Ngu-Amee Chew, May 20, 2020
Kusukela Jacobin
Ngo-Ephreli 30, uMnyango Wezwe LaseMelika umemezele ezimbili ezisalindile izingalo yokuthengisa ePhilippines isamba esicishe sibe ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. I-Boeing, i-Lockheed Martin, i-Bell Textron, ne-General Electric bangabakhiqizi bezikhali abakhulu abanenkontileka yokwenza inzuzo kulesi sivumelwano.
Ngemuva kwalesi simemezelo, kwaqala iwindi lezinsuku ezingamashumi amathathu lokuthi iCongress ibuyekeze futhi iphikise ukuthengisa. Kuphoqelekile ukuthi sikuyeke lokhu i-avalanche yosizo lwezempi kumbuso kamongameli wasePhilippine uRodrigo Duterte.
Irekhodi likaDuterte lamalungelo abantu libi. Uma ukuthengiswa kwezikhali kudlula, kuzobhebhethekisa ukuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwabavikeli bamalungelo abantu kanye nakubaphikisayo - kuyilapho kubhebhethekisa ukuchitheka kwegazi okuqhubekayo. UDuterte udume kabi ngokwethula “Impi Yezidakamizwa” okuthe kusukela ngo-2016 isibulale abantu abaningi izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa, ikakhulukazi abantu abahola kancane, ababulawa amaphoyisa kanye nabaqaphi.
Eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala yehhovisi likaDuterte, cishe amakhulu amathathu kwabulawa izintatheli, abameli bamalungelo abantu, abezemvelo, abaholi bamazwe ngamazwe, izinyunyana zabasebenzi, nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu. IPhilippines ikleliswe yaba yiqembu izwe elibulala kakhulu izazi zemvelo emhlabeni ngemuva kweBrazil. Abaningi kwalokhu kubulawa kuxhumene wezempi Abasebenzi. Manje, uDuterte usebenzisa i-COVID-19 njengezaba zokuqhubekela phambili kwezempi nokucindezelwa, naphezu kwemiphumela emibi yezempilo yomphakathi.
Emhlabeni jikelele, ikakhulukazi e-United States, ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 seluveze ukuthi ukwanda kwamandla ezempi kusho ukuwohloka kwenhlalakahle yabantu. Uhulumeni wase-US usasebenzisa kabi izinsizakusebenza maqondana nokwenza inzuzo ngempi kanye nezempi, kunezinsizakalo zezempilo nezidingo zabantu. Isabelomali esigcwele i-Pentagon sezigidigidi asenzanga lutho ukusivikela enhlekeleleni yezempilo yomphakathi futhi yehlulekile ukudala ukuphepha kweqiniso. Ukulungiswa kabusha okuphelele kuphela kwezinto eziza kuqala kuhulumeni kude nempi, lapha naphesheya, futhi maqondana nokuqinisa ingqalasizinda yokunakekelwa kungakwenza lokho.
Impendulo Ka-Duterte Yezempi ku-COVID-19
Ubhubhane lwe-COVID-19 lusebenze njengezaba zokuthi uDuterte abeke izindawo zokuhlola amasosha, ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, kanye nomthetho wezempi we-de facto kulo lonke elasePhilippines. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-April, phezu 120,000 abantu bacashunwe ngokwephulwa kwe-quarantine, futhi phezu 30,000 waboshwa - naphezu kokuminyana okunzima emajele asePhilippine, kakade kubhebhethekile ngempi yezidakamizwa. Imiyalo ethi “Hlala ekhaya” iphoqelelwa ngamaphoyisa, njengoba nje nasemiphakathini eminingi empofu yasemadolobheni, abantu babambana ngezandla.
Ngaphandle komholo wansuku zonke, izigidi zilangazelela ukudla. Ekupheleni kuka-April, iningi lemindeni empofu selinayo namanje ayikatholwa noma yikuphi ukukhululeka kukahulumeni. A Izinkulungwane Abahlali basePasay baphoqeleka ukuthi bangabi namakhaya ngesikhathi imijondolo yabo ingekho wabhubhisa egameni lokukhishwa kwemijondolo ekuqaleni kokuvalwa, njengoba abangenamakhaya beboshwa futhi bagqunywe ejele.
