Izigqoko Zokuvikela Ezimhlophe, ezasungulwa ukuze zihlenge izisulu ezazivaleleke ngaphansi kwemvithi yezakhiwo ezacekelwa phansi amabhomu aseSyria naseRussia, seziwumthombo oyintandokazi kwabezindaba zaseNtshonalanga ezikhuluma ngendaba yokuqhuma kwamabhomu eRussia naseSiriya. Evezwe njengamaqhawe asiza abantu onyakeni odlule futhi aze aqokelwa uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel ehlobo eledlule, Izigqoko Ezimhlophe zinikezwe ukwethembeka okungangabazeki yizintatheli ezikhuluma ngenhlekelele yaseSyria.
Nokho oMakalabha Abamhlophe abayona inhlangano engeyona eyepolitiki. Ixhaswe kakhulunguMnyango Wezifundazwe wase-US kanye neHhovisi Lezangaphandle laseBrithani, leli qembu lisebenza kuphela ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yeSyria ezilawulwa inhlangano ehlangene ne-al Qaeda kanye nabalingani bayo abayingozi-izindawo lapho izintatheli zaseNtshonalanga zingakwazi ukufinyelela kuzo. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuthi ama-White Helmet asebenza ngaphansi kwegunya lalabo abaphethe amandla angempela empumalanga ye-Aleppo nakwezinye izindawo ezilawulwa abaphikisi, ukuthembela kwabezindaba zaseNtshonalanga kule nhlangano ngolwazi kuza nezingozi ezingathi sína zokukhohliswa.
Iqhaza elikhulu lezombusazwe eladlalwa oMakalabha Abamhlophe maqondana nokusakazwa kwabezindaba bakwamanye amazwe labonakala ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kokuhlasela kwenqola yeloli laseSyria iRed Crescent endaweni eyayibanjwe amavukela-mbuso e-Urum al-Kubra, entshonalanga nje ye-Aleppo ngoSepthemba 19. Lokhu kuhlasela kwathatha. indawo ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqeda ukulwa okwavunyelwana ngakho yiRussia, i-US kanye nohulumeni waseSyria baphazanyiswe ukuhlasela okubulalayo kwe-US emoyeni amasosha aseSyria alwa ne-ISIS ezungeze idolobha laseDeir Ezzor ngoSepthemba 17.
Abaphathi baka-Obama bacabange ukuthi ukuhlasela bekuyi-airstrike futhi ngokushesha bakusola ezindizeni zaseRussia noma zaseSyria. Isikhulu saseMelika esingaziwa utshele iNew York Times ukuthi “kunamathuba amaningi kakhulu” okuthi indiza yaseRussia yayiseduze nendawo ngaphambi nje kokuhlasela, kodwa abaphathi abazange baveze obala ubufakazi obusekela leso simangalo. Ezinsukwini ezalandela ukuhlasela, ukusakazwa kwezindaba kwezindaba kuncike kakhulu kuma-akhawunti anikezwe amaHelmet Amhlophe. Inhloko yenhlangano e-Aleppo, u-Ammar Al-Selmo, wayebanikeza i-akhawunti yomuntu siqu esigcawini.
Inguqulo kaSelmo yendaba kuvele ukuthi igcwele amanga; kodwa-ke, izintatheli eziningi zasondela kuyo ngaphandle kokungabaza, futhi ziye zaqhubeka nokuthembela kuye ukuze uthole ulwazi mayelana nezimpi eziqhubekayo e-Aleppo nasezindaweni ezizungezile.
