Ngu-Vladimir Kozin – Ilungu, I-Russian Academy of Military Science, eMoscow, Novemba 22, 2021
Ngo-November 15, 2021, uMnyango Wezokuvikela WaseRussia wenza ukucekelwa phansi ngempumelelo komkhumbi-mkhathi kazwelonke owawungasasebenzi futhi owawungasasebenzi okuthiwa “i-Tselina-D”, owafakwa ku-orbit emuva ngo-1982. Inhloko yoMnyango Wezokuvikela WaseRussia, u-Sergei Shoigu, ukuqinisekisile ukuthi i-Russian Aerospace Forces ngempela ibhubhise ngempumelelo lesi sathelayithi ngokunemba okuqondile.
Izingcezu ezakhiwe ngemva kokuwisa lo mkhumbi-mkhathi azikho usongo eziteshini ze-orbital noma kwamanye amasathelayithi, noma ngokuvamile zikhuluma ngemisebenzi yasemkhathini yanoma isiphi isimo. Lokhu kwaziwa kahle yiwo wonke amandla asemkhathini anezindlela zobuchwepheshe zikazwelonke ezisebenza kahle zokuqinisekisa nokulawula indawo engaphandle, kuhlanganisa ne-USA.
Ngemva kokucekelwa phansi kwesathelayithi eqanjwe igama, izingcezwana zayo zahamba emigwaqweni ngaphandle kwemizila yezinye izimoto zasemkhathini ezisebenzayo, bezilokhu zibhekwa njalo futhi ziqashwe ngasohlangothini lwaseRussia futhi zifakwe kukhathalogi enkulu yemisebenzi yasemkhathini.
Ukubikezelwa kwanoma yiziphi izimo eziyingozi ezingaba khona ezibalwe ngemva kokunyakaza ngakunye kwe-orbital phezu koMhlaba kwenziwe mayelana nemfucumfucu ehambisanayo nezingcezwana ezisanda kutholwa ngemva kokucekelwa phansi kwesathelayithi “Tselina-D” enomkhumbi-mkhathi osebenzayo kanye ne-International Space Station noma i-ISS “Mir. ”. UMnyango Wezokuvikela waseRussia ubike ukuthi i-ISS orbit ingama-40-60 km ngaphansi kwezingcezu zesathelayithi ecekeleke phansi ethi "Tselina-D" futhi akukho usongo kulesi siteshi. Ngokwemiphumela yokubalwa kwanoma yiziphi izinsongo ezingase zibe khona, azikho izindlela zokubhekana nazo esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.
Ngaphambilini, u-Anthony Blinken, uNobhala Wezwe laseMelika, wathi ukuhlola kweRussia uhlelo lwe-anti-satellite olusetshenziswa kulesi simo kubeka engcupheni ukuphepha kocwaningo lwasemkhathini.
UMoscow walungisa ukwahlulela kwakhe okungamukeleki. "Lo mcimbi wenziwe ngokuhambisana nomthetho wamazwe omhlaba, okuhlanganisa neSivumelwano Sangaphandle Semkhathi sango-1967, futhi awuqondiswanga muntu," kusho okhulumela uMnyango Wezangaphandle waseRussia. UMnyango Wezangaphandle WaseRussia uphinde waphinda ukuthi izingcezu ezakhiwe ngenxa yokuhlolwa azibeki usongo futhi aziphazamisi ukusebenza kweziteshi ze-orbital, imikhumbi-mkhathi, kanye nayo yonke imisebenzi yasemkhathini ngokujwayelekile.
IWashington isikhohliwe ngokusobala ukuthi iRussia ayilona izwe lokuqala ukubamba lezi zenzo. I-United States, i-China, ne-India inamandla okucekela phansi imikhumbi-mkhathi emkhathini, njengoba ngaphambili ihlole ngempumelelo impahla yayo yokuvikela isathelayithi iqhathaniswa namasathelayithi awo.
Izandulela zokubhujiswa
Zamenyezelwa yizifunda eziqanjiwe ngesikhathi esifanele.
NgoJanuwari 2007, i-PRC yenza ukuhlolwa kwesistimu ye-anti-missile esekelwe phansi, lapho i-satellite yakudala yase-Chinese meteorological "Fengyun" yabhujiswa. Lokhu kuhlola kwaholela ekwakhekeni kwenqwaba yemfucumfucu yendawo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngoNovemba 10 walo nyaka, umzila we-ISS walungiswa ukuze kugwenywe ukuphahlazeka kwalesi sathelayithi saseShayina.
NgoFebhuwari 2008, ngomcibisholo we-interceptor wesistimu yokuvikela imicibisholo yase-United States ebizwa ngokuthi “Standard-3”, uhlangothi lwaseMelika lwacekela phansi isathelayithi “ye-USA-193” eyayilahlekelwe ukulawula endaweni engaba ngu-247 km. Ukwethulwa komcibisholo we-interceptor kwenziwa endaweni yase-Hawaiian Islands kusukela ku-US Navy cruiser Lake Erie, ifakwe ulwazi lokulwa lwe-Aegis kanye nohlelo lokulawula.
NgoMashi 2019, i-India nayo yahlola ngempumelelo isikhali se-anti-satellite. Ukunqotshwa kwesathelayithi "Microsat" kwenziwa yi-interceptor "Pdv" ethuthukisiwe.
Ngaphambilini, i-USSR ibizile, futhi manje iRussia ibilokhu ibiza amandla emkhathini amashumi eminyaka ukuba ahlanganise ngokusemthethweni ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe ukuvinjelwa kwezempi yendawo yangaphandle ngokuvimbela umjaho wezikhali kuwo futhi wenqabe ukufaka noma yiziphi izikhali zesiteleka kuwo.
Ngo-1977-1978, iSoviet Union yabamba izingxoxo ezisemthethweni ne-United States ngezinhlelo zokulwa nesathelayithi. Kodwa ngokushesha lapho ithimba laseMelika lizwa ngesifiso saseMoscow sokuhlonza izinhlobo ezingase zibe nenzondo emkhathini okufanele zivalwe, kuhlanganise nezinhlelo ezifanayo okukhulunywa ngazo, labaphazamisa kancane ngemva komzuliswano wesine wezingxoxo futhi lanquma ukungazibandakanyi kuzingxoxo ezinjalo. qhubeka.
Incazelo ebaluleke kakhulu: kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, iWashington ayizange ibambe futhi ayihlosile ukubamba izingxoxo ezinjalo nanoma yisiphi isimo emhlabeni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlaka olubuyekeziwe lwesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe sokuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwezikhali emkhathini ohlongozwayo yiMoscow neBeijing luvinjelwa njalo yiWashington e-UN naseNgqungqutheleni Yokuchithwa Kwezikhali eGeneva. Emuva ngo-2004, iRussia yazibophezela ngokuhlanganyela ukuthi ngeke ibe ngeyokuqala ukuhambisa izikhali emkhathini, kwathi ngo-2005, ukuzibophezela okufanayo kwenziwa amazwe angamalungu e-Collective Security Treaty Organisation ehlanganisa amazwe amaningana e-USSR yangaphambili.
Sekukonke, kusukela ekuqaleni kwenkathi yasemkhathini, eyaqala ngokwethulwa kwesathelayithi yokuqala yokwenziwa ebizwa ngokuthi "Sputnik" yiSoviet Union ngo-Okthoba 1957, iMoscow ngokuhlanganyela noma ngokuzimela yabeka phambili mayelana nezinhlelo ezihlukene ze-20 enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe ukuvimbela. umjaho wezikhali emkhathini.
Maye, bonke bavinjwe ngempumelelo yi-United States kanye nabalingani bayo be-NATO. U-Anthony Blinken ubonakala ekhohliwe ngakho.
IWashington iphinde ikushaye indiva ukuqashelwa kwe-American Center for Strategic and International Studies, etholakala enhlokodolobha yaseMelika, umbiko wayo ngo-Ephreli 2018 waqaphela ukuthi "i-United States isahamba phambili ekusetshenzisweni kwendawo ngezinjongo zempi."
Ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, iRussia isebenzisa inqubomgomo enenjongo futhi eyanele yokuqinisa ikhono lokuzivikela lezwe, kuhlanganise ne-space sphere, kucatshangelwa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, izimo eziningi ezengeziwe.
I-X-37B enemisebenzi ethile
Bayini? I-Russia ibheka ukuthi i-United States ithatha izinyathelo ezingokoqobo zokwandisa kancane kancane amandla ayo esikhala sesiteleka sokulwa.
Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokwakha inethiwekhi yokuvikela imicibisholo esesikhaleni, ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa amasistimu ngemicibisholo ecitshwayo ecitshwayo esekelwe phansi, eselwandle kanye ne-air-based, impi ye-electronic, izikhali zamandla eziqondisiwe, okuhlanganisa nokuhlola isithuthuthu sasemkhathini esingasetshenziswa futhi esingalawuleki i-X-37B. , elinendawo evulekile yezimpahla ebhodini. Kuthiwa inkundla enjalo iyakwazi ukuthwala umthwalo ofika ku-900 kg.
