NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Mashi 22, i-2022
Ngisanda kuqaphela futhi ngifunde incwadi ka-2020 kaNed Dobos, Ukuziphatha, Ukuphepha, kanye Umshini Wezempi: Izindleko Zangempela Zamasosha. Kubeka icala eliqinile lokuqedwa kwamasosha, noma ngabe kuphetha ngokuthi kungenzeka noma akwenzekanga lokho, ukuthi udaba kufanele luthathwe icala ngalinye.
I-Dobos ibeka eceleni umbuzo wokuthi ngabe iyiphi impi ingathethelelwa, esikhundleni salokho ithi "kungase kube nezimo lapho izindleko nezingozi ezibangelwa ukusungulwa kwezempi zinkulu kakhulu ukuba khona kwayo kungathethelelwa, futhi lokhu ngisho noma sicabanga ukuthi abanye izimpi ziyadingeka futhi zihambisana nezidingo zokuziphatha.”
Ngakho-ke lena akuyona ingxabano emelene nokukhushulwa kwezempi nokulwa, kodwa (mhlawumbe) ngokumelene nokugcina amasosha amile unomphela. Impela icala ebesihlale senza kulo World BEYOND War ukuthi akukho mpi engathethelelwa, ithathwe yodwa, kodwa uma kungenzeka kufanele yenze okuhle kakhulu kunokulimaza ukuze kudlule umonakalo omkhulu owenziwe ngokugcina amasosha futhi owenziwe yizo zonke izimpi ezisobala ezingenabulungisa ezenziwe noma adalwe ngokugcina amasosha.
Ikesi elenziwa i-Dobos ligqagqana kakhulu nalelo World BEYOND War wenze njalo. I-Dobos ibheka kancane ukuhwebelana kwezezimali, ihlanganisa kahle kakhulu umonakalo wokuziphatha kwababuthwayo, ixoxa ngokuthi amasosha athambekele ekubeni sengozini kunokuba avikele, iphenya ngokujulile ngokugqwala nokuqiniswa kwezempi kwesiko nomphakathi kuhlanganise namaphoyisa futhi kuhlanganise nezigaba zomlando, futhi kunjalo. ithinta inkinga yazo zonke izimpi ezingenabulungisa ngokungenakungatshazwa ezihilelekile amasosha okuba khona kwawo okuyinhlekelele kuthethelelwa inkolelo-mbono yokuthi impi elungile ingase icatshangwe ngelinye ilanga.
Izimpikiswano ezimaphakathi kokuthi World BEYOND War'icala elishoda kakhulu e-Dobos' lihlanganisa ukulimala kwemvelo okwenziwa amasosha, ukucekelwa phansi kwenkululeko yomphakathi, ukuthethelelwa kwezimfihlo zikahulumeni, ukubhebhezelwa kobandlululo, nokudala ubungozi be-apocalypse yenuzi.
Into eyodwa uDobos ayibhekayo, engicabanga ukuthi sinayo World BEYOND War angikabheki ngokwanele, izinga ukugcinwa kwezempi kwandisa ngayo ingozi yokuketulwa umbuso. Lokhu kwaba yisizathu sokuthi iCosta Rica iqedwe impi yayo. Ngokusho kukaDobos futhi kuyisizathu esijwayelekile sokuhlukaniswa kwamasosha abe amagatsha amaningi. (Ngicabanga ukuthi lokho kwavela kusiko noma ekuthandeni okuvamile kokungasebenzi kahle kanye nokungabi namakhono.) I-Dobos iphinde iphakamise izizathu ezihlukene zokuthi kungani uchwepheshe wezempi, ongavolontiya angaba yingozi enkulu yokuketula umbuso. Ngingengeza ngokuthi umbutho wezempi olawula ukuketulwa umbuso kaningi kwamanye amazwe ungase udale ingozi enkulu yokuketulwa umbuso ekhaya. Kuyamangaza, uma kubhekwa le ngxoxo, ukuthi okuwukuphela kwento ekhuthazwa iningi lalabo abagxeka owayengumongameli waseMelika uTrump ngokufuna noma usafuna ukuketulwa umbuso yisenzo esikhulu sezempi e-US Capitol, hhayi ngaphansi.
Ngisho nalapho icala lika-Dobos ligqagqene ngendlela evamile nezinye izimpikiswano ezijwayelekile, lilayishwa imininingwane okufanele icatshangelwe. Ngokwesibonelo:
“Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze … izindlela ezijwayelekile zokwenza njalo kanye nokwehliswa kobuntu zingase zengezwe ngokungenelela kwamakhemikhali avikela amasosha ekucindezelekeni kokuziphatha kanye nemizwelo yokulwa impi. I-beta-blocker Propranolol, isibonelo, ihlolelwe ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni izinkinga zengqondo ezibangelwa ukulwa njenge-post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Umuthi usebenza ngokukhubaza imizwa; ngaphansi kwethonya laso umuntu ovezwe isenzakalo esiphazamisayo ukhumbula imininingwane eluhlaza yaleso senzakalo, kodwa akabi namuphi umuzwa ekuphenduleni kuso. … U-Barry Romo, umxhumanisi kazwelonke we-Vietnam Veterans Against the War, walibiza ngokuthi 'iphilisi likadeveli', 'iphilisi lesilwane esisabekayo', 'nephilisi elilwa nokuziphatha'.
Lapho exoxa ngokuthi ukuqeqeshwa kwezempi kwenziwani kwabaqeqeshwayo, u-Dobos uyeka ithuba lokuthi ukuqeqeshwa kanye nesimo sodlame kungenza udlame lube khona ngemva kwezempi, okuhlanganisa nodlame olubhekiswe kubantu okucatshangwa ukuthi lubalulekile: “Ukuze kucace, akukho kulokhu okuhloselwe ukuphakamisa ukuthi labo ababhekana nezimo zezempi babeka ingozi emphakathini wezakhamuzi abakuwo. Ngisho noma ukuqeqeshelwa ukulwa kungawaqeda amandla ebudloveni, amasosha nawo afundiswa ukuhlonipha igunya, ukulandela imithetho, ukuzithiba, nokunye.” Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi abadubuli abaningi base-US azilingani omakadebona kuyaphazamisa.
UNed Dobos ufundisa e-Australian [ebizwa ngokuthi] Defence Force Academy. Ubhala ngokucacile nangokucophelela, kodwa futhi nangenhlonipho engafanele ngombhedo walolu hlobo:
"Isibonelo sakamuva kakhulu sempi yokuvimbela kwaba ukuhlasela okuholwa yi-US e-Iraq ku-2003. Nakuba kwakungekho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuthi uSaddam Hussein wayelungiselela ukuhlasela kwe-United States noma abalingani bayo, ithemba lokuthi angenza ngolunye usuku, noma ukuze anikeze ama-WMD ama-WMD kumaphekula ayezokwenza lokho kuhlasela, kwadala 'icala eliphoqelelayo' 'lokuthatha isinyathelo kusengaphambili sokuzivikela' ngokukaGeorge W. Bush.”
Noma lolu hlobo:
"Umgomo we-Just War wesinyathelo sokugcina uthi izixazululo ezinokuthula kufanele ziphele ngaphambi kokuba kuthathwe impi, ngaphandle kwalokho impi ayinabulungisa ngenxa yokuthi ayidingeki. Izincazelo ezimbili zale mfuneko ziyatholakala. Inguqulo 'yokulandelana kwezikhathi' ithi zonke ezinye izindlela ezingenalo udlame kufanele zizanywe futhi zehluleke ngaphambi kokuthi amasosha asetshenziswe ngokusemthethweni. Ukuhumusha 'okuhlelekile' akudingi kakhulu. Kudinga kuphela ukuthi zonke ezinye izindlela zicatshangelwe ngokucophelela. Uma kufinyelelwa isahlulelo, ngokwethembeka, sokuthi ayikho enye indlela enjalo engase isebenze, khona-ke ukuya empini kungaba 'isinyathelo sokugcina' ngisho nalapho kuyinto yokuqala esiyizamayo ngempela."
Akukho lapho i-Dobos - noma ngokwazi kwami omunye umuntu - ichaza ukuthi kungabukeka kanjani ukuphelelwa yizenzo ezingezona ezempi. UDobos ufinyelela esiphethweni sakhe ngaphandle kokubheka ezinye izindlela ezingasetshenziswa esikhundleni sempi, kodwa wengeza isiqephu sencwadi ebheka kafushane umqondo wokuvikela umphakathi ongahlomile. Akafaki lutho umbono obanzi ukuthi kungasho ukuthini ukusekela umthetho, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana, ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lwangempela esikhundleni sezikhali, njll.
Ngethemba ukuthi le ncwadi ifinyelela ngobuningi bazo izethameli ezivulekele yona - mhlawumbe ngamakilasi, njengoba ngingabaza ukuthi abantu abaningi bayithenga ngo-$64, inani elishibhe kakhulu engingalithola ku-inthanethi.
Naphezu kokuba le ncwadi igqamile kwabanye ohlwini olulandelayo ngokungaphikisani ngokusobala ngokuqedwa kwempi, ngiyayengeza ohlwini, ngoba ivula icala lokuqedwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi iyafuna noma cha.
UMKHONO WOKWENZA KWEMHLABA:
Izimiso Zokuziphatha, Ukuphepha, kanye Nomshini Wezempi: Izindleko Zangempela Zamasosha ngu-Ned Dobos, 2020.
Ukuqonda Umkhakha Wempi nguChristian Sorensen, 2020.
Impi engekho nguDan Kovalik, 2020.
Ukuvikelwa Komphakathi nguJørgen Johansen noBrian Martin, 2019.
Ukubulala Kuhlanganisiwe: Incwadi Yesibili: Ukuthandwa Kwesikhathi SaseMelika nguMumia Abu Jamal noStephen Vittoria, 2018.
Izindlela Zokuthula: Abasinda Abakwa-Hiroshima nabakwaNagasaki Bakhuluma ngu-Melinda Clarke, i-2018.
Ukuvimbela Impi Nokukhuthaza Ukuthula: Umhlahlandlela Wezobuchwepheshe bezeMpilo ihlelwe nguWilliam Wiist noShelley White, i-2017.
I-Business Plan Yokuthula: Ukwakha Umhlaba Ongenawo Impi ngu-Scilla Elworthy, i-2017.
Impi Akukaze Imane nguDavid Swanson, 2016.
I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War by World Beyond War, 2015, 2016, 2017.
Icala Elimelene NeMpi: Yikuphi I-America Elahlekile Ekilasini Lomlando We-US kanye Nalokho Thina (Konke) Ongakwenza Manje nguKathy Beckwith, i-2015.
Impi: Ubugebengu Ngomuntu nguRoberto Vivo, 2014.
Ukubukeka kwamaKatolika nokuqeda iMpi nguDavid Carroll Cochran, 2014.
Impi Nokudakisa: Ukuhlolwa Okubalulekile nguLaurie Calhoun, 2013.
Shift: UkuQala KweMpi, Ukuphela Kwempi nguJudith Hand, 2013.
Impi engekho: I-Case for the Abolition nguDavid Swanson, 2013.
Ukuphela kweMpi nguJohn Horgan, 2012.
Ukuguquka Kuya Ekuthuleni nguRussell Faure-Brac, i-2012.
Ukusuka Empi Kuya Ekuthuleni: Umhlahlandlela Eminyakeni Eyinkulungwane Ezayo ngu-Kent Shifferd, i-2011.
Impi Ngamanga nguDavid Swanson, 2010, 2016.
Ngaphandle kweMpi: I-Human Potenti for Peace nguDouglas Fry, 2009.
Ukuphila Ngaphandle Kwempi nguWinslow Myers, i-2009.
Ukuchithwa Kwegazi Okulingene: Izixazululo eziyi-101 Zobudlova, Usongo, Nempi nguMary-Wynne Ashford noGuy Dauncey, 2006.
Iplanethi Yomhlaba: Isikhali Sempi Samuva nguRosalie Bertell, 2001.
Abafana Bayoba Abafana: Ukuphula Isixhumanisi Phakathi Kobudoda kanye Udlame lukaMyriam Miedzian, 1991.
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