Ukushintsha izindaba ngenkathi abezindaba bedlala
Imininingwane yokuqala ubufakazi bukaSelmo obuziveza ngayo njengokungathembeki isimangalo sakhe sokuthi wayekuphi ngesikhathi kuqala ukuhlasela. Kusho uSelmo Isikhathi Magazine ngosuku lwangemva kokuhlasela ukuthi wayeqhele ngekhilomitha noma ngaphezulu endaweni yokugcina izimpahla lapho amaloli osizo ayepakwe ngaleso sikhathi—mhlawumbe esikhungweni sendawo se-White Helmet e-Urm al-Kubra. Kodwa uSelmo wayishintsha indaba yakhe interview neWashington Post eyanyatheliswa ngo-September 24, ethi “wenza itiye esakhiweni esingaphesheya komgwaqo” ngaleso sikhathi.
Okumangalisa nakakhulu, uSelmo ekuqaleni wathi wabona ukuqala kokuhlasela. Ngokodaba olushicilelwe yi-Time ngoSepthemba 21, uSelmo uthe wayephuza itiye kuvulandi ngesikhathi kuqala ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, futhi "wabona amabhomu okuqala emgqomo ewa kulokho akuhlonze njengendiza enophephela emhlane yombuso waseSyria."
Kepha uSelmo wayengeke alibone ibhomu lombhobho liwa endizeni enophephela emhlane nanoma yini enye ngaleso sikhathi. Kuvidiyo eshuthwe ekuseni ngakusasa, uSelmo wamemezela ukuthi ukuqhuma kwebhomu kuqale cishe ngo-7:30 ebusuku. Ezitatimendeni zakamuva, Omakalabha Abamhlophe babeka isikhathi ngo-7:12pm. Kodwa ukushona kwelanga ngoSepthemba 19 kwakungo-6:31pm, futhi cishe ngo-7pm, i-Aleppo yayigubuzelwe ubumnyama obuphelele.
Kusobala ukuthi othile ubize ukunaka kukaSelmo kuleyo nkinga ngemva kokushicilelwa kwendaba yeSikhathi, ngoba ngesikhathi enikeza i-akhawunti yakhe kuWashington Post, wayeseyishintshile naleyo ngxenye yendaba. Okuthunyelwe kubika i-akhawunti yakhe echitshiyelwe kanje: “Engena kuvulandi ngemva nje kuka-7pm, lapho kwase kuhwalala, wathi ulalele indiza enophephela emhlane ingena iphonsa amabhomu amabili emiphongolo phezu kohide.”
Kumavidiyo ama-White Helmets awenza ngobusuku bokuhlasela, uSelmo wadlulela phambili, egomela engxenyeni eyodwa yevidiyo ukuthi amabhomu emiphongolo emine yayiwisiwe futhi kwenye, lokho amabhomu emiphongolo ayisishiyagalombili yayilahliwe. Umbono wokuthi kusetshenziswe amabhomu emiphongo ekuhlaselweni wathathwa ngokushesha ngabazibiza ngokuthi "izishoshovu zemidiya" egameni leziphathimandla eziphikisayo e-Aleppo ngakusasa ekuseni, njengoba Kubikwa i-BBC. Leyo ngqikithi yayihambisana nomzamo wemithombo ephikisayo ebuyela emuva ku-2012 ukuhlonza "amabhomu emiphongolo" njengezikhali ezibhubhisayo eziyingqayizivele, ezisolwa kakhulu kunemicibisholo evamile.
Ubufakazi obungabazekayo obuvela emithonjeni ehlangene
In ividiyo ama-White Helmet akhiqize ngobusuku bokuhlasela, u-Selmo ukhuluma nababukeli ngokukhomba indawo okuthiwa iqhume ibhomu. "Uyalibona ibhokisi lebhomu lombhobho?" uyabuza. Kodwa okuboniswa kuvidiyo ukuhlehlisa okuwunxande etsheni noma emfucumfucwini ebonakala icishe ibe yifidi ububanzi futhi ingaphezudlwana kwamafidi amathathu ubude. Ufika ngaphansi futhi akhiphe lokho okufana nensingo yefosholo eyonakele, ngokusekelwe ekubunjweni kwayo.