Njengamanje yenza indiza yayo yesithupha yesikhathi eside ye-orbital. Umfowabo wasemkhathini, owenza indiza yakhe yesihlanu emkhathini ngo-2017-2019, waqhubeka endizela emkhathini izinsuku ezingama-780.
Ngokusemthethweni, i-United States ithi lo mkhumbi-mkhathi ongenamuntu wenza imisebenzi yokusebenza kobuchwepheshe bezinkundla ezisebenziseka kabusha zasemkhathini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ekuqaleni, lapho i-X-37B yethulwa okokuqala ngo-2010, kwaboniswa ukuthi umsebenzi wayo oyinhloko kuyoba ukulethwa "kwempahla" ethile ku-orbit. Kuphela akuzange kuchazwe: hlobo luni lwempahla? Nokho, yonke le miyalezo iyinganekwane nje yokufihla imisebenzi yezempi eyenziwe yile divayisi emkhathini.
Ngokwesisekelo sezimfundiso zesikhala samasu ezempi, imisebenzi ethile imiselwe umphakathi wezobunhloli wase-US kanye nePentagon.
Phakathi kwazo kwenziwa njengokuqhuba imisebenzi emkhathini, emkhathini nangayo ukuze kuqukethe izingxabano, futhi uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka ukuvimbela - ukunqoba noma yimuphi umhlaseli, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa nokugcinwa kwezithakazelo ezibalulekile ze-United States kanye nabalingani. kanye nabalingani. Kusobala ukuthi ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi enjalo, i-Pentagon izodinga amapulatifomu akhethekile angasetshenziswa kabusha emkhathini, okubonisa inqubo ethembisayo yokuqhubeka kwayo impi yiPentagon ngaphandle kwemingcele.
Ngokusho kwabanye ochwepheshe bezempi, inhloso ezwakalayo yale divayisi iwukuhlola ubuchwepheshe bokunqamula isikhala esizayo, okuvumela ukuhlola izinto zasemkhathini futhi, uma kunesidingo, ukukhubaza ngamasistimu aphikisana nesathelayithi ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa ne-'hit-to. -bulala' izici ze-kinetic.
Lokhu kufakazelwa isitatimende sikaNobhala we-US Air Force, uBarbara Barrett, owathi ngoMeyi 2020 watshela izintatheli ukuthi phakathi nomsebenzi wesithupha wamanje we-X-37B, kuzokwenziwa ucwaningo oluningi ukuze kuhlolwe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuguqula amandla elanga. emisebeni ye-radio frequency microwave, kamuva engadluliselwa eMhlabeni ngesimo sikagesi. Kuyincazelo engabazisa kakhulu.
Ngakho-ke, yini le divayisi ekade yenza ngempela futhi isaqhubeka yenza emkhathini iminyaka eminingi kangaka? Ngokusobala, njengoba le nkundla yesikhala yadalwa yi-Boeing Corporation ngokubamba iqhaza okuqondile ekuxhaseni nasekuthuthukisweni kwayo yi-American Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency noma i-DARPA, futhi iqhutshwa yi-US Air Force, imisebenzi ye-X-37B yenziwa azikho izindlela ezihlobene nokuhlola okunokuthula komkhathi ongaphandle.
Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi amadivaysi anjalo angasetshenziswa ukuletha izinhlelo zokuvikela imicibisholo kanye ne-anti-satellite. Yebo, akukhishiwe.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukusebenza kwalo mkhumbi-mkhathi waseMelika isikhathi eside akuzange kubangele ukukhathazeka engxenyeni yeRussia neChina kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye amadlelandawonye ase-US e-NATO mayelana neqhaza laso elingenzeka njengesikhali sasemkhathini kanye nesiteji ukuletha izikhali zesiteleka sasemkhathini, okuhlanganisa nezikhali zenuzi ezizogcinwa endaweni yezimpahla ye-X-37B.
Ukuhlolwa okukhethekile
I-X-37B ingenza imisebenzi eyimfihlo efinyelela kweyishumi.
