NguDavid Swanson
Izimpi kungenzeka ukuthi amaMelika afunda kanjani i-geography, kepha ingabe afunda njalo umlando wokuthi i-geography yenziwa kanjani yizimpi? Ngisanda kufunda ISiriya: Umlando Wemiinyaka Engamakhulu Ezayo nguJohn McHugo. Kusinda kakhulu ezimpini, okuhlale kuyinkinga yokuthi siwutshela kanjani umlando, ngoba iqinisekisa abantu ukuthi impi yinto ejwayelekile. Kepha futhi kuyacaca ukuthi impi ibingajwayelekile njalo eSyria.
ISyria ibunjwe futhi yahlala ikhona kuze kube namuhla ithukutheliswe yisivumelwano sango-1916 seSykes-Picot (lapho iBrithani neFrance behlukanisa izinto okungezona ezabo), Isimemezelo seBalfour sango-1917 (lapho iBrithani yathembisa amaZionists umhlaba awuzange eyaziwa ngokuthi yiPalestine noma iSyria eseNingizimu), kanye neNgqungquthela yaseSan Remo yango-1920 lapho iBrithani, iFrance, i-Italy, neJapane basebenzise imigqa engqubuzanayo ukudala igunya laseFrance laseSyria nelaseLebanon, iGunya laseBrithani lasePalestine (kubandakanya neJordani) , kanye neGunya laseBrithani lase-Iraq.
Phakathi kwe-1918 ne-1920, iSiriya yazama ukusekela umbuso wezomthethosisekelo; futhi uMchuugo ubheka ukuthi umzamo wokuba iSyria esiseduze ufikile ekuziphenduleleni. Yiqiniso, lokho kwaphela ngqungquthela yeSan Remo lapho iqembu labantu bezinye izizwe lihlala khona emzini wase-Italy futhi banquma ukuthi iFrance kumele isindise amaSiriya eSiriya.
Ngakho-ke u-1920 kuya ku-1946 kwakuyisikhathi sokuphatha kabi umbuso waseFrance kanye nengcindezelo nodlame olunesihluku. Icebo laseFrance lokwehlukanisa nokubusa laholela ekwehlukaneni kweLebanon. Izintshisekelo zaseFrance, njengoba uMcHugo ekutshela, kubonakala sengathi kwakuyinzuzo nezinzuzo ezikhethekile kumaKristu. Isibopho esingokomthetho saseFrance "segunya" kwakungukusiza iSyria ukuthi ifinyelele ezingeni lokukwazi ukuzibusa. Kepha-ke, amaFrance ayengenandaba kangako nokuvumela amaSyria ukuthi azibuse, amaSyria ayengeke azibuse kabi ukwedlula amaFrance, futhi konke ukuzenzisa kwakungekho ngaphandle kwezilawuli zomthetho kumaFulentshi. Ngakho-ke, imibhikisho yaseSyria yanxenxa amaLungelo oMuntu kodwa yahlangabezana nodlame. Le mibhikisho yayihlanganisa amaSulumane namaKrestu namaJuda, kepha amaFrance ahlala avikela abambalwa noma okungenani enza sengathi uyabavikela ngenkathi ekhuthaza ukwahlukana ngokwamahlelo.
Ngo-Ephreli 8, 1925, uLord Balfour wavakashela eDamaseku lapho ababhikishi abayi-10,000 1920 bambingelela khona bememeza bethi “Phansi ngesivumelwano seBalfour!” AmaFulentshi kwadingeka amphelezele amkhiphele ngaphandle kwedolobha. Maphakathi nawo-6,000 amaFulentshi abulala amasosha angamahlubuki angama-100,000 futhi acekela phansi imizi yabantu abayizi-1930 1936. Ngawo-20,000 amaSyria adala imibhikisho, iziteleka kanye nokuduba kwamabhizinisi aphethwe yiFrance. Ngo-XNUMX kwabulawa ababhikishi abane, kwathi abantu abangu-XNUMX XNUMX baya emngcwabeni wabo ngaphambi kokuqala isiteleka jikelele. Futhi namanje amaFrance, njengamaBrithani aseNdiya nawo wonke umbuso wawo, asala.
Ngasekupheleni kweMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, iFrance yaphakamisa ukuthi “kuqedwe” ukuthatha kwabo iSyria ngaphandle kokuyiqeda, into efana nokuhlalwa kwamanje yi-Afghanistan e-Afghanistan “okuphelile” ngenkathi kuqhubeka. ELebanon, amaFrance abopha umongameli kanye nondunankulu kodwa baphoqeleka ukuthi babakhulule ngemuva kweziteleka nemibhikisho eLebanon naseSyria. Imibhikisho eSyria yakhula. IFrance yahlasela iDamaseku ngokubulala abantu abangaba ngu-400. AbaseBrithani bangena. Kodwa ngo-1946 abaseFrance nabaseBrithani bashiya iSiriya, okuyisizwe lapho abantu benqaba ukusebenzisana nokubusa kwamanye amazwe.
Izikhathi ezimbi, kunokuhle, zibheke phambili. AbaseBrithani kanye nabakusasa-abakwa-Israyeli bantshontsha iPalestine, futhi isikhukhula sababaleki sabhekisa amabombo eSyria naseLebanon ngo-1947-1949, okusamele babuye kuwo. Futhi yaqala iMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ngo-1949, iSyria kungukuphela kwesizwe esingazange sisayine impi ne-Israel futhi yenqabe ukuvumela ipayipi likawoyela laseSaudi ukuba liwele izwe lalo, kwaqothulwa umbuso wamasosha eSyria ngokubandakanyeka kweCIA - ngaphambi kuka-1953 Iran no-1954 eGuatemala.
Kepha iMelika neSyria abakwazanga ukwakha umfelandawonye ngoba iMelika yayihlangene no-Israyeli futhi iphikisana namalungelo amaPalestine. ISyria yathola izikhali zayo zokuqala zaseSoviet ngo-1955. I-US kanye neBrithani baqala iphrojekthi yesikhathi eside neqhubekayo yokwakha nokubuyekeza izinhlelo zokuhlasela iSyria. Ngo-1967 abakwa-Israyeli bahlasela futhi bantshontsha iGolan Heights ebesehlala ngokungemthetho kusukela lapho. Ngo-1973 iSyria neGibhithe bahlasela u-Israyeli kodwa bahluleka ukubuyisa iGolan Heights. Izintshisekelo zaseSyria ezingxoxweni zeminyaka eminingi ezayo zizogxila ekubuyiselweni kwamaPalestina ezweni lawo nasekubuyiselweni kweGolan Heights eSyria. Izintshisekelo zaseMelika ezingxoxweni zokuthula ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi bezingekhona ngokuthula nangokuzinza kepha bekuyizizwe ezinqoba ohlangothini lwazo zilwa neSoviet Union. Impi yombango maphakathi nawo-1970 eLebanon yanezela ezinkingeni zaseSyria. Izinkulumo zokuthula zaseSyria ziphele ngempumelelo ngokhetho luka-1996 lukaNetanyahu njengondunankulu wakwa-Israyeli.
Kusukela ngo-1970 kuya kowezi-2000 iSyria lalibuswa nguHafez al-Assad, kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000 kuze kube manje yindodana yakhe uBashar al-Assad. ISyria yasekela i-US eGulf War I. Kepha ngo-2003 i-US yaphakamisa ukuhlasela i-Iraq futhi yamemezela ukuthi zonke izizwe kumele "zibe nathi noma zimelane nathi?" ISyria ibingakwazi ukuzibiza "nge-United States" ngenkathi ukuhlupheka kwamaPalestine bekuku-TV njalo ebusuku eSyria nase-United States bekungekho neSyria. Eqinisweni, iPentagon ngo-2001 yayineSyria ku- uhlu emazweni ayisikhombisa ihlela "ukukhipha."
Ukuphikisana, ubudlova, ukuthunjwa, ukuhlukaniswa kwamasonto, ukufutheka, nezikhali ezikhukhula esifundeni kanye nokuhlasela kwe-Iraq e-2003 okwenzeke eSyria futhi nakanjani kwaholela ekwakheni amaqembu afana ne-ISIS. I-Arab Spring eSiriya yaphenduka ubudlova. Izimpikiswano zamaSectarian, ukukhula okudingekayo kwamanzi kanye nezinsiza, izingalo kanye nezikhali ezihlinzekwa yizimpikiswano zesifunda kanye nezomhlaba zaletha iSiriya esihogweni esiphilayo. Kule-200,000 ishonele, ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-3 eziye zaphuma kuleli zwe, izigidi eziyisithupha nengxenye zihlala ezindaweni zangaphandle, izigidi ezingu-4.6 zihlala lapho kuqhubeka khona ukulwa. Uma lokhu kwakuyizinhlekelele zemvelo, ukugxila ekusizeni komphakathi kuzozuzisa isithakazelo, futhi okungenani uhulumeni wase-US ngeke agxile ekwandeni umoya noma amagagasi. Kodwa lokhu akuyona inhlekelele yemvelo. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, impi ye-proxy esifundeni esihlomile kakhulu yi-United States, neRussia eceleni kukahulumeni waseSiriya.
Kucindezelo lukahulumeni lwe-2013 kusizile ukuvimbela umkhankaso omkhulu wokuqhuma amabhomu eSiriya, kodwa izikhali nabaqeqeshi baqhubeka begeleza futhi kungekho ehlukile yaxoshwa. Ngo-2013 abakwa-Israel banikeze inkampani ilayisense yokuthi ihlole igesi no-oyela eGolan Heights. Ngo-2014 “ochwepheshe” baseNtshonalanga babekhuluma ngempi eyayidinga “ukuqhuba inkambo yayo,” ngenkathi i-US ihlasela amavukela mbuso athile aseSyria ngenkathi ihloma abanye ababevame ukunikela izikhali kulabo abaseMelika ababebahlasela futhi ababexhaswa ngemali yiGulf US ecebile. ababambisene nabo futhi ababhebhezelwa ngamasosha adalwe yimifula i-United States eyayiyilethe e-Iraq, eLibya, ePakistan, e-Yemen, e-Afghanistan, njll., futhi nabo babehlaselwa yi-Iran ephikisana nayo ne-United States. Ngo-2015, "ochwepheshe" babekhuluma "ngokuhlukanisa" iSyria, okusilethela umbuthano ogcwele.
Ukudweba imigqa ebalazweni kungakufundisa ngokuma kwezwe. Akunakubangela ukuthi abantu balahlekelwe okunamathiselwe kubantu nasezindaweni abazithandayo futhi abahlala nazo. Izindawo ezihlomayo nezihlaselayo zomhlaba zingathengisa izikhali nabazongenela ukhetho. Ayikwazi ukuletha ukuthula noma ukuzinza. Ukusola inzondo nezinkolo zasendulo kungazuza ukushayelwa ihlombe futhi kunikeze umuzwa wokuphakama. Akukwazi ukuchaza ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi, ukwahlukana, kanye nomonakalo osungeniswe kakhulu esifundeni esiqalekisiwe ngemithombo yemvelo efunwa futhi eseduze nabasolwa bezenkolo abanohlonze lwabo olusha olungcwele olubizwa ngokuthi ngumthwalo wokuvikela kepha abangathanda basho ukuthi ngubani abazizwa benomthwalo wangempela nokuthi bavikela ini empeleni.
