I-Movie Emnandi Kunayo Yonke Eseke Yenziwa Iqiniso Ngemuva Kwempi Yase-Iraq “Ziyimfihlo Esemthethweni”

"Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni," evulwe ngoLwesihlanu eNew York naseLos Angeles, iyifilimu engcono kakhulu eyake yenziwa mayelana nokuthi iMpi Yase-Iraq yenzeka kanjani. Inembe ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, iyakhuthaza ngokulinganayo, ilulaza, inethemba, futhi iyacasula. Ngicela uyoyibona.

Sekukhohliwe manje, kepha iMpi yase-Iraq kanye nemiphumela yayo enyanyekayo - amakhulu ezinkulungwane zokufa, ukukhuphuka kweqembu le-Islamic State, iphupho elibi elihlasela iSyria, ngokungangabazeki ubumongameli bukaDonald Trump - cishe akwenzekanga. Emasontweni ngaphambi kokuhlasela okuholwa yi-US ngoMashi 19, 2003, icala lempi laseMelika nelaseBritish laliwohloka. Ibukeke njenge-jalopy eyenziwe kabi, injini yayo ibhema futhi izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ziyawa njengoba inyakaza ngendlela engaqondakali emgwaqeni.

Ngalesi sikhathi esifushane, abaphathi bakaGeorge W. Bush babonakala beqile. Kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuthi i-US ihlasele ngaphandle kwe-UK, iMini-Me yayo ethembekile, eceleni kwayo. Kepha e-UK, umbono wempi ngaphandle kwemvume evela kuMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeZizwe Ezihlangene wawukhona engathandeki kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, manje siyazi ukuthi uPeter Goldsmith, ummeli-jikelele waseBrithani, wayenakho utshele uNdunankulu uTony Blair ukuthi isinqumo sase-Iraq esakhishwa uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ngoNovemba 2002 “asikugunyazi ukusetshenziswa kwamasosha ngaphandle kwesinye isinqumo soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha.” (Ummeli ophambili eHhovisi Lezangaphandle, elilingana neBrithani elilingana noMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika, wakubeka ngokunamandla nakakhulu: “Ukusebenzisa amandla ngaphandle kwegunya loMkhandlu Wezokuphepha kwakuyoba yicala lobudlova.”) Ngakho uBlair wayefisa ukuthola isithupha. -kusuka ku-UN Nokho okwamangaza wonke umuntu, uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha wamazwe ayi-15 usalokhu uphika.

NgoMashi 1, i-UK Observer yaphonsa ibhomu kulesi simo esibi ngendlela emangalisayo: a iputshuke i-imeyili yangoJanuwari 31 kusuka kumphathi we-National Security Agency. Imenenja ye-NSA ibifuna umbiko ogcwele wenkantolo wobunhloli kumalungu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha - "ngaphandle kwe-US kanye ne-GBR kunjalo," kusho umphathi ngokuhlekisa - kanye namazwe angewona awoMkhandlu Wezokuphepha okungenzeka adala izingxoxo eziwusizo.

Okwakukhombisile lokhu ukuthi uBush noBlair, bobabili ababethe bafuna uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha ubambe ivoti elikhuphukayo noma lehle esinqumweni esinikeza isitembu esisemthethweni sokugunyazwa kwempi, babeyiphutha. Babazi ukuthi bayalahlekelwa. Kwakukhombisa lokho ngenkathi bebanga bona wayenakho ukuhlasela i-Iraq ngenxa yokuthi babekukhathalele kakhulu ukusekela ukusebenza kahle kwe-UN, babekujabulela ukucindezela amalungu e-UN akanye nawo, kuze kufike futhi kuhlanganise nokuqoqwa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo. Kwafakazela ukuthi uhlelo lwe-NSA lwalungavamile ngokwanele ukuthi, endaweni ethile emhlabeni wezobunhloli we-labyrinthine, othile wayecasuke ngokwanele kangangokuthi wayezimisele ukuzifaka engozini yokuya ejele isikhathi eside.

Lowo muntu kwakunguKatharine Gun.

