NguDavid Swanson, July 23, 2019
Edolobheni lakithi e-United States - njengoba akuyona into engajwayelekile ikakhulukazi - sinezikhumbuzo ezinkulu ezindaweni zomphakathi ezivelele zezenzo zokungaziphathi kahle okubi kakhulu kwesikhathi esedlule. Ngeshwa, zonke ezinhlanu zalezi zikhumbuzo ezinkulu zigubha futhi zikhazimulise lezi zinto ezimbi ezedlule, kunokuba zisikhumbuze ukuthi singaziphindi. INyuvesi yaseVirginia yakha isikhumbuzo kubantu abayizigqila abakha iYunivesithi yaseVirginia. Ngakho-ke, sizoba nemikhosi emihlanu yobubi, nokukhunjulwa okukodwa kokuqaphelayo.
Izikhumbuzo ezimbili kweziyisihlanu zigubha ukuqothulwa kohlanga ngokwanda ngasentshonalanga ezwenikazi lonke. Ababili bagubha uhlangothi lokulahleka kanye nokugqilazwa kweMpi Yezwe YaseMelika. Umuntu uhlonipha amabutho ahlanganyele kulokhu kuhlasela okubhubhisa kakhulu, okubhubhisayo, nokubulala engxenyeni encane yomhlaba esekhiqizwe yisintu. E-United States abantu bayibiza ngokuthi “impi yaseVietnam.”
EVietnam ibizwa ngokuthi impi yaseMelika. Kepha hhayi eVietnam kuphela. Le bekuyimpi eyafika kanzima eLaos naseCambodia nase-Indonesia. Ukuhlola okucwaningwe kahle futhi kwethulwa kahle, hlola incwadi entsha, I-United States, i-Southeast Asia, kanye Nenkumbulo Yomlando, Kuhlelwe nguMark Pavlick noCaroline Luft, ngeminikelo evela kuRichard Falk, uFred Branfman, Channapha Khamvongsa, Elaine Russell, Tuan Nguyen, Ben Kiernan, Taylor Owen, Gareth Porter, Clinton Fernandes, Nick Turse, Noam Chomsky, Ed Herman, no Ngo UVinh Long.
I-United States yehlise amathani ama-6,727,084 wamabhomu ku-60 kubantu abayizigidi ze-70 eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, okungaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu lokho ekwehlisile e-Asia naseYurophu kuhlangene eMpini Yezwe II. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, yethule ukuhlaselwa okukhulu ngokulingana nobuciko bezincwadi zomhlaba. Iphinde yafafaza isuka emoyeni amashumi ezigidi zamalitha e-Agent Orange, ingasaphathwa eye-napalm, yaba nemiphumela emibi. Imiphumela isekhona nanamuhla. Amashumi ezigidi zamabhomu ahlala engasebenzi, futhi eqhubeka eyingozi namuhla. Ucwaningo lwe-2008 olwenziwe yiHarvard Medical School kanye ne-Institute for Health Metric and Evaluation e-University of Washington luqagele ukubulawa kwabantu abanobudlova abayizigidi eziyi-3.8, ukulwa kanye nezakhamizi, enyakatho naseningizimu, phakathi neminyaka yokubandakanyeka kwe-US eVietnam, kungabalwa amakhulukhulu ezinkulungwane abulewe endaweni ngayinye kulezi: Laos, eCambodia, Indonesia. Abanye abayizigidi ze-19 balinyazwa noma bangeniswa emakhaya eVietnam, Laos, naseCambodia. Izigidi eziningi zaphoqelelwa ukuba ziphile izimpilo eziyingozi nezimpofu, nemithelela eqhubekayo kuze kube namuhla.
Amasosha ase-US enza i-1.6% yabantu abafayo, kepha ukuhlupheka kwabo kubusa amabhayisikobho wase-US ngempi, empeleni kuhlupheke kakhulu futhi kwaba njengokubi njengoba kubonisiwe. Izinkulungwane zabasakazi bezimpikiswano selokhu zazibulala. Kepha cabanga ukuthi lokho kusho ukuthini ngezinga leqiniso lokuhlupheka okwadalwa, ngisho nakubantu, ukungazinaki zonke ezinye izinhlobo ezithintekile. ISikhumbuzo saseVietnam eWashington DC sibonisa amagama ama-58,000 kumamitha we-150 odongeni. Lawo amagama we-387 ngemitha ngayinye. Ukufaka uhlu lwamagama we-4 wezigidi ngokufanayo kuzodinga amamitha we-10,336, noma ibanga ukusuka eLincoln Memorial kuya ezitebhisini ze-US Capitol, bese libuyela emuva, bese libuyela emuva eCapitol futhi, bese libuyela emuva njengawo wonke amamyuziyamu kodwa lihamba kancane weSikhumbuzo saseWashington. Ngenhlanhla, kuphila abanye kuphela ababalulekile.
ELaos, cishe ingxenye yesithathu yezwe lonke isalokhu ichithwe ubukhona obuningi bamabhomu angenakubalwa, aqhubeka nokubulala abantu abaningi. Lokhu kufaka phakathi amabhomu we-80 wezigidi zeziqhumane nezinkulungwane zamabhomu amakhulu, amarokhethi, udaka, amagobolondo, kanye nezimayini zomhlaba. Ukusuka ku-1964 kuya ku-1973, i-United States yenza umgomo owodwa wokuqhuma kwamabhomu ngokulwa nabampofu, abangenazo izikhali, imindeni yabalimi njalo ngemizuzu eyisishiyagalombili, amashumi amabili nane / nesikhombisa - ngenhloso yokuqothula noma yikuphi ukudla okungondla noma imaphi amasosha (noma omunye umuntu). I-United States yenza sengathi yayiletha usizo losizo kubantu.
Ngezinye izikhathi, kwakuyindaba nje yokulahlwa udoti. Amabhomu endiza esuka eThailand aye eVietnam kwesinye isikhathi ayengakwazi ukuqhumisa iVietnam ngenxa yezimo zezulu, ngakho-ke angamane alahle amabhomu awo eLaos kunokuba enze umgodi onzima onomthwalo ophelele emuva eThailand. Futhi kwezinye izikhathi bekuyisidingo sokubeka imishini enhle ebulalayo ukuyisebenzisa. Ngenkathi uMongameli uLyndon Johnson ememezela ukuphela kwamabhomu eNorth Vietnam e1968, izindiza zahlasela amabhomu eLaos esikhundleni salokho. Isikhulu esithile sichaze: “Ngeke sivumele izindiza zenze ukugqwala. Abampofu namuhla eLaos abakwazi ukuthola ukunakekelwa kwezempilo okuhle uma belinyazwa ngamabhomu amadala, futhi kufanele basinde bakhubazeke emnothweni abambalwa abazotshala imali kuwo wonke amabhomu. Abasweleyo kumele bathathe umsebenzi oyingozi wokuthengisa insimbi ngamabhomu abayisebenzisa ngempumelelo.
ICambodia iphathwