Inkinga Ye-Anglophone eCameroon: Umbono omusha

Ngu-Hippolyte Eric Djounguep, Meyi 24, 2020

Ukungqubuzana okunodlame phakathi kweziphathimandla zaseCameroon kanye nabahlukanisi bezifunda ezimbili ezikhuluma isiNgisi kusukela ngo-Okthoba 2016 kuya ngokuba kubi kakhulu. Lezi zifunda zazingaphansi kwe-League of Nations (SDN) kusukela ngo-1922 (usuku lokusayinwa kweSivumelwano SaseVersailles) kanye nokuqeqeshwa okuncane kwe-UN kusukela ngo-1945, futhi yaphathwa yiGreat Britain kwaze kwaba ngu-1961. Eyaziwa kangcono ngokuthi “ Inkinga ye-Anglophone”, lokhu kungqubuzana kudonse kanzima: cishe bangu-4,000 abashonile, i-792,831 yabaleka ngaphakathi kwababaleki abangaphezu kuka-37,500 kanti abangama-35,000 babo baseNigeria, abayi-18,665 abafuna ukukhoseliswa.

UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN ubambe umhlangano mayelana nesimo sobuntu eCameroon okokuqala ngqa ngoMeyi 13, 2019. Naphezu kwesicelo sikaNobhala Jikelele weZizwe Ezihlangene sokuthi kuqedwe ukudubula ngokushesha ukuze kuphendulwe ngokuphelele i-Covid-19, ukulwa kusaqhubeka nokuwohloka. indwangu yezenhlalo kulezi zifunda zaseCameroon. Le nkinga iyingxenye yochungechunge lwezingxabano eziye zaphawula i-Cameroon kusukela ngo-1960. Ingenye yeziqephu ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezilinganiswa kakhulu ngenani labalingisi abathintekayo kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwabo njengezibalo zabo. Iziteki ezibonwa nge-engeli zisabonisa izixhumanisi ezinganqamuki ngaso sonke isikhathi ezigcwele izithombe nezethulo ze-anachronistic zesikhathi esidlule samakholoni, kanye nombono ongazange uguquke ngokugcwele eminyakeni edlule.

Ukungqubuzana okumbozwe nge-priori kugxaza maqondana neqiniso

Umbono wezingxabano e-Afrika wakhiwe ngezindlela eziningi, ezinye zazo ezivame ukunanelwa ngabezindaba kanye neminye imigudu yokudlulisa ulwazi. Indlela abezindaba abaveza ngayo inkinga ye-anglophone e-Cameroon ngemithombo yezindaba yamazwe ngamazwe kanye neyezwe lonke isaveza inkulumo edonsa kanzima ukuze ihlukane nombono okuthiwa ugadiwe. Inkulumo ngezinye izikhathi egcwele izethulo, ama-clichés kanye nokubandlulula ngaphambi kwenkululeko kuyaqhubeka nanamuhla. Eminye imithombo yezindaba kanye neminye imigudu yokudlulisa ulwazi emhlabeni ngisho nase-Afrika igcina ama-prism nama-paradigms avumela lesi sithombe se-Afrika sobukoloniyali kanye ne-postcolonial ukuthi sichume. Kodwa-ke, lezi zithombe ezivamile zezwekazi lase-Afrika zifihla noma zibukela phansi imizamo yokuhlukanisa esinye isigaba sabezindaba: izihlakaniphi nezifundiswa ezingazivumeli ukuthi zithathwe yilo mbono wangemva kobukoloni ngokukhetha ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe kanye nezindaba ezenza i-Afrika, Izwekazi elakhiwe ngamazwe angama-54, ayinkimbinkimbi njengawo wonke amanye amazwekazi emhlabeni.

Inkinga ye-anglophone eCameroon: ungayifanelekela kanjani?

Inkinga ye-anglophone yethulwa kwamanye ama-tabloids wezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe nakweminye imigudu yokusakaza njengengxenye yezehlakalo ezibhalwe “izinhlekelele zemvelo” - ukufaneleka okulula kanye nokwenza ngokwemvelo imicimbi yezenhlalo evame ukwenzeka e-Afrika abezindaba abazi ngayo. Ngokungazi ngokwanele, "basola" umbuso waseYaounde (inhloko-dolobha yaseCameroon) lapho "ukuphila isikhathi eside nokubusa okungalungile kulethe impi". Inhloko yezwe laseRiphabhulikhi yaseCameroon kumuntu kaPaul Biya ihlale ikhulunywa kuzo zonke izenzo ezimbi: "ukuntuleka kwezimiso zezombangazwe", "ukubusa okubi", "ukuthula komongameli", njll. Okufanelekile ukubeka isibani hhayi ubuqiniso noma ubunzima bamaqiniso abikiwe kodwa ukungabi khona kwezinye izincazelo zezinkulumo ezithile.

Umbuzo wobuhlanga?

Ukwenziwa ngokwemvelo kwale mpi ezwekazini lase-Afrika okwenzeka ngokubhebhethekisa izici zobuzwe kuyisici esiyisisekelo senkulumo yamakholoni nge-Afrika esaqhubeka nanamuhla. Isizathu sokuthi lokhu kungqubuzana kugcine kubhekwe njengento engokwemvelo kuphela etholakala kabanzi eksisini ephikisana nemvelo namasiko futhi lapho sithola khona ukuqubuka okuhlukahlukene ezincwadini ezithile. "Inkinga ye-Anglophone" ivame ukuchazwa njengesenzakalo esingenakuchazwa ngokunengqondo noma cishe. Iphuzu lombono elivuna izimbangela zemvelo encazelweni yempi livame ukuthuthukisa inkulumo ebalulekile. Lokhu kuqinisa ngokuxuba nenkulumo isithombe se-apocalyptic, lapho sithola khona amatimu anjengokuthi “isihogo”, “isiqalekiso” kanye “nobumnyama” ikakhulukazi.

Kufanele ihlolwe kanjani?

Lokhu kuhlola kuvamile futhi ngezinye izikhathi kunqunywa emithonjeni ethile yezindaba kanye nengxenye ebalulekile yemisele yokudlulisela ulwazi. Kusukela ekuqaleni kokuma kwenkinga ye-Anglophone ngo-Okthoba 1, 2017, kwaqondwa ukuthi "lokhu kungenzeka ukuthi kubangele ukuhlukana okusha kwezombusazwe zaseCameroon kanye nokusabalala kwebutho lezempi lasendaweni elisekelwe ekuthembekeni kwezizwe noma isihogo sempi phakathi kwezizwe". I-Afrika manje isibheke iCameroon. Kodwa qaphela: amagama afana nelithi “isizwe” nelithi “iqembu lohlanga” agcwele imibono engaguquki kanye nemibono eyamukelwe, futhi anciphisa ubunjalo bezinto. La mazwi, ekuqondeni kwabanye abantu, asondelene nobuqaba, ubuxhwanguxhwangu kanye nobudala. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi, kwenye incazelo, ukulwa akuphikisi ukuthi amaqembu akhetha impi alimaza elinye, kodwa abonakala ewaphoqa ngoba kwamanye “aqeqeshwe”.

Uhlu lwamagama angalungile

Okuvame ukwenzeka mayelana "nenhlekelele ye-Anglophone" indawo yesiphithiphithi, ukudideka, ukuphanga, ukumemeza, ukukhala, igazi, ukufa. Akukho okuphakamisa izimpi phakathi kwamaqembu ahlomile, izikhulu eziqhuba imisebenzi, imizamo yenkhulumomphendvulwano eqalwa ama-belligerents, njll. Umbuzo wokufaneleka kwawo ekugcineni awulungile njengoba lesi "sihogo" singenasisekelo. Umuntu angaqonda ukuthi "iCameroon iyisihibe esikhulu emizamweni yezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ukusiza i-Afrika ukuxazulula izimpi zayo". Ikakhulukazi njengoba "ngokombiko wakamuva we-UN, inkinga ye-Anglophone eCameroon ingenye yezinkinga ezimbi kakhulu zobuntu, ezithinta abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-2".