UDuterte ubeke i wezempi ophethe impendulo ye-COVID-19. Ngo-April 1, wayala amasosha ukuba “dubula ufe” ukuvalela abephula umthetho. Ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu kwakhula ngokushesha. Ngakusasa, umlimi, Junie Dungog Piñar, wadutshulwa wabulawa ngamaphoyisa ngokwephula ukuvalwa kwe-COVID-19 e-Agusan del Norte, eMindanao.
Amaphoyisa abephula umthetho abakhiyiwe emakhejini ezinja, isetshenzisiwe ukuhlukunyezwa nokululazwa ngokocansi njengesijeziso kubantu be-LGBT, futhi ukushaywa nokuboshwa abantu abampofu basemadolobheni bebhikishela ukudla. Ukushaywa futhi ukubulala ukuphoqelela "ukuhlukaniswa okuthuthukisiwe komphakathi" kuyaqhubeka. Okunye ukuhlukumeza kukahulumeni kudlangile, njengokuthi uthisha oboshelwe ukufaka imibono “ecasulayo” ezinkundleni zokuxhumana egxeka ukuntula usizo kukahulumeni, noma umdidiyeli wefilimu oboshwe ubusuku obubili. ngaphandle kwemvume kokuthunyelwe okubhuqayo ku-COVID-19.
I-Mutual Aid, Solidarity, kanye Nokumelana
Ngenxa yendlala egcwele yonke indawo, ukungabikho kokunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye nengcindezelo ebulalayo, izinhlangano zenhlangano yezenhlalo emazingeni aphansi zenze imizamo yokusizana kanye neyokusiza ehlinzeka ngokudla, imaski, nezinsiza zokwelapha kwabampofu. Yelapha i-Covid, inethiwekhi yamavolontiya ezinhlanganweni eziningi esifundeni esikhulu seMetro Manila, ihlele izinkulungwane zamaphakethe osizo namakhishi omphakathi, kuyilapho ihlanganyela ekuhleleni umphakathi ukuze kuqiniswe ukusizana. Abahleli bokunyakaza bafuna ukuhlolwa kwabantu abaningi, izinsiza eziyisisekelo, kanye nokuphela kwempendulo yezempi ye-COVID-19.
Kadamay yinhlangano esekelwe ngobuningi yabantu abampofu abayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amabili emadolobheni kulo lonke elasePhilippines ebihamba phambili ekulweni nempi yezidakamizwa kaDuterte kanye ibuyisa izindlu ezingenamuntu zabantu abangenamakhaya. Ngo-2017, uKadamay wahola abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili abangenamakhaya ekuthatheni izinkulungwane eziyisithupha amakhaya angenamuntu abekelwe amaphoyisa namasosha ePandi, eBulacan. Naphezu kokucindezelwa nokwesatshiswa, #OccupyBulacan isaqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.
Nge-COVID-19, uKadamay uhole emizamweni yokusizana kanye nezenzo zokuqhumisa amabhodwe #ProtestFromHome, videos kusatshalaliswa ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, ukufuna usizo kanye nezinsiza zezempilo, hhayi ukulwa. Eziphindiseleleni ngokushesha zokuzwakalisa ukuphikisa ngemuva kokubhodloza ibhodwe, umkhulumeli kazwelonke weKadamay, Mina Doringo, wasongelwa ngokuthi uzoboshwa. E-Bulacan, umholi womphakathi wayiswa ekamu lamasosha futhi watshelwa ayeke yonke imisebenzi yezombangazwe futhi “azinikele” kuhulumeni noma angalutholi usizo lokusiza.
Imizamo yokusizana iphathwa njengobugebengu futhi iqondiswe ekucindezelweni. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli, amaphoyisa abophe inqwaba yamavolontiya osizo, ngaphandle kwabathengisi basemgwaqweni nalabo abafuna ukudla. Ngo-April 19, izisebenzi zokuzithandela eziyisikhombisa baseSagip Kanayunan baboshwa ngesikhathi beyohambisa ukudla eBulacan futhi kamuva babekwa icala lokugqugquzela “ukuvukela umbuso.” Ngomhla zingama-24 kuMbasa, izakhamizi ezihlwempu zasemadolobheni ezingamashumi amahlanu eQuezon City kuhlanganisa nevolontiya losizo baboshwa ngokungawaphathi amapasi okuvalelwa ngaphandle noma ukugqoka imaski yobuso. NgoMeyi 1, amavolontiya ayishumi beqhuba usizo nenhlangano yabesifazane iGABRIELA baboshwe ngesikhathi bephakela umphakathi eMarikina City. Lokhu kukhomba akuyona ingozi.
Kusukela ngo-2018, i-oda eliphezulu likaDuterte ligunyaze "indlela yesizwe sonke" yokulwa nokuvukela umbuso, ngokusebenzisa uhlu olubanzi wezinhlaka zikahulumeni, okuholela ekutheni yanda ukucindezelwa ngokumelene nabahleli bomphakathi kanye nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu ngokujwayelekile.
Ukuhlukumeza ngokumelene nokusizana kanye nokusinda kubangele imikhankaso ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ukuthi "yeka ukwenza ukunakekelwa nomphakathi kube yicala. " Gcina iSan Roque, inethiwekhi esekela ukumelana nezakhamuzi ezimpofu zasemadolobheni ngokumelene nokubhidlizwa, isiqalile a isikhalazo ukukhulula ngokushesha amavolontiya osizo kanye nabo bonke abephula umthetho wokuvalelwa kwabantu abasezingeni eliphansi. Human amalungelo izinhlangano nazo isicelo ukuze kukhululwe iziboshwa zezombangazwe, iningi lazo okungabalimi abahola kancane, abaholi bezinyunyana, nabavikeli bamalungelo abantu ababhekene namacala amanga, okuhlanganisa abantu abadala nabagulayo.
Njengomphumela oqondile wempendulo kahulumeni egxile ezempi, esikhundleni sokunakekelwa kwezempilo okwanele, ukudla, kanye nezinsizakalo, iPhilippines iphakathi kwenani eliphakeme kakhulu Izigameko ze-covid-19 eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, futhi ubhubhane luya lukhula ngokushesha.
Izimpande zamaKoloni
Umfelandawonye wanamuhla wezempi wase-US-Phillippine usuka ekubunjweni kwamakoloni e-US nasekuthatheni indawo yase-Philippines eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Naphezu kokunikeza i-Philippines inkululeko ngo-1946, i-United States iye yasebenzisa izivumelwano zokuhweba ezingalingani kanye nokuba khona kwayo kwezempi ukuze kugcinwe isimo se-neocolonial yasePhilippines kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ukusekela ababusi be-oligarchic nokuvimbela ukuguqulwa komhlaba kwaqinisekisa ukuthengiswa kwezolimo okushibhile kwase-United States. Amasosha ase-US asiza ekulweni nochungechunge lokuvukela umbuso. Usizo lwezempi lwase-US lusaqhubeka nokusiza ekukhishweni kwezinkampani zemithombo yemvelo yasePhilippine, ukubusa kwezindawo ezithengiswayo, kanye nokucindezelwa kwemizabalazo yabomdabu neyabalimi yamalungelo omhlaba - ikakhulukazi e-Mindanao, isizinda sokuphikiswa kwamakhomanisi, abomdabu kanye namaSulumane kanye nesikhungo sakamuva sezempi. imisebenzi.
Amabutho ahlomile asePhilippine agxile ekulweni nokuvukela umbuso, eqondisa kakhulu udlame olubhekiswe kubantu abampofu nabacwaswayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezwe. Imisebenzi yamasosha namaphoyisa ePhilippine ixhumene kakhulu. Eqinisweni, ngokomlando amaphoyisa asePhilippine aphuma emisebenzini yokulwa nabavukeli ngesikhathi sokubusa kwamakholoni ase-US.
Ibutho laseMelika ngokwalo ligcina ukuba khona kwebutho ePhilippines ngokusebenzisa i-Operation Pacific Eagle nezinye izivivinyo. Egameni elithi "counterterrorism," usizo lwezempi lwase-US lusiza uDuterte alwe impi emhlabathini wasePhilippine futhi acindezele ukuphikiswa kwabantu.
Kusukela ngo-2017, uDuterte ubeke umthetho wezempi eMindanao, lapho ephindelela khona. kwawisa amabhomu. Ukuhlasela kwezempi kususe amakhaya Izakhamizi ze-450,000. Kwenziwa ngokusekelwa kwe-US futhi ngokulinganayo imisebenzi ehlanganyelwe, imisebenzi yezempi kaDuterte ithuthukisa inkampani ukudliwa komhlaba zamazwe omdabu kanye ukubulala of abalimi ukuhlela amalungelo abo omhlaba. Ama-paramilitary asekelwa amabutho ahlukumeza imiphakathi yendabuko, eqondise izikole nothisha.
NgoFebhuwari, ngaphambi kwesivumelwano sezikhali esimenyezelwe, uDuterte wahoxisa isivumelwano sePhilippines-United States Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA), esivumela amasosha ase-US ukuthi amiswe ePhilippines ukuze "azivocavoce ngokuhlanganyela." Ngokusobala, lokhu kwakuwukusabela kwe-United States ukwenqaba i-visa kowayengumphathi wamaphoyisa alwa nezidakamizwa uRonald “Bato” Dela Rosa. Kodwa-ke, ukuhoxiswa kukaDuterte kwe-VFA akusebenzi ngokushesha, futhi kuqala inqubo yezinyanga eziyisithupha yokuxoxisana kabusha. Ukudayiswa kwezikhali okuhlongozwayo kukhombisa ukuthi uTrump uhlose ukuqinisa ukwesekwa kwakhe kwezempi kuDuterte. I-Pentagon ifuna ukugcina "ubudlelwane" obuseduze bezempi.
Qeda Usizo Lwezempi lwase-US
Umbutho okhulayo wamazwe ngamazwe, ngokubambisana nemiphakathi yendabuko kanye ne-Filipino, ufuna kuqedwe usizo lwezempi ePhilippines. Usizo lwezempi oluqondile lwaseMelika embusweni kaDuterte seluphelele ngaphezulu kwezingu-$ 193.5 million ngo-2018, singabali amanani anikezwe kusengaphambili nezikhali ezinikelwe zenani elingabikwanga. Usizo lwezempi futhi luqukethe izibonelelo zokuthenga izikhali, ngokuvamile ezivela kosonkontileka baseMelika. Ngokuhlobene, uhulumeni wase-US ulawula ukuhamba kokuthengiswa kwezikhali okuzimele phesheya - njengokudayiswa okuhlongozwayo kwamanje. Ukuthengisa okwenziwa uhulumeni wase-US kuvame ukuba umxhaso womphakathi kosonkontileka abazimele, kusetshenziswa amadola ethu entela ase-US ukuqedela ukuthenga. ICongress kumele isebenzise amandla ayo ukunqamula ukudayiswa okusalindile.
Eyakamuva ehlongozwayo engu-$2 billion izingalo Ukudayiswa ihlanganisa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane eziyishumi nambili, amakhulu emicibisholo nama-warheads, amasistimu okuqondisa nokubona, izibhamu ezingontuluntulu, kanye nezinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalombili. UMnyango Wezwe uthi lokhu, nakho, kuzosetshenziselwa "ukulwa nobuphekula" - okungukuthi, ukucindezelwa ngaphakathi kwePhilippines.
Ngenxa yokungabi sobala kanye nekaDuterte ngamabomu imizamo ukufihla ukugeleza kosizo, usizo lwamasosha aseMelika lungagcina seluhlinzeka ngezinhlamvu emabuthweni alwa impi yezidakamizwa kaDuterte, kwabaqaphile, noma kuma-paramilitaries, ngaphandle kokuhlolwa komphakathi.
UDuterte usebenzisa lolu bhubhane njengezaba zokuqhubeka nokuqeda ukuphikiswa kwezepolitiki. Manje usethathe amandla akhethekile ezimo eziphuthumayo. Ngisho nangaphambi kwalolu bhubhane, ngo-Okthoba 2019, amaphoyisa namasosha agasele amahhovisi ka-GABRIELA, iqembu eliphikisayo u-Bayan Muna, kanye ne-National Federation of Sugar Workers, abophe abantu abangaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu nesikhombisa e-Bacolod City nase-Metro Manila ngokushanela kanye.
Ingcindezelo ikhula ngokushesha. Ngo-April 30, ngemva kwamasonto okusatshiswa ngamaphoyisa ngokuqhuba izinhlelo zokudla, Jory Porquia, owayeyilungu elingumsunguli we-Bayan Muna, wabulawa endlini yakhe e-Iloilo. Bangaphezu kuka-XNUMX ababhikishi kanye nabasebenzi bosizo ababoshwe ngokungemthetho Usuku lwami, okuhlanganisa namavolontiya amane ohlelo lokuphakela intsha eQuezon City, izakhamuzi ezine ezithumele izithombe eziku-inthanethi “zombhikisho wabo besekhaya” e-Valenzuela, ezimbili izinyunyana eziphethe izingqwembe e-Rizal, kanye nabantu abangamashumi amane nambili abaqhuba umlindelo wokubulawa komvikeli wamalungelo abantu u-Porquia e-Iloilo. Abasebenzi abayishumi nesithupha ku-a Imboni ye-Coca-Cola eLaguna bathunjwa futhi baphoqwa amasosha ukuba “nikela” ezenza amavukela-mbuso ahlomile.
Umshini wempi wase-US wenza inzuzo kosonkontileka bawo abazimele ngezindleko zethu. Ngaphambi kobhubhane lwe-COVID-19, uBoeing wayethembele kuPentagon owesithathu wemali engenayo. Ngo-Ephreli, i-Boeing yathola ibheyili $ 882 million ukuqalisa kabusha inkontileka ye-Air Force emisiwe - yokugcwalisa indiza yendiza, empeleni, enesici. Kodwa abakhiqizi bezikhali ezenza inzuzo kanye nabanye abenza inzuzo yempi akufanele babe nendawo yokuqondisa inqubomgomo yethu yangaphandle.
UKhongolose unamandla okumisa lokhu kodwa kumele usebenze ngokushesha. Ummeli u-Ilhan Omar une wethulwa umthethosivivinywa wokumisa ukuhlomisa abahlukumeza amalungelo abantu abafana noDuterte. Kule nyanga, i I-International Coalition for Human Rights ePhilippines, Abasebenzi Bezokuxhumana baseMelika, kanye nabanye bazokwethula umthethosivivinywa wokuqeda usizo lwezempi ePhilippines. Okwamanje, kufanele sikhuthaze iCongress ukuthi imise ukuthengiswa kwezikhali okuhlongozwayo ePhilippines, njengoba lesi sicelo izimfuno.
Umqedazwe we-COVID-19 ukhombisa isidingo sobumbano lomhlaba wonke ngokumelene nezempi kanye ne-austerity. Ekubambeni impi yokulwa nomlando ojulile we-imperialism yase-US, lapha naphesheya, ukunyakaza kwethu kuzoqinisa omunye nomunye.
U-Amee Chew uneziqu zobudokotela ezifundweni nobuzwe baseMelika futhi unguFellow Public Mellon-ACLS.