Enye yazo egcwaliseke muva nje kufanele kukhulunywe ngayo ngokukhethekile.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ka-Okthoba 2021, ukuhlukaniswa komkhumbi-mkhathi omncane ngesivinini esikhulu kusukela ku-fuselage yalesi "shuttle", esingenalo ikhono lokuhlola i-radar, kwaqoshwa kusukela ku-X-37B okwamanje. ukuhamba emkhathini, okubonisa ukuthi i-Pentagon ihlola uhlobo olusha lwesikhali esisekelwe emkhathini. Kusobala ukuthi lolu hlobo lomsebenzi wase-United States aluhambisani nezinjongo ezishiwo zokusetshenziswa ngokuthula komkhathi ongaphandle.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwento yasemkhathini eqanjwe igama kwandulelwa ukuguqulwa kwe-X-37 ngayizolo.
Kusukela ngo-Okthoba 21 kuya ku-22, inqola yasemkhathini ehlukanisiwe yayisebangeni elingaphansi kwamamitha angu-200 ukusuka ku-X-37B, okwathi ngemva kwalokho yenze umkhankaso wokuqhela emkhathini omusha ohlukanisiwe.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yokucubungula ulwazi lwenhloso, kwatholakala ukuthi umkhumbi-mkhathi wawuzinzile, futhi azikho izici ezitholakele emzimbeni wawo ezibonisa ukuba khona kwezimpondo ezinganikeza ithuba lokuqhuba ukubhekwa kwe-radar. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqiniso okusondela komkhumbi-mkhathi omusha ohlukanisiwe nezinye izinto zasemkhathini noma ukusebenza kokuqondisa kwe-orbital akuzange kudalulwe.
Ngakho, ngokohlangothi lwaseRussia, i-United States yenza ucwaningo lokuhlukanisa umkhumbi-mkhathi omncane onejubane elikhulu ku-X-37B, okubonisa ukuhlolwa kohlobo olusha lwesikhali esisekelwe emkhathini.
Izenzo ezinjalo zohlangothi lwaseMelika zihlolwe eMoscow njengengozi ekuzinzeni kwamasu futhi azihambisani nemigomo eshiwo yokusetshenziswa ngokuthula kwendawo yangaphandle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iWashington ihlose ukusebenzisa indawo yangaphandle njengendawo okungase kusetshenziswe kuyo izikhali ezisuka emkhathini ziye emkhathini ngokumelene nezinto ezihlukahlukene eziku-orbit, kanye nesimo sezikhali ezisuka emkhathini ngendlela yezikhali zesiteleka ezisekelwe emkhathini. engasetshenziswa ukuhlasela kusuka emkhathini okuhlosiwe okusekelwe phansi, emoyeni nasolwandle okusekelwe emhlabeni.
Inqubomgomo yamanje yesikhala yase-US
Kusukela ngo-1957, bonke omongameli baseMelika, ngaphandle kokukhetha, bebelokhu bebambe iqhaza ekulweni nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali emkhathini. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, impumelelo ephawuleka kakhulu kulokhu yenziwe nguMongameli wangaphambili weRiphabhulikhi uDonald Trump.
NgoMashi 23, 2018, wagunyaza i-National Space Strategy ebuyekeziwe. Ngomhla ziyi-18 kuNhlangulana wonyaka ofanayo, wanikeza umyalelo othize kuPentagon wokwakha i-Space Force njengesidlo esigcwele sesithupha seButho Lezempi lezwe, ngenkathi egcizelela ukungathandeki kokuba neRussia neChina njengezizwe ezihamba phambili emkhathini. NgoDisemba 9, 2020, i-White House iphinde yamemezela Inqubomgomo Kazwelonke Yomkhathi. NgoDisemba 20, 2019, kwamenyezelwa ukuqala kokudalwa kwe-US Space Force.
Kulezi zimfundiso zamasu ezempi, imibono emithathu eyisisekelo yobuholi bezempi nabezombangazwe baseMelika mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwendawo yangaphandle ngezinhloso zempi imenyezelwe esidlangalaleni.
Okokuqala, kwamenyezelwa ukuthi i-United States ihlose ukubusa iyodwa emkhathini.
Okwesibili, kwathiwa kufanele balondoloze “ukuthula endaweni yamandla” emkhathini.
Okwesithathu, kwashiwo ukuthi indawo emibonweni yaseWashington iba inkundla engase ibe yinkundla yezempi.
Lezi zimfundiso zamasu ezempi, ngokusho kweWashington zifana nokusabela "ekusongeleni okwandayo" emkhathini okuvela eRussia naseChina.
I-Pentagon izothuthukisa izindawo ezine ezibalulekile zemisebenzi yasemkhathini ukuze kuzuzwe izinhloso ezishiwo ngenkathi iphikisana nezinsongo ezihlonziwe, amandla nezinselele: (1) ukuqinisekisa ukubuswa kwezempi okudidiyelwe emkhathini; (2) ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla asemkhathini wezempi abe yimpi yezwe, ngokuhlanganyela kanye nehlangene; (3) ukwakhiwa kwendawo enamasu ngokwezintshisekelo ze-United States, kanye (4) nokuthuthukiswa kokubambisana emkhathini nabalingani, abalingani, inkimbinkimbi yezempi-yezimboni nezinye izinkonzo neminyango yase-United States.
Isu lesikhala kanye nenqubomgomo yabaphathi bamanje baseMelika abaholwa nguMongameli uJoseph Biden akuhlukile kakhulu emkhathini olandelwa nguMongameli uDonald Trump.
Ngemuva kokuthi uJoseph Biden ethathe izintambo njengomongameli ngoJanuwari walo nyaka, i-United States iqhubekile nokwakha izinhlobo eziningi zezikhali zesiteleka sasemkhathini, okuhlanganisa ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo eziyishumi nambili zokusebenzisa indawo yangaphandle ngezinhloso zempi, lapho eziyisithupha zazo zihlinzekela ukwakhiwa kwezikhali. izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlelo ezinjalo, futhi ngesisekelo sabanye abayisithupha abazolawula ukuqoqwa kwesikhala se-orbital phansi.
Izimpahla ze-Pentagon zobuhlakani nolwazi ezisemkhathini ziyaqhubeka nokubuyekezwa ngokugcwele, kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali kwezinhlelo zasemkhathini wezempi. Ngonyaka wezimali ka-2021, ukwabiwa kwalezi zinhloso kubekwe ku-$15.5 billion.
Abanye ochwepheshe baseRussia abasekela amazwe aseNtshonalanga bavumelana nokuthuthukiswa kweziphakamiso ezithile zokuvumelana nohlangothi lwase-US ezindabeni zasemkhathini wezempi ngezizathu zokuthi i-United States ayikakakulungeli ukuxoxisana ngezindaba zasemkhathini wezempi. Imibono enjalo ibeka engcupheni ukuphepha kazwelonke kweRussian Federation, uma yamukelwa.
Futhi nakhu.
Izenzo ezehlukene ezenziwe kuze kube manje yiWashington mayelana nempi kanye nezikhali zasemkhathini zikhombisa ukuthi ubuholi bamanje bezempi baseMelika kanye nezepolitiki abubheki indawo njengefa lomhlaba wonke lesintu, ukuze kulawulwe imisebenzi lapho, ngokusobala, kuvunyelwene ngokomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. imikhuba nemithetho yokuziphatha okufanele yamukelwe.
Sekuyisikhathi eside i-United States ibona umbono ophambene kakhulu - ukuguqulwa komkhathi ube yindawo yezingxabano ezisebenzayo.
Eqinisweni, i-United States isivele idale i-Space Force eyandisiwe enemisebenzi ecasulayo.
Ngaso leso sikhathi, amandla anjalo ancike emfundisweni ehlaselayo yokuvimbela noma yiziphi izitha ezingaba khona emkhathini, ezibolekwe esu laseMelika lokuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi, elihlinzekela isiteleka senuzi sokuqala sokuvimbela kanye nesandulelayo.
Uma ngo-2012 iWashington yamemezela ukusungulwa kwe-"Chicago triad" - indlela yokulwa ehlanganisiwe exube imicibisholo yenuzi, izingxenye ezilwa nezikhali ezicitshwayo kanye nezikhali ezivamile zesiteleka, khona-ke kusobala ukuthi i-United States idala ngenhloso. impahla yesiteleka ye-“quattro” enezingxenye eziningi, lapho elinye ithuluzi lezempi elibalulekile lengezwa ku-“Chicago triad” - lokho kuyizikhali zesiteleka sasemkhathini.
Kusobala ukuthi ngesikhathi sokubonisana okusemthethweni ne-United States mayelana nezindaba zokuqinisa ukuzinza kwamasu, akunakwenzeka ukungazinaki zonke izici kanye nezimo ezichazweyo ezihlobene nendawo yangaphandle. Kuyadingeka ukugwema ukukhetha, okungukuthi, indlela ehlukile yokuxazulula inkinga enezici eziningi zokulawulwa kwezikhali - ngenkathi wehlisa uhlobo olulodwa lwezikhali, kodwa unikeze umfutho ekuthuthukisweni kwezinye izinhlobo zezikhali, ukuthi, ekuqaleni kwezikhali. Uhlangothi lwaseMelika, lusesimeni esivaliwe.