Leso sigameko sifakazela ngokusobala isimangalo sikaSelmo ukuthi singamanga ngokuphelele. Amabhomu emiphongolo enza insando enkulu kakhulu ama-craters okungenani amafidi angu-25 ububanzi namafidi angaphezu kuka-10 ukujula, ngakho-ke ukuhlehlisa okufana nebhokisi kuvidiyo akufani nhlobo ne-crater yebhomu lomphongolo.
U-Hussein Badawi, ongumqondisi wendawo we-White Helmets we-Urum al-Kubra, uphansi ngokusobala kunoSelmo ohlwini lwenhlangano. UBadawi uvele kafushane eduze kukaSelmo engxenyeni eyodwa yevidiyo eyenziwe ngalobo busuku kodwa wathula, wabe esenyamalala. Noma kunjalo, Badawi kungqubuzana ngqo Isimangalo sikaSelmo sokuthi ukuqhuma kokuqala ngalobo busuku kwakungenxa yamabhomu emiphongolo. Ngezigqoko Zokuvikela Ezimhlophe ividiyo eyahunyushwa isuka kusi-Arabhu iyiswa esiNgisini, u-Badawi uchaze lokho kuqhuma kokuqala hhayi njengokuhlasela kwezindiza kodwa “njengamarokhethi amane alandelanayo” eduze nendawo ehlanganisa iRed Crescent e-Urum al-Kubra.
Abukho obunye ubufakazi obubonakalayo be-crater obungadalwa ibhomu lomgqomo obuye bavela. Ukweseka okushiwo uSelmo, Ithimba Lezobunhloli elizinze eRussia, elizinikele ekuphikiseni izimangalo zikahulumeni waseRussia, angacaphuna kuphela ifreyimu yevidiyo ka-Selmo ephakamise leyo ngxenye yensimbi eyodwa.
Iwebhusayithi yeBellingcat, umsunguli wayo u-Eliot Higgins ongeyena umhlali we-Atlantic Council emelene neRussia, uMnyango WezoMbuso oxhaswe ngemali nguMnyango Wezwe, futhi akanabo ubuchwepheshe bezikhali, wabonisa kuhlaka olufanayo. U-Higgins uthe ucezu lwensimbi luphuma “emgodini”. Uphinde waveza nesithombe sesibili athe sikhombisa “i-crater elungisiwe” emgwaqeni eduze neloli eshile. Kodwa indawo esesithombeni ebonakale imbozwe ukungcola okusha ngokusobala ayingaphezu kwamamitha amathathu ubude futhi ingaphezu kwamamitha amabili ububanzi—futhi incane kakhulu ukuba ingaba ubufakazi bokuqhuma kwebhomu lombhobho.
Ithimba likaSelmo lika-White Helmet liphinde lasabalalisa eBellingcat kanye nemithombo yezindaba lokho okubonakala ekuqaleni njengobufakazi obubonakalayo bokuhlasela komoya kwaseSyria naseRussia: i-tailfin eshwabene ye-Russian. Ibhomu le-OFAB-250, okungabonwa ngaphansi kwamabhokisi ku-a Isithombe kufakwe endaweni yokugcina impahla endaweni. UBellingcat ubalule labo izithombe njengobufakazi obuqand' ikhanda bokusetshenziswa kweRussia kwalelo bhomu lapho kuhlasela uhide lwemikhumbi yosizo.
