Amatshe afika ku-Drones: Umlando Omfushane WeMpi Emhlabeni

UGar Smith / World Beyond War Ingqungquthela ye- # NoWar2017,
September 22-24 e-American University eWashington, DC.

Impi yinto ebulala abantu kakhulu. Kusuka ku-500 BC kuya ku-AD 2000 umlando uqopha izimpi ezinkulu ezingaphezu kwe-1000 [1,022] ezibhalwe phansi. Ekhulwini lama-20, izimpi ezilinganiselwa ku-165 zabulala abantu abalinganiselwa ezigidini ezingama-258 - ngaphezu kwamaphesenti ayisithupha abo bonke abantu abazalwa phakathi nekhulu lama-6 lonke. I-WWII yathatha impilo yamasosha ayizigidi eziyi-20 kanye nezakhamizi eziyizigidi ezingama-17. Ezimpini zanamuhla, amaphesenti angama-34 alabo ababulewe yizakhamizi - ikakhulukazi abesifazane, izingane, asebekhulile nabampofu.

I-US ingumhambisi wempi ohola phambili emhlabeni. Kuyinto ukuthekelisa yethu enkulu. Ngokwesazi-mlando seNavy, kusukela ngo-1776 kuya ku-2006, amasosha ase-US alwa ezimpini zangaphandle ezingama-234. Phakathi kuka-1945 no-2014, i-US yethule ama-81% ezingxabano ezinkulu ezingama-248 emhlabeni. Kusukela ukubuyela emuva kwePentagon eVietnam e1973, amabutho ase-US abhekise kakhulu e-Afghanistan, Angola, Argentina, Bosnia, Cambodia, El Salvador, Grenada, Haiti, Iran, Iraq, Kosovo, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Nicaragua, Pakistan, Panama, Philippines , ESomalia, eSudan, eSyria, e-Ukraine, eYemen, nasezweni elaliyiYugoslavia.

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Izimpi ngokumelene nemvelo zinomlando omude. I-Epic yeGilgamesh, enye yezinganekwane ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni, ilandisa ngomzabalazo weqhawe laseMesopotamiya lokubulala uHumbaba - isilo esasibusa phezu kwehlathi elingcwele leCedar. Iqiniso lokuthi uHumbaba wayeyinceku ka-Enlil, unkulunkulu womhlaba, umoya nomoya alizange livimbe uGilgamesh ekubulaleni lo mvikeli weNdalo nokugawula imisedari.

IBhayibheli (AbaHluleli 15: 4-5) lilandisa ngokuhlaselwa okungajwayelekile kwamaFilisti “ngomhlaba oshisiwe” lapho uSamson “ebamba izimpungushe ezingamakhulu amathathu wazibophela ngomsila ngomsila ngazimbili. Ube esefaka ithoshi kuyo yonke imisila. . . nidedele izimpungushe okusanhlamvu okusamile kwamaFilisti. ”

Phakathi neMpi YePeponponnesian, iNkosi u-Archidamus yaqala ukuhlaselwa ePlataea ngokuwa yonke imithi yezithelo ezungeze idolobha.

Ngo-1346, iMongol Tartars yasebenzisa izimpi zebhayoloji ukuhlasela idolobha laseBlack Sea laseCaffa - ngokufaka izidumbu ezihlasela izisulu zesifo phezu kwezindonga eziqinile.

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Ukufaka amanzi obuthi nokucekela phansi izitshalo nemfuyo kuyindlela efakazelwe yokunqoba abantu. Nanamuhla, la maqhinga "ashile" asaqhubeka ayindlela ekhethiwe yokubhekana nemiphakathi yezolimo eGlobal South.

Ngesikhathi seMelika Yenguquko, uGeorge Washington wasebenzisa amaqhinga “omhlaba oshisiwe” emelene nabomdabu baseMelika ababehlangene namasosha aseBrithani. Izithelo zezithelo nezitshalo zommbila weSizwe sase-Iroquois zacekelwa phansi ngethemba lokuthi ukubhujiswa kwazo kuzobangela ukuthi nama-Iroquois abhubhe.

