iphoqa wonke amazwe abambelela kunoma yisiphi isici sobukhosi noma sokuzimela esishayisana nezintshisekelo zezohwebo zase-US noma ze-geostrategic ukulwela ubukhosi bayo kuzo zonke izinyathelo zendlela.

Lokho kuvela kubantu base-UK abafakela ukungeniswa kwezinkomo ze-hormone zase-US futhi inkukhu echlorisiwe futhi okuyimfihlo kwamabhizinisi yeNational Health Service yabo eyenziwa yimboni yase-US “yezempilo”, kuze kuyofika e-Iran, eVenezuela naseNyakatho Korea emzabalazweni wokunqanda izinsongo ezisobala zaseMelika ngempi ezephula umthetho i-UN Charter.

Nomaphi lapho siphendukela khona emhlabeni wethu onezinkinga, emibuzweni yempi nokuthula noma enkingeni yemvelo noma kwezinye izingozi esibhekene nazo, sithola la mabutho amabili nezinhlelo ezimbili, imperialism yase-US kanye nomthetho womthetho, kungqubuzana omunye nomunye, kuphikisana ilungelo namandla okwenza izinqumo ezizololonga ikusasa lethu. Kokubili ngokusobala noma ngokusobala bathi indawo yonke ephika igunya lomunye, okwenza kungahambelani futhi kungavumelani.

Manje lokhu kuzoholela kuphi? Kungahola kuphi? Uhlelo olulodwa kufanele lunikeze olunye uma sizoxazulula izinkinga ezikhona ezibhekene nesintu ngekhulu lama-21. Isikhathi sifushane futhi siyancipha, futhi akungabazeki ukuthi yiluphi uhlelo olunikeza umhlaba ithuba lokuba nekusasa elinokuthula, elinobulungiswa futhi elizinzile.

UNicolas JS Davies ungumlobi we Igazi Ngezandla Zethu: Ukuhlasela kweMelika nokubhujiswa kwe-Iraq. Ungumcwaningi we-CODEPINK nomlobi ozimele owenza umsebenzi wakhe ushicilelwe yizinhlobonhlobo zezindaba ezizimele, ezingekho ezinkampani.