Kepha ukuthi izithombe ze-OFAB tailfin ziyinkinga kakhulu njengobufakazi bokushaya kwendiza. Ukube ibhomu le-OFAB-250 laliqhume ngempela ngaleso sikhathi lalizoshiya umgodi owawumkhulu kakhulu kunalowo okhonjisiwe yileso sithombe. Izinga umthetho wesithupha ukuthi i-OFAB-250, njenganoma yiliphi elinye ibhomu elivamile elinesisindo esingu-250kg lingenza i-crater ibe ngamafidi angu-24 kuya kwangu-36 ububanzi namafidi angu-10 noma angu-12 ukushona. Ubukhulu bomgodi wayo buboniswa kuvidiyo yentatheli yaseRussia emi kwelinye ngemuva kwempi yedolobha laseSyria iPalmyra, eyayiphethwe yi-ISIS.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, udonga olusesithombeni olungamamitha ambalwa kuphela ukusuka endaweni obekucatshangwa ukuthi lunomthelela kuyo ngokusobala aluthintwanga ibhomu. Lokho kukhombisa ukuthi ayikho i-OFAB-250 eyehlisiwe kuleyo ndawo noma bekuyi-dud. Kodwa isithombe samabhokisi azungeze i-OFAB tailfin siphinde siveze obunye ubufakazi bokuthi kube nokuqhuma. Njengomuntu obukele Wathola kusukela ekuhlolweni okuseduze, amabhokisi abonisa ubufakazi be izinyembezi ze-shrapnel. A eduze yephakeji elilodwa libonisa iphethini yezimbobo ezinhle ze-shrapnel.
Okuthile kuphela okunamandla amancane kunebhomu le-OFAB-250 noma ibhomu lomgqomo okungalandisa ngalawo maqiniso abonakalayo. Esinye isikhali esine-shrapnel engabangela iphethini ebonwe esithombeni irokhethi yaseRussia S-5, izinhlobo ezimbili okulahla izingcezwana ezincane ezingama-220 noma ezingama-360.
Kuvidiyo wenza ngobusuku bokuhlasela, uSelmo wayesevele ethi indiza yaseRussia yadubula ama-S-5 endaweni, nakuba ngephutha ababiza ngokuthi “ama-C-5s.” Futhi isithombe semicibisholo emibili ye-S-5 saphinde sasatshalaliswa eBellingcat nasezinhlanganweni zezindaba, okuhlanganisa neWashington Post. Selmo iwaphikelela kuSikhathi ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezindiza kwakuhlukaniswe phakathi kwamabhomu emiphongolo nemicibisholo ejikijelwa amabhanoyi aseRussia.
Kodwa futhi u-Badawi, induna yezigqoko ezimhlophe ze-Urum al Kubra, waphikisana noSelmo hlukanisa ividiyo, esho ukuthi inqwaba yemicibisholo ejikijelwayo yaphonswa phansi. Ukwemukelwa kuka-Badawi kwakubaluleke kakhulu, ngoba amabutho aphikisayo aseSyria abenempahla IsiRashiya S-5s selokhu izikhali zashushumbiswa ziphuma e-Libya zayiswa kumavukela-mbuso ngobuningi babo ngo-2012. Bebesebenzisa ama-S-5 njengamarokhethi adedelwa phansi njengoba kwenza amavukela-mbuso aseLibya, futhi babakhelele ezabo iziqhumane ezithuthukisiwe.
U-Badawi uthe imicibisholo emine yokuqala yadutshulwa ngamasosha kahulumeni waseSyria ephuma ezimbonini zezokuvikela eningizimu ye-Aleppo. Kepha izitshalo zokuvikela zikahulumeni eningizimu ye-Aleppo governorate zise-al-Safira-ibanga elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-25, kanti ama-S-5 anebanga elingamakhilomitha ama-3 kuye kwamane kuphela.
Okushoyo nakakhulu ukuthi, ngaphandle kokugcizelela kukaSelmo ukuthi ukuhlasela kwezindiza kuqhubeke amahora amaningi futhi kuhlanganisa nokuhlasela okuhlukene okungama-20 kuye kwangama-25, akekho noyedwa kumalungu eqembu le-White Helmet owathwebula ukuhlasela kwendiza okukodwa kuvidiyo, obekunganikeza umsindo ocacile. -ubufakazi obubonakalayo besimangalo sakhe.
