NguDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, Julayi 24, i-2020
Ngincike kakhulu ekususeni izikhumbuzo ezihlaselayo ngaphandle kwezikwele ezimaphakathi nokunikeza umongo nencazelo ezindaweni ezingadumile kangako, kanye nokuthanda ukwenziwa kobuciko bomphakathi obuningi obungacasuli. Kepha uma uzodiliza noma yini (noma uqhumise noma yini endaweni yangaphandle), akufanele ukugcwala kukaWernher von Braun eHuntsville, Alabama, kubhekwe ukufakwa ohlwini?
Kuluhlu olude lwezimpi ezinkulu kukhona bambalwa kuphela abase-United States abathi bake banqoba. Enye yaleyo iMpi Yombango yaseMelika, lapho izikhumbuzo zayo ziye kwabasaphulelo kamuva zahluma njengamakhowe anobuthi. Manje sehla. Enye, nakuba ngokuyinhloko yanqotshwa yiSoviet Union, kwakuyiMpi Yezwe II. Abanye abalahlekelwe yilowo futhi banezigodlo eMelika.
Izigodlo zeConfederate zabekwa imbangela yobandlululo. Imigubho yamaNazi eHuntsville ayikhazimulisi ukucwasa, kepha kudalwa izikhali zempi zobuchwepheshe obuphakeme, okucasulayo kuphela uma ubona ukuthi ngubani ohlaselwa ngamabhomu noma uma wenqaba ukubulala umuntu.
Kepha asisebenzi lapha ngenhloso yeqiniso, ukubuyisana, nokuvuselelwa. Ukugqashuka kukaVon Braun - noma ngaleyo ndlela isitembu sakhe saseMelika - akuhloselwe ukuthi kuthiwe: “Yebo, le ndoda yasebenzisa izigqila ukwakha izikhali zamaNazi. Yena nozakwabo balingana ngqo eHuntsville emhlophe ngo-1950, kusukela lapho bakhiqiza izikhali zokubulala ezesabekayo zokubulala kuphela abantu abafanele ababedinga ukubulawa ngempela, kanye namarokhethi aye enyangeni ngaleyo ndlela efakazela ukuthi abaseSoviet babenuka njenge-doodoo - na - na - na - NA - na! ”
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ukuqamba izinto eziseduze kwaseHuntsville nge-Von Braun kuyindlela yokuthi “Uzogcina ukungazi okuqinile ngalokhu okwenziwa yile ndoda nozakwabo eJalimane, futhi uthalaze kanzima lapho ubuka lokho ababambe iqhaza ezindaweni ezinjengeVietnam. Laba bantu baletha amadola kahulumeni kanye nama-okhestra ama-symphony namasiko ayinkimbinkimbi emanzini ethu asemuva, futhi baziqonda izindlela zethu zokucwasa ngokobuhlanga njengoba amaNazi kuphela ayengazi. Khumbula, thina sasesinobugqila futhi sibi kakhulu e-Alabama kwaze kwaba iMpi Yezwe II. ”
Bheka lesi sithombe-skrini se iwebhusayithi yomnyuziyamu we-rocket eHuntsville:
Kungani le nyuziyamu inenkulisa? Akekho ongacabanga ukuthi bekuwukugubha amaNazi. Noma iyiphi incazelo isebenzisa igama elithi “amaJalimane” kuphela. Bheka ukuthi iwebhusayithi ye-Alabama ibhala kanjani ngamaVon Braun amahle indlu yangaphambili futhi inkumbulo. Bheka ukuthi I-Chattanooga Times Free Press ubhala ngohambo lokuvakasha kuzo zonke izindawo zaseHuntsville ezingcweliswe nguVon Braun. Ungalokothi ube negama elibucayi noma elingaqondakali noma kuphi. Akukho ngxoxo ngamathuba wesibili - kunalokho, ukuphoqelelwa kwe-amnesia.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, amasosha aseMelika aqashe ososayensi kanye nodokotela abangamakhulu ayisithupha, kubandakanya nabanye ababambisene nabasondelene kakhulu no-Adolf Hitler, okubandakanya nabesilisa ababhekene necala lokubulala, ubugqila kanye nokuhlolwa kwabantu, kubandakanya nabesilisa abalahlwe ngamacala empi, amadoda atholwe ngamacala empi, nabantu abangakaze babhekane necala. Amanye amaNazi azamile eNuremberg bekade asebenzela i-US eJalimane noma e-US ngaphambi kwezivivinyo. Abanye babevikelwa ezikhathini zabo ezedlule nguhulumeni wase-US iminyaka, njengoba babehlala futhi besebenza eBoston Harbour, eLong Island, eMaryland, e-Ohio, eTexas, e-Alabama, nakwezinye izindawo, noma bashaywe nguhulumeni wase-US baya e-Argentina ukuze abavikele ekushushisweni . Eminye imibhalo yesivivinyo yahlukaniswa ngokuphelele ukuze kugweme ukudalulwa kokunamathisela kososayensi abalulekile base-US. Amanye amaNazi abalelwa ayengabakhwabanisi ababedlula bonke bengososayensi, abanye babo ngemuva kwalokho bafunda amasimu abo ngenkathi besebenzela amasosha aseMelika.