Wadlala ngobuqili kokuthi “Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni” ka-Keira Knightley, uGun wayengumhumushi eNdlunkulu Yezokuxhumana Jikelele, iBritish elilingana ne-NSA. Kwelinye izinga, "Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni" idrama eqondile, nesolisayo ngaye. Uyafunda ukuthi uyithole kanjani i-imeyili, kungani eyiputshulile, wakwenza kanjani, kungani esheshe wavuma, imiphumela esabekayo abhekane nayo, kanye neqhinga eliyingqayizivele lezomthetho elaphoqa uhulumeni waseBrithani ukuthi asule wonke amacala abekwe wona. Ngaleso sikhathi, uDaniel Ellsberg wathi izenzo zakhe "zazifike ngesikhathi futhi zibaluleke kakhulu kunePentagon Papers ... ukukhuluma iqiniso kanje kungamisa impi."

Ngezinga elicashile, ifilimu ibuza lo mbuzo: Kungani ukuvuza kungenzanga umehluko wangempela? Yebo, kube nomthelela ekuphikiseni i-US ne-UK eMkhandlwini Wezokuphepha, ongazange uvotele esinye isinqumo sase-Iraq, ngoba uBush noBlair babazi ukuthi bazolahlekelwa. Nokho uBlair ukwazile ukukuhoxisa lokhu futhi wathola ivoti lePhalamende laseBrithani emasontweni ambalwa kamuva ligunyaza impi yakhe.

Kunempendulo eyodwa eyinhloko yalo mbuzo, kokubili kokuthi "Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni" kanye neqiniso: imidiya yezinkampani zase-US. "Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni" zisiza ukukhombisa ukungasebenzi kahle kwemibono kwabezindaba baseMelika, abagxumela ngokulangazela leli bhomu ukuze basindise abangani bayo be-foxhole ekuphathweni kukaBush.

Kulula ukucabanga umlando ohlukile kunalona esike sawuphila. Osopolitiki baseBrithani, njengabaseMelika, abafuni ukugxeka izikhungo zabo zezobunhloli. Kodwa ukulandelela okujulile endabeni ye-Observer okwenziwa abezindaba abaphezulu base-US bekuzodala ukunaka kumalungu e-US Congress. Lokhu-ke bekuzovulela amalungu ePhalamende aseBrithani aphikisana nokuhlasela ukuthi abuze ukuthi kwenzekani emhlabeni. Isizathu sempi sase siwohloka ngokushesha kangangokuthi ngisho nokulibaziseka okuthile kwakungase kube ukuhlehliswa okungapheli. UBush noBlair bobabili babekwazi lokhu, futhi yingakho baqhubekela phambili ngokungaphezi.

Kepha kulo mhlaba, i-New York Times ayishicilelanga lutho mayelana nokuvuza kwe-NSA phakathi kosuku lokushicilelwa kwayo e-UK kanye nokuqala kwempi cishe amasonto amathathu kamuva. IWashington Post ibeke indatshana eyodwa enamagama angama-500 ekhasini A17. Isihloko salo esithi: “Umbiko Wokuhlola Awukho Okwethusayo Ku-UN” I-Los Angeles Times ngokufanayo yabhala isiqephu esisodwa ngaphambi kwempi, isihloko sayo esachaza, “Umgunyathi noma cha, abanye bathi akuyona into engabaza. Lesi sihloko sinikeze isikhala kumeluleki wangaphambili we-CIA ukuthi aphakamise ukuthi i-imeyili ibingelona iqiniso.

Lona bekuwumugqa wokuhlasela onezithelo kakhulu endabeni ye-Observer. Njengombukiso othi “Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni,” umabonakude waseMelika ekuqaleni wayenentshisekelo yokubeka enye yezintatheli ze-Observer emoyeni. Lezi zimemo zahwamuka ngokushesha njengoba umbiko we-Drudge usakaza izimangalo zokuthi i-imeyili ngokusobala yayingamanga. Kungani? Ngoba yasebenzisa isipelingi samagama saseBrithani, njengokuthi “okuhle,” ngakho-ke kwakungeke kubhalwe umMelika.