Impi Yombango YaseMelika ibinomkhankaso kaGeneral Sherman othi “Mashi udabule iGeorgia” kanye nomkhankaso kaGeneral Sheridan eVirginia eShenandoah Valley, izigameko ezimbili “zomhlaba oshisiwe” okuhloswe ngazo ukucekela phansi izilimo zomphakathi, imfuyo nempahla. Ibutho likaSherman lachitha umhlaba ongamahektare ayizigidi eziyi-10 eGeorgia ngenkathi amasimu kaShenandoah ephendulwa izindawo ezimnyama.

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Phakathi nezinhlekelele eziningi zeMpi Yezwe I, ezinye zezinto ezimbi kunazo zonke zemvelo zenzeka eFrance. E-Battle of the Somme, lapho amasosha aseBrithani e-57,000 efa ngosuku lokuqala lokulwa, i-High Wood yahlala yincithakalo elishisayo lelinamagatsha.

EPoland, amasosha aseJalimane alinganisa amahlathi ukuze anikeze izingodo zokwakha ezempi. Ngokwenza lokho, babhubhisa indawo yokuhlala yezinyathi ezimbalwa zaseYurophu ezazisele - ezaqedwa ngokushesha izibhamu zamasosha aseJalimane ayelambile.

Omunye owasinda wachaza le ndawo yempi njengendawo “yeziqu eziyizimungulu, ezimnyama zezihlahla eziphukile ezisenamathele lapho kwakukhona khona amadolobhana. Zidutshulwe izingcezu zamagobolondo aqhumayo, zime njengezidumbu zimile. ” Ngemuva kwekhulu leminyaka kubulewe abantu, abalimi baseBelgium basathola amathambo amasosha aphuma igazi eFlanders Field.

Umonakalo we-WWI okwenziwe ngaphakathi kwe-US futhi. Ukuze ukondle umzamo wempi, amahektha ayizigidi ezingu-40 agijimela ekulimeni emahekthekeni angenakulinganiswa kwezolimo. Amachibi, ama-reservoirs, kanye namaxhaphozi adonswa ukudala amapulazi. Utshani obomdabu lwasuswa esikhundleni samasimu. Amahlathi ayecacile ukuze akhonze izidingo zempi. Ukuqothula ngokweqile kwehlabathi likotini eliphelile okwakugcina kugwenywe yisomiso nokukhukhula.

Kodwa umthelela omkhulu wenziwa ngemishini yokuxoshwa ngamafutha empi. Ngokungazelelwe, amabutho anamuhla ayengasadingeki ama-oats nezinkomo zamahhashi nama-mules. Ekupheleni kwe-WWI, i-General Motors yayakhe imoto yezempi yama-9,000 [8,512] futhi yavula inzuzo enhle. Amandla emoyeni ayezoba omunye umdlalo-ushintsho wemlando.

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Ngokugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II, izindawo ezisemaphandleni zaseYurophu zahlaselwa kabusha. Amasosha aseJalimane akhukhula amaphesenti ayi-17 amapulazi asezindaweni eziphansi zaseHolland ngamanzi anosawoti. Amabhomu ahlangene aphule amadamu amabili eRuhr Valley yaseJalimane, acekela phansi amahektare angama-7500 epulazi laseJalimane.

ENorway, amasosha kaHitler abuyela emuva acekela phansi izakhiwo, imigwaqo, izitshalo, amahlathi, amanzi kanye nezilwane zasendle. Amaphesenti angama-XNUMX wezinyamazane zaseNorway abulawa.

Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisihlanu emva kokuphela kweWWII, amabhomu, izikhali zamagobolondo, kanye nemayini yayisatholwa emasimini nasemigwaqweni yaseFrance. Izigidi zamahektare zihlala zingekho emkhawulweni futhi iminyango engcwatshiwe ilokhu isho izisulu zangasese.

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Umcimbi obhubhisa kakhulu weWWII ubandakanya ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu enuzi amabili emadolobheni aseJapan iHiroshima neNagasaki. Ama-fireballs alandelwa "yimvula emnyama" eyaxosha abasindile izinsuku, ishiya inkungu engabonakali yemisebe eyangena emanzini nasemoyeni, ishiya ifa elibi lomdlavuza nokuguquka kwezitshalo ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni nasezinganeni ezisanda kuzalwa.