Abahlali baseMelika baseJalimane ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II bamemezele ukuthi lonke ucwaningo lwamasosha eJalimane lwaluzophela, njengengxenye yohlelo lokudalulwa kombuso. Kodwa-ke ucwaningo lwaqhubeka futhi lwakhula luyimfihlo, ngaphansi kwegunya laseMelika, eJalimane naseMelika, njengengxenye yenqubo ongayibuka njengezinza. Akuqashwa ososayensi kuphela. Izinduna ezazingamaNazi, iningi lazo ezazingama-SS ngaphambili, zaqashwa yi-US empini yaseJalimane yangemva kwempi ukuba ihlole - futhi ihlukumeze - abaseSoviet.
Amasosha aseMelika aguquka ngezindlela eziningi lapho ababekade bengamaNazi babekwa ezikhundleni eziphezulu. Kwakungososayensi be-rocket baseNazi abaphakamise ukubeka amabhomu enuzi emarokhethi futhi baqala ukwakha imicibisholo ehambisana nokulwa. Kwakungonjiniyela abangamaNazi ababeklame ingadi kaHitler engaphansi kweBerlin, manje owayesebenzela uhulumeni waseMelika izinqaba ezingaphansi komhlaba ezintabeni zaseCatoctin naseBlue Ridge. Amanga amaNazi ayaziwa aqashwa ngamasosha ase-US ukuthi abhale izinhlaka zezinkampani ezazichaza ubuqili ngokuqanjwa kwamanga okuyiSoviet. Ososayensi baseNazi basungule izinhlelo zezikhali zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji zase-US, ziletha ulwazi lwabo lwe-tabun ne-sarin, kungasaphathwa i-thalidomide - nokulangazelela kwabo ukuhlolwa komuntu, okwenziwa amasosha ase-US kanye ne-CIA esanda kwenza. Yonke imibono emangalisa futhi emangazayo yokuthi umuntu angabulawa kanjani noma ibutho lingafakwa buthaka lalinentshisekelo ocwaningweni lwabo. Kwakhiwa izikhali ezintsha, kubandakanya i-VX ne-Agent Orange. Kwenziwe idrayivu entsha yokuhambela futhi yahlomisa izikhala zangaphandle, futhi amaNazi wangaphambili abekwa eqenjini elizobizwa ngeNASA.
Ukucabanga okungapheli kwempi, ukucabanga ngempi okungenamkhawulo, kanye nemicabango yokulwa lapho isayensi nobuchwepheshe bekumboza ukufa nokuhlupheka, konke kwahamba phambili. Ngenkathi umNazi owayekade ekhuluma nomkhosi wokudla kwabesifazane eRochester Junior Chamber of Commerce ngo-1953, isihloko somcimbi sasiwukuthi "iBuzz Bomb Mastermind ukuze Ikhulume noJaycees Namuhla." Lokho kuzwakala kuyinto engathandeki kithina, kodwa kungenzeka kuthuthuke noma ngubani ohlala e-United States nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II. Bukela le Walt Disney uhlelo lwethelevishini enomuntu owayengumNazi owayesebenza izigqila zokufa endaweni yamatshe emigedeni. Qagela ukuthi ubani.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zjs3nBfyIwM
Kungakabiphi, uMongameli Dwight Eisenhower uzobe ekhala ngokuthi "ithonya eliphelele - kwezomnotho, kwezombusazwe, ngisho nangokomoya - lizwakala kuwo wonke amadolobha, kuzo zonke izindlu zoMbuso, kuwo wonke amahhovisi kaHulumeni." U-Eisenhower wayengabhekiseli kumaNazi kodwa emandleni enkampani eyakha amasosha nezimboni. Kodwa-ke, lapho ebuzwa ukuthi ubecabangani ngubani lapho ephawula enkulumweni efanayo ukuthi "izinqubomgomo zomphakathi uqobo zingabanjwa abathunjiwe bobuchwepheshe besayensi," u-Eisenhower waqamba ososayensi ababili, omunye wabo owayengumNazi kwividiyo yeDisney exhunywe ngenhla.