Eqinisweni, ukuvuza kwasekuqaleni kwe-Observer kwasebenzisa izipelingi zaseMelika, kodwa ngaphambi kokushicilelwa abasebenzi abasekela iphepha babeziguqule ngephutha ezinguqulweni zaseBrithani ngaphandle kokuba izintatheli ziqaphele. Futhi njengenjwayelo lapho ebhekene nokuhlasela okuvela ohlangothini lwesokudla, amanethiwekhi kamabonakude e-US athuthumela ngenxa yokwesaba okukhulu. Ngesikhathi i-spelling minutiae iqondaniswa, zase zigijime ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayinkulungwane ukusuka ku-Observer's scoop futhi zingenantshisekelo yokuyivakashela kabusha.

Ukunaka okuncane endabeni okwakuthola ikakhulukazi ngenxa yentatheli nesishoshovu u-Norman Solomon, kanye nenhlangano ayisungula, i-Institute for Public Accuracy, noma i-IPA. USolomoni wayeke waya eBaghdad ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngaphambili futhi wayibhala ngokuhlanganyela le ncwadi “I-Iraq eqondiwe: Lokho Imithombo Yezindaba Engakutshelanga,” eyaphuma ngasekupheleni kuka-January 2003.

Namuhla, uSolomon uyakhumbula ukuthi "Ngazizwa ngihlobene ngokushesha - futhi, empeleni, lokho engingakuchaza njengothando - kunoma ngubani obeke ingozi enkulu yokuveza imemo ye-NSA. Yebo, ngaleso sikhathi ngangingazi ukuthi ubani owenze lokho.” Ngokushesha wabhala ikholomu ehlanganisiwe enesihloko esithi "American Media Dodging UN Surveillance Story."

Kungani iphepha lerekhodi lingazange likuhlanganise, uSolomon wabuza u-Alison Smale, ngaleso sikhathi owayeyisekela lomhleli wangaphandle e-New York Times. “Akukhona ukuthi besingenasithakazelo,” kusho uSmale kuye. Inkinga yayiwukuthi “asikwazanga ukuthola isiqinisekiso noma ukuphawula” mayelana ne-imeyili ye-NSA evela ezikhulwini zase-US. Kodwa “namanje sisakubhekisisa,” kusho uSmale. “Akukhona ukuthi asikho.”

I-Times ayikaze ikhulume ngoGun kuze kube nguJanuwari 2004, izinyanga eziyi-10 kamuva. Nalapho, ayizange ivele esigabeni sezindaba. Esikhundleni salokho, ngenxa yokunxusa okuvela ku-IPA, umlobi we-Times u-Bob Herbert wabheka indaba, futhi, edidekile ukuthi abahleli bezindaba sebedlulile, wazithathela yena.

Manje, kuleli qophelo ungase ufune ukuwa ngenxa yokuphelelwa ithemba. Kodwa ungakwenzi. Ngoba nansi indaba esele engakholakali — into eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engenakwenzeka kangangokuthi ayiveli nhlobo kokuthi “Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni”.

KUNGANI IBHAMU unqume ukuthi kufanele aputshuze i-imeyili ye-NSA? Muva nje uveze ezinye zezisusa zakhe ezibalulekile.

“Ngangivele nginokusola kakhulu ngezingxabano zempi,” usho kanje nge-imeyili. Ngakho waya esitolo sezincwadi waqonda engxenyeni yezepolitiki wabheka okuthile nge-Iraq. Wathenga izincwadi ezimbili wazifunda waze wayiqeda ngaleyo mpelasonto. Ndawonye “bangiqinisekisa ngokuyisisekelo ukuthi abukho ubufakazi bangempela bale mpi.”

Enye yalezi zincwadi yayithi “I-War Plan Iraq: Izizathu Eziyishumi Zokulwa Nempi e-Iraq” nguMilan Rai. Eyesibili kwakuyi-"Target Iraq," incwadi eyabhalwa nguSolomoni.