Izithombe ezibuhlungu futhi

Kuyavunywa, isigaba esisodwa sabezindaba sithi "izingxabano eCameroon zimbi futhi ziyinkimbinkimbi". Lezi zinhlupheko zingokoqobo futhi azikhulumeki ngezinga elikhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukulandisa okujwayelekile kwalokhu kuhlupheka, izizathu esingazichazi, zinozwelo ikakhulukazi lapho kubhekene nokufa okuhlukile e-Afrika futhi okungekho muntu obhekene nakho ngempela. Ekuhlaziyeni kwesazi sezokuhlalisana kwabantu esingumFulentshi uPierre Bourdieu, sikhuluma ngezithombe zezindaba zethelevishini ezivela emhlabeni wonke, ukulandisa okunjalo ekugcineni kwakha “uchungechunge lwezindaba ezibonakala zingenangqondo ezigcina zifana (…) ‘izenzakalo ezivele ngaphandle kwencazelo, zizoshabalala ngaphandle kwezixazululo’ . Inkulumo ethi “isihogo,” “ubumnyama,” “ukuqhuma,” “ukuqhuma,” isiza ekubekeni le mpi esigabeni esihlukile; lezo zezinkinga ezingachazeki, ezingaqondakali ngokunengqondo.

Izithombe, ukuhlaziya kanye nokuphawula kuphakamisa ubuhlungu nosizi. Embusweni wase-Yaounde, kukhona ukuntula amanani entando yeningi, inkhulumomphendvulwano, umqondo wezepolitiki, njll. Akukho lutho analo oluyingxenye yesithombe esinikezwa ngaye. Kungenzeka futhi ukumchaza ngokuthi "umhleli ohlakaniphile", "umgqugquzeli onekhono", umphathi onamakhono athile. Umuntu angaphakamisa ngokusemthethweni ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi ukwazile ukulondoloza umbuso iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-35 naphezu kokushintshashintsha okuningi kungamzuzisa lezi ziqu.

Ukubambisana ezisekelweni ezintsha

Ukwenziwa ngokwemvelo kwenkinga ye-Anglophone eCameroon, isixazululo sokungenelela kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuqedwe kanye nokungabikho kwezinye izinkulumo zabezindaba zamazwi abadlali abaphikisanayo kanye namazwi aphikisanayo kuveza kokubili ukuphikelela kobudlelwane kanye nokulandela- amandla azimele. Kodwa inselele isekuthuthukisweni kokubambisana okusha. Futhi ubani othi ukubambisana okusha kusho umbono omusha we-Afrika. Ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukwenza ipolitiki futhi weqe ukubuka kwe-Afrika ukuze ubambe izigxobo futhi uholele ukubonakaliswa okungenayo ubandlululo lobuhlanga, ama-clichés, ama-stereotypes futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukudlula lo mcabango we-senghorian wokuthi "imizwa i-negro futhi isizathu si-Hellene".

Umusho ongaphezu kweshwa hhayi ngaphandle kwama-avatar. Umsebenzi ka-Senghor akufanele wehliselwe kulo musho ongaphandle kokuqukethwe. Ngeshwa, amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika anobushiqela athatha amashumi eminyaka amukela imibono yezenhlalo nezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho kanye nokucwasa okugcwele i-Afrika yonkana, leyo esuka eNyakatho kuya eNingizimu Afrika. Ezinye izindawo azisindisiwe futhi aziphunyuki inani elikhulu lezinto ezibalulekile kanye nezethulo: ezomnotho, ezobuntu, ezamasiko, ezemidlalo kanye nezepolitiki yezwe.