Ngaphambi kokuba isivumelwano seNuclear Test Ban Treaty sisayinwe ngo-1963, i-US ne-USSR base beqhumise ukuqhuma kwe-nyukliya okungaphansi komhlaba okungu-1,352, izingqimba ezingama-520 zomkhathi, kanye nokuqhuma okuyisishiyagalombili kwasolwandle - okulingana namandla wamabhomu alingana no-36,400 eHiroshima. Ngo-2002, iNational Cancer Institute yaxwayisa ngokuthi wonke umuntu eMhlabeni wayevezwe amazinga okuwa abangele ukufa kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zomdlavuza.

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Emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulwini le-20th, isibonisi sezempi esasiyinkimbinkimbi sasingapheli.

Izinyanga ezingama-37 ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-US yashaya iNorth Korea ngamathani ayi-635,000 wamabhomu namathani ayi-32,557 e-napalm. I-US yachitha amadolobha aseKorea angama-78, izikole ezingama-5,000 1,000, izibhedlela eziyi-600,000 30, amakhaya angama-1984, futhi yabulala mhlawumbe amaphesenti angama-20 wabantu ngokulinganisela okuthile. U-Air Force Gen. u-Curtis LeMay, oyinhloko ye-Strategic Air Command ngesikhathi sempi yaseKorea, unikele ngesilinganiso esiphansi. Ngo-XNUMX, uLeMay watshela i-Office of Air Force History: “Esikhathini esiyiminyaka emithathu noma ngaphezulu, sabulala - amaphesenti ayi-XNUMX abantu.” IPyongyang inesizathu esihle sokwesaba i-US.

Ku-1991, i-US ilahle amathani amabhomu ka-88,000 e-Iraq, ichitha imizi, izitshalo zamandla, amadamu amakhulu nezinhlelo zamanzi, okubangela ukuphuthumayo kwezempilo okubangela ukushona kwabantwana base-Iraq abayizigidi.

Intuthu emikhakheni kawoyela evuthayo yaseKwait yaphenduka imini nobusuku futhi yakhipha inqwaba yomsizi onobuthi owakhukhuleka phansi ngamandla amakhulu wamamayela.

Kusuka ku-1992 kuya ku-2007, ukuqhunyiswa kwebhola lase-US kusize ukubhubhisa amaphesenti angu-38 wendawo yokuhlala yehlathi e-Afghanistan.

Ngo-1999, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kwe-NATO kwesitshalo sophethiloli eYugoslavia kwathumela amafu amakhemikhali abulalayo esibhakabhakeni futhi kwakhipha amathani okungcola emifuleni eseduze.

Impi yase-Afrika yase-Afrika yaqhuba abantu abacishe babe yi-750,000 bayongena eVirunga National Park. Kuphangwe amakhilomitha-skwele angu-105 kwathi amakhilomitha-skwele angama-35 “akhunyulwa akhululeka.”

E-Sudan, amasosha abalekayo kanye nezakhamuzi ezachitha iGaramba National Park, zichithe izilwane. EDemocratic Republic of the Congo, impi yezempi yanciphisa inani lezindlovu ezihlala ku-22,000 kuya ku-5,000.

Ngesikhathi i-2003 ihlasela i-Iraq, i-Pentagon iyavuma ukuthi isakaze amathani angaphezu kwe-175 we-uranium esebenziwe ngama-radiant phezu komhlaba. (I-US iyavuma ukuthi ihlose i-Iraq namanye amathani ayi-300 ku-1991.) Lokhu kuhlaselwa kwe-radioactive kwabangela izifo zengculazi kanye nezigameko zezingane ezikhubazekile e-Fallujah nakwamanye amadolobha.

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Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi yini eyadala iMpi yase-Iraq, owayenguMkhuzi weCENTCOM uGeneral John Abizaid wavuma: “Impela kumayelana no-oyela. Ngeke sikuphike lokho. ” Nali iqiniso elibi: IPentagon idinga ukulwa izimpi zamafutha ukulwa izimpi zikawoyela.