I-"Target Iraq" yanyatheliswa yi-Context Books, inkampani encane eyaba yimali ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho. Ifike ezitolo sekusele amasonto ambalwa uGun ayithole. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokuyifunda, i-imeyili kaJanuwari 31 ye-NSA yavela ebhokisini lakhe lokungenayo, futhi wanquma ngokushesha ukuthi yini okufanele ayenze.

"Ngamangala ukuzwa uKatharine ethi incwadi ethi 'Target Iraq' ibe nomthelela esinqumweni sakhe sokuveza imemo ye-NSA," kusho uSolomon manje. “Bengingazi ukuthi ngingakuqonda kanjani kahle lokho.”

Kusho ukuthini konke lokhu?

Ezintathelini ezikhathalele ubuntatheli, kusho ukuthi, nakuba uvame ukuzwa sengathi umemeza ngokungenanjongo emoyeni, awukwazi ukubikezela ukuthi umsebenzi wakho uzofinyelela bani nokuthi uzobathinta kanjani. Abantu abangaphakathi ezikhungweni ezinkulu, ezinamandla akubona bonke abayizinduna kumabhamuza angenakunyakaziswa. Iningi lingabantu abavamile abahlala emhlabeni ofanayo nabo bonke abantu futhi, njengabo bonke abantu, balwela ukwenza okufanele njengoba bekubona. Thatha ngokungathi sína ithuba lokuthi uxhumana nomuntu ongase athathe isinyathelo obungeke usilindele.

Kwabangewona ama-nonjournalists kanye nezintatheli ngokufanayo, isifundo futhi yilesi: Ungadangali. Bobabili uSolomon noGun basakhathazeke kakhulu ngokuthi benze konke ababengakucabanga ukumisa iMpi yase-Iraq, futhi kwenzeka noma kunjalo. USolomoni uthi: “Ngizizwa ngijabule ngokuthi incwadi engayibhala kanye nayo yaba nemiphumela ebuhlungu kangaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nginomuzwa wokuthi akunandaba ukuthi ngizizwa kanjani.”

Kodwa ngicabanga ukuthi umuzwa kaGun noSolomoni wokungaphumeleli uyindlela engalungile yokubheka abakwenzile nalokho abanye abangakwenza. Abantu abazama ukumisa iMpi yaseVietnam baphumelela kuphela ngemva kokufa kwezigidi, futhi abaningi balabo babhali nezishoshovu bazibona beyizehluleki nabo. Kodwa ngeminyaka yawo-1980, lapho amaqembu okuphatha i-Reagan efuna ukwenza ukuhlasela okuphelele eLatin America, awakwazanga ukukususa ngenxa yesisekelo senhlangano nolwazi olwadalwa eminyakeni edlule. Iqiniso elibuhlungu lokuthi i-US yazibophezela ekukhetheni kwayo okwesibili - ukudedela ithimba lokufa elibulale amashumi ezinkulungwane esifundeni sonke - alisho ukuthi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okhaphethi eVietnam bekungeke kube kubi kakhulu.

Ngokunjalo, uGun, uSolomon kanye nezigidi zabantu abalwa iMpi yase-Iraq edla lubi bahluleka, ngandlela thize. Kepha noma ngubani owayenaka ngaleso sikhathi wayazi ukuthi i-Iraq yayihloselwe njengesinyathelo sokuqala sokunqoba kwe-US yonke iMiddle East. Abazange bayivimbe impi yase-Iraq. Kepha bona, okungenani kuze kube manje, basize ukuvimbela iMpi yase-Iran.

Ngakho bheka "Izimfihlo Ezisemthethweni” ngokushesha nje lapho ivela endaweni yeshashalazi eseduze nawe. Ngeke ubone isithombe esingcono kakhulu sokuthi kusho ukuthini kumuntu ukuzama ukwenza ukukhetha kweqiniso kokuziphatha, ngisho noma ungaqiniseki, ngisho noma ethukile, ngisho nalapho engazi ukuthi kuzokwenzekani ngokulandelayo.