Isinqumo sokufaka i-1,600 yeqembu likaHitler lesayensi kwezobuchwepheshe empini yase-US sasiqhutshwa ukwesaba i-USSR, kokubili okunengqondo kanye nomphumela wobuqili bokwesabisa ukukhwabanisa. Isinqumo savela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi sasiwumkhiqizo wezingqondo eziningi ezaphambuka. Kepha leli bhenji lima noMengameli Harry S Truman. UHenry Wallace, owandulelwa nguTruman njengephini likamongameli esithanda ukucabanga ukuthi ngabe waqondisa umhlaba ngendlela engcono kune-Truman enza njengoMongameli, empeleni wagqugquzela uTruman ukuthi aqashe amaNazi njengohlelo lwemisebenzi. Kungaba kuhle embonini yaseMelika, kusho iqhawe lethu elithuthukayo. Abangaphansi kukaTruman baphikisana, kodwa uTruman wanquma. Njengoba izingcezwana ze-Operation Paperclip zaziwa, i-American Federation of Scientists, u-Albert Einstein, nabanye banxusa uTruman ukuba akuqede. Isazi se-nyukliya, uHans Bethe nozakwabo asebenza naye uHenri Sack babuza uTruman:
“Ngabe iqiniso lokuthi amaJalimane angasindisa isizwe izigidi zamadola lisho ukuthi ukuthengwa okuhlala njalo nokuba yizakhamizi kungathengwa? Ngabe iMelika ingathembela [ososayensi baseJalimane] ukuthi basebenzele ukuthula lapho inzondo yabo ebhekiswe kumaRussia ingenza ukuthi kukhule umehluko phakathi kwamandla amakhulu? Ngabe impi yayilwelwe yini ukuze kuvunyelwe umbono wamaNazi ungene ngaphakathi ezikhungweni zethu zemfundo nezesayensi ngomnyango ongasemuva? Ngabe sifuna isayensi kube yize? ”
Ngo-1947 i-Operation Paperclip, nokho eyayincane, yayisengozini yokuqedwa. Esikhundleni salokho, iTruman yaguqula amasosha ase-US noMthetho Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke, futhi yakha ubumbano oluhle kakhulu u-Operation Paperclip angalufuna: i-CIA. Manje lolu hlelo lwaqala, ngamabomu nangengamabomu, ngolwazi oluphelele kanye nokuqonda okufanayo kukaMongameli wase-US ofanayo owayememezele njengeseneli ukuthi uma amaRussia ewina i-US kufanele asize amaJalimane, okuphambene nalokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iningi labantu kungenzeka washona, uMongameli ofanayo owachitha ngamabomu ngamabhomu enuzi emadolobheni aseJapan, lowo kanye umongameli owasilethela impi eKorea, impi ngaphandle kokumenyezelwa, izimpi eziyimfihlo, umbuso onwebile wezisekelo, izimfihlo zamasosha kubo bonke izindaba, ubumongameli basebukhosini, kanye nezindiza zezimboni zezempi. I-US Chemical Warfare Service yathatha ucwaningo ngezikhali zamakhemikhali zaseJalimane ekugcineni kwempi njengendlela yokuqhubeka nokuba khona. UGeorge Merck bobabili bathola izinsongo zebhayoloji ezazisetshenziselwa ezempi futhi wathengisa nemithi yokugomela amabutho ukubaphatha. Impi yayiyebhizinisi futhi ibhizinisi lalizoba lilungile isikhathi eside esizayo.
Kepha lube lushintsho olukhulu kangakanani iMelika yadlula kukho ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, futhi kungakanani okungafakwa ku-Operation Paperclip? Akuwona yini uhulumeni obenikeza ukungavikeleki kuzo zombili izigebengu zempi zamaNazi nezaseJapan ukuze zifunde izindlela zazo zobugebengu esezisendaweni embi? Ngenkathi omunye wabamangalelwa ephikisana nokuqulwa kwecala lawo eNuremberg, i-US yayivele yenza ucwaningo lwayo kubantu besebenzisa izizathu ezifanayo ezifanayo nalezo ezazinikelwa ngamaNazi. Ukube lowo mmangalelwa ubekwazi, ubengakhomba ukuthi i-US ngaleso sikhathi yaqala ukwenza lokho kuhlolwa eGuatemala. AmaNazi afunde amanye ama-eugenics abo futhi okunye ukuthambekela okungathandeki abavela eMelika. Abanye ososayensi bePepaclip babesebenze e-US ngaphambi kwempi, njengoba baseMelika abaningi babesebenze eJalimane. Lokhu bekungewona umhlaba ohlukile.
Uma ubheka ngale kwecala lempi lesibili, elehlisayo nelibuhlungu, kuthiwani ngobugebengu bempi uqobo? Sibona i-United States ingenacala kangako ngoba yenza amaJapane ahlasela okokuqala, futhi ngoba ashushisa nabanye abalahlekelwe impi. Kepha icala elingakhethi icala belizoshushisa nabaseMelika nabo. Amabhomu awela ezakhamuzini zabulawa zalimala zachitha ngaphezu kwanoma yimaphi amakamu okuhlushwa - amakamu aseJalimane ayeqondiswe ngokwengxenye ngemuva kwamakamu ase-US kwabomdabu baseMelika. Kungenzeka yini ukuthi ososayensi abangamaNazi bahlangana nezempi yase-US kahle ngoba isikhungo ebesivele sikwenzile lokho ekwenzile ePhilippines sasingekho kuso sonke leso sidingo esikhulu sezinazion?
Kodwa-ke, ngandlela-thile, sicabangela ukushiswa komlilo kwamadolobha aseJapan kanye nokuhlelwa ngokuphelele kwamadolobha aseJalimane njengokucasulwa okuncane kakhulu ngokuqashwa kososayensi baseNazi. Kepha yini ekusicasulayo mayelana nososayensi baseNazi? Angicabangi ukuthi kufanele kube ukuthi babulala abantu abaningi ngakolunye uhlangothi okuyiphutha, iphutha elilinganiselwe kwezinye izingqondo zabo kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi basebenzela ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi ngakwesokunene. Futhi angicabangi ukuthi kufanele kube ngokuphelele ukuthi babandakanyeka ekuhlolweni komuntu ogulayo nasekuphoqeleleni ngenkani. Ngicabanga ukuthi lezo zenzo kufanele zisicasule. Kepha kufanele ukwakhiwa kwamarokhethi kuthatha izinkulungwane zezimpilo. Futhi kufanele kusicasule noma ngabe kwenzeleni.
Kuyamangaza ukucabanga ngomphakathi ophucukile endaweni ethile emhlabeni eminyakeni ethile kusukela manje. Ngabe owokufika owayenesikhathi esidlule embuthweni wamasosha aseMelika uzokwazi ukuthola umsebenzi? Ngabe isibuyekezo siyadingeka? Ngabe babehlukumeze iziboshwa? Ngabe babezishaye izingane? Ngabe bebebhidlize izindlu noma badubule izakhamuzi zakwelinye izwe? Ngabe bake basebenzisa amabhomu eqoqwana? I-uranium eseqediwe? I-phosphorous emhlophe? Ngabe bake basebenza ohlelweni lwamajele aseMelika? Uhlelo lokuvalelwa kwamanye amazwe? Umugqa wokufa? Ukubukeza ngokuphelele kungadingeka kangakanani? Ngabe kungaba khona elinye izinga lokuziphatha okulandelanayo nje okungathiwa lamukelekile? Kungasho lutho ukuthi, hhayi lokho umuntu ayekwenzile, kodwa indlela abacabanga ngayo ngomhlaba?
Angimelene nokunikeza noma ubani ithuba lesibili. Kepha ukuphi umlando we-Operation Paperclip kuzwe lase-US? Ziphi izimpawu zomlando nezikhumbuzo? Lapho sikhuluma ngokudiliza izikhumbuzo, kuyisenzo somlando imfundo, hhayi iphutha lomlando okufanele ngabe sililandela.