Indawo yaseBellingcat yoMkhandlu wase-Atlantic ikhombe a ividiyo okuthunyelwe ku-inthanethi yimithombo ephikisayo e-Aleppo njengokuhlinzeka ngobufakazi obunjalo bomsindo bezindiza ze-jet ngaphambi nje kokuqhuma kwasebusuku. Kodwa naphezu kwezwi kuvidiyo elimemezela ukuthi kwakuyindiza yaseRussia, umsindo uyama ngokushesha ngemva kokuqhuma komlilo, okubonisa ukuthi ubangelwa umcibisholo othulwe phansi, hhayi umcibisholo odutshulwe endizeni ye-jet. Ngakho-ke ubufakazi obuqinisekisayo bokushaya kwendiza okufunwe ngabakwaBellingcat abuzange buqinisekise nhlobo.
Naphezu kwerekhodi lokuhlanekezelwa, i-Selmo isewumthombo wokuya kuwo
Noma ngabe ubani owayenesandla ekuhlaselweni kosizo lwe-Red Crescent yaseSyria, kuyacaca ukuthi u-Ammar al-Selmo, isikhulu esiphezulu se-White Helmet e-Aleppo, waqamba amanga ngokuthi wayekuphi lapho ukuhlaselwa kwe-convoy yosizo kuqala futhi, okungenani ekuqaleni, udukise abalaleli bakhe ngesikhathi ethi wazibonela ngawakhe izigaba zokuqala zokuhlasela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wenze izimangalo zokuqhunyiswa kwemiphongolo yaseSyria kanye namabhomu aseRussia e-OFAB-250 ajikijelwa ohlakeni olungasekelwa yinoma yibuphi ubufakazi obubambekayo.
Ngenxa yokulungela kukaSelmo ukuhlobisa i-akhawunti yakhe kanye nokweseka ukulandisa kokuhlasela kweRussia-Syria, abezindaba baseNtshonalanga bekumele bacophelele kakhulu ngokuthembela kukho njengokuqinisekisa icala lase-US mayelana nokuhlasela kwenqola yosizo. Kodwa phakathi namasonto okuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu okukhulu kweRussia neSyria empumalanga ye-Aleppo okwalandela ukubhidlika kwesivumelwano sokuyeka ukulwa, uSelmo wayevame ukucashunwa abezindaba njengomthombo walo mkhankaso wokuqhuma kwamabhomu. Futhi uSelmo wasebenzisa lesi simo esisha ukuze aqhubekisele phambili i-ajenda yezepolitiki yabavukeli.
Ngomhla zingama-23 kuSepthemba, ama-White Helmet atshele abezindaba ukuthi izikhungo zabo ezintathu kwezine ezisempumalanga ye-Aleppo zishayiwe kanti ezimbili kuzo beziphumile emsebenzini. Umsakazo Womphakathi Kazwelonke kucashunwe USelmo ethi ukholelwa ukuthi leli qembu belihloswe ngamabomu, ngoba "ubambe ukuxhumana kwabashayeli bezindiza futhi wezwa bethola imiyalo yokuthi kuqhunyiswe ozakwabo." Kuyamangaza ukuthi i-NPR yehlulekile ukukhomba uSelmo njengenhloko yezigqoko ezimhlophe empumalanga ye-Aleppo, imkhomba kuphela “njengelungu lezigqoko ezimhlophe.”
Ezinsukwini ezinhlanu kamuva iWashington Post yabika a isimangalo esifanayo ngu-Ismail Abdullah, esinye isikhulu sezigqoko ezimhlophe esisebenza ngaphansi kukaSelmo. "Kwesinye isikhathi sizwa umshayeli wendiza etshela isizinda sakhe, 'Sibona imakethe yamaphekula, kunebhikawozi lamaphekula," kusho u-Abdullah. “Kuhle ukubashaya? Bathi, 'Kulungile, bashaye.'” Uqhube wathi ngo-September 21, ama-White Helmet ayezwile umshayeli wesitha ekhuluma ngezikhungo “zamaphekula” zokuvikela umphakathi. Le nhlangano ithumele umyalezo ezikhulwini zaseMelika eNew York ku-UN General Assembly ukuthi zibhekiswe kuzo, kusho u-Abdullah. Lezi zindaba ezimangalisayo zisize ekuqhubekiseleni phambili umkhankaso woMklomelo Omhlophe woMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel, owamenyezelwa ezinsukwini kamuva kodwa abagcina bengawunqobanga.
Isimangalo sokuthi ama-White Helmet abezwile abashayeli bezindiza becela futhi bethola imvume yokushaya okuhlosiwe ngenkathi besemoyeni kuwumbumbulu, ngokusho kukaPierre Sprey, owayengumhlaziyi wePentagon ezindizeni zokulwa owabamba iqhaza elikhulu ekuklameni i-F-16. "Akunangqondo ukuthi lokhu bekungaba ukuxhumana okuyiqiniso phakathi komshayeli wendiza nomlawuli," kusho uSprey etshela i-AlterNet, ebhekise kuma-akhawunti kaSelmo. “Ukuphela kwesikhathi umshayeli wendiza angase acele ngaso ukuthi ashaye into ethile uma ebona kuqhuma isibhamu. Ngaphandle kwalokho akunangqondo.”
Ngosuku olwalandela umkhankaso wokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eRussia naseSyria empumalanga ye-Aleppo ephethwe amavukelambuso waqala ngoSepthemba 22, abakwaReuters baphendukela kuSelmo ukuze bahlole kabanzi umthelela wokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Aleppo. Selmo ngokuqondile limenyezelwe, “Okwenzekayo manje ukubhujiswa.”
Ngemuva kwalesi sitatimende esimangalisayo, abezindaba baseNtshonalanga baqhubekile nokucaphuna uSelmo njengokungathi ungumthombo ongathathi hlangothi. NgoSepthemba 26, abakwaReuters babuyela kuma-White Helmet esebenza ngaphansi kwakhe futhi, ukucaphuna ukulinganisa okwenziwe "abasebenzi bokuvikela umphakathi" abangashiwongo ngamagama e-Aleppo - okungasho kuphela amalungu ama-White Helmets - ukuthi abantu abangu-400 base bebulewe esikhathini esingaphansi kwezinsuku ezinhlanu zokuqhuma kwamabhomu e-Aleppo nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Kodwa ngemva kwamasonto amathathu agcwele okuqhuma kwamabhomu iZizwe Ezihlangene nezinye izinhlangano Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangama-360 babulewe ekuqhunyisweni kwamabhomu, okuphakamisa ukuthi isibalo sama-White Helmet sasiphezulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunalokho obekungabhalwa yimithombo engachemi.
Kusobala ukuthi kunzima ukuthi abezindaba babhale izehlakalo ezinjengokuhlaselwa kosizo lwe-Red Crescent yaseSyria kanye nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Aleppo kusuka e-Istanbul noma e-Beirut. Kodwa ukulambela ulwazi oluvela emhlabathini akufanele kudlule isibopho sokuhlola imithombo. USelmo nezigqoko zakhe ezimhlophe bekumele baqashelwe ukuthi bayini: umthombo oyingxenye onohlelo olukhombisa amandla inhlangano eziphendulela kuwo: ontamolukhuni abahlomile abalawule impumalanga ye-Aleppo, Idlib, nezinye izindawo ezisenyakatho yeSyria.
Ukuthembela ngokungagxeki ezimangalweni zama-White Helmet ngaphandle komzamo wokuphenya ukwethembeka kwazo kungesinye isibonelo esishiwoyo sokungalungi kobuntatheli okwenziwa yimithombo yezindaba enomlando omude wokusabalala kokungqubuzana ekulandiseni kokungenelela.