IPentagon ilinganisa ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ku- "gallons-per-mile" kanye "nemigqomo-ngehora" futhi inani lamafutha ashisiwe liyakhuphuka noma nini lapho iPentagon iya empini. Ekuphakameni kwayo, Impi yase-Iraq yakhiqiza ngaphezu kwamathani ayizigidi ezintathu amathani we-CO2 ashubisa umhlaba ngenyanga. Nasi isihloko esingabonakali: Ukungcola kwamasosha kuyimbangela enkulu yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Nayi indida. Amaqhinga oMhlaba ashile lawo masosha acekele phansi kakhulu kangangokuthi manje sesizithola siphila - ngokoqobo - kuMhlaba Oshisiwe. Ukungcoliswa kwezimboni nokusebenza kwamasosha kuholele izinga lokushisa lafinyelela ezingeni lokufika. Ekufuneni inzuzo namandla, izinkampani ezakhayo kanye namabutho ombuso bamemezele ngempumelelo impi nge-biosphere. Manje, iplanethi ibuyela emuva - ngokuhlaselwa kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu.

Kepha uMhlaba ovukelayo ufana namanye amabutho omuntu ake abhekana nawo. Isiphepho esisodwa singakhipha isibhakela esilingana nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-athomu ayi-10,000 180. Ukuhlasela kwezindiza kweSiphepho uHarvey eTexas kudale umonakalo ongu- $ 250 billion. Ithebhu yesiphepho u-Irma ingaphezulu kwama- $ XNUMX billion. Isibalo sikaMaria sisakhula.

Ukukhuluma ngemali. I-Worldwatch Institute ibika ukuthi ukuqondisa kabusha amaphesenti ayi-15 ezimali ezisetshenziselwe izikhali emhlabeni wonke kungaqeda izimbangela eziningi zempi nokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Ngakho-ke kungani impi iqhubeka? Ngoba i-US isiphenduke iCorporate Militocracy elawulwa yi-Arms Industry neFossil Fuel Interests. Njengoba owayenguCongressmember Ron Paul esho: Ukusetshenziswa kwezempi ikakhulukazi "kuzuzisa abantu abambalwa abaxhumene kahle nabakhokhelwa kahle. Abahlonishwa bethukile ukuthi kungagcina kuqhamuke ukuthula, okuzoba kubi inzuzo yabo. ”

Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi ukunyakaza kwesimanje kwezemvelo kwavela, ngokwengxenye, ekuphenduleni okwethusayo kwempi yaseViet Nam - i-Agent Orange, napalm, ukhaphethi-ukuqhuma kwamabhomu - kanye neGreenpeace kwaqala ukubhikishela ukuhlolwa kwenyukliya okuhlelwe ngase-Alaska. Eqinisweni, igama elithi "Greenpeace" lakhethwa ngoba lihlanganisa "izimpikiswano ezimbili ezinkulu zesikhathi sethu, ukusinda kwemvelo yethu kanye nokuthula komhlaba."

Namuhla ukusinda kwethu kusongelwa imiphongolo yezibhamu futhi imiphongolo kawoyela. Ukuqinisa isimo sezulu sethu, kufanele siyeke ukuchitha imali ngempi. Asikwazi ukunqoba impi ebhekiswe kuyo kanye leplanethi esiphila kuyo. Sidinga ukubeka phansi izikhali zethu zempi nokuphanga, sixoxisane ngokuzinikela okuhloniphekile, futhi sisayine iSivumelwano Sokuthula esihlala njalo nePlanethi.

UGar Smith ungumlobi wezokuphenya owina umklomelo, umhleli we-emeritus of I-Earth Island Journal, umsunguli we-Environmentalalists Against War, nomlobi we I-Roulette yeNuclear (U-Chelsea Green). Incwadi yakhe entsha, I-War and Environment Reader (Just World Books) izoshicilelwa ngo-Okthoba 3. Ubengomunye wezikhulumi eziningi e- World Beyond War ingqungquthela yezinsuku ezintathu mayelana "neMpi Nezemvelo," ngoSepthemba 22-24 e-American University eWashington, DC. (Ngemininingwane, faka ingobo yomlando yevidiyo yezethulo, vakashela: https://worldbeyondwar.org/nowar2017.)