Emphakathini wanamuhla wase-Afrika, ozwela kakhulu kulokho okunikezwayo ukubona kunalokho okunikezwe ukuzwa, "igama-igama" lokucacisa liyindlela eyigugu kakhulu yokwabelana ngokuthile okujabulisayo, okusha kanye nekhwalithi. Umthombo wobukhona utholakala ku-"yebo" wokuqala izinselelo, ukuguquka kwemvelo kanye noguquko olwenziwayo emhlabeni. Lezi yizimfuneko ezisekela okulindelekile. Isibonakaliso samandla angalawuleki, inkulumo yabezindaba ifuna ukugqamisa izindaba kuzo zonke izingxenye zayo ukuze kube nentuthuko ehloniphekile nebumbene.

Ukugeleza kolwazi olwenziwa emaphephandabeni omhlaba, ucwaningo ikhwalithi yalo ebonakala ngenxa yokujula kokuhlaziya yizo zonke izinto ezisisusa kithi futhi zisikhulule kunoma yikuphi ukukhathazeka ngokuzithethelela. Bafuna ukuvumela ulwazi luguqule izimo, imikhuba “ye-psychoanalyzing” ukuze ihambisane nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke. Ngakho, ngokwencazelo yenkulumo yabezindaba, “ukuhlaziya ngesikhathi esifanayo kuwukwamukela, ukuthembisa nokuthumela”; ukugcina isigxobo esisodwa kuphela kwezintathu ngeke kubangele umnyakazo wokuhlaziya. 

Kodwa-ke, lonke udumo luya kubantu abathile bemithombo yezindaba yamazwe ngamazwe, izwe lezemfundo nesayensi eliphoqelela umsebenzi wokunikeza uphawu nezwi elisho izigxobo kanye nezifiso zokuphuma kwe-Afrika kuma-paradigms agugile futhi agugile. Akuwona umbuzo wokuthi laba bamuva benze isenzo somlingo esingaphoqa izimo ukuba zivune i-Afrika; futhi akusho ukuthi yonke imiklamo yezwekazi ivunyelwe. Njengoba libhekisela olwazini olunamasu okwenza zonke izinto zibe zintsha, njengoba ludala ithemba ngekusasa, ziyimithombo yeqiniso yokuthula nethemba; zivula ikusasa futhi ziqondise impilo evuselelwe eguquguqukayo. Baphinde bafakazele ukuba khona kwenjabulo ekuhlulekeni kanye nasempumelelweni; ekumasheni okuqinisekisiwe nasekuzuleni. Azinikezi ukungaqiniseki kwempilo yomuntu noma ubungozi bephrojekthi noma izibopho, kodwa zisekela ukuzethemba ngekusasa elingcono nakakhulu. Kodwa-ke, akuwona umbuzo wokudida ukuhlukahluka okusemthethweni nokuhlanganisana okungekona kwezinkolelo nezinqubo zomuntu ngamunye (ubuningi obulula) noma ukulinganisa ubunye bemizwa ngokufakwa kukho konke ukukholelwa kanye nomkhuba oyingqayizivele (ukufana).

Lo mfanekiso we-Afrika awugcini nje ngokuvela ngaphandle futhi unolwazi kuphela; iphinde ikhiqizwe ngokuhlanganyela futhi ngezinye izikhathi ihlelwe ngaphakathi ezwenikazi. Akuwona umbuzo wokuwela ogibeni "isihogo, abanye". Wonke umuntu ubhekene nezibopho zakhe.

U-Hippolyte Eric Djounguep uyintatheli kanye nomhlaziyi we-geopolitical wephephabhuku lesiFulentshi i-Le Point futhi unikele ku-BBC kanye ne-Huffington Post. Ungumbhali wezincwadi ezimbalwa ezihlanganisa iCameroun - i-crise anglophone: Essai d'analyse post coloniale (2019), Géoéconomie d'une Afrique émergente (2016), Perspective des conflits (2014) kanye ne-Médias et Conflits (2012) phakathi kwabanye. Kusukela ngo-2012 Wenze izinkambo ezimbalwa zesayensi mayelana nokuguquguquka kwezingxabano endaweni yase-Afrika ye-Great Lakes, oPhondweni lwe-Afrika, esifundeni saseLake Chad nase-Ivory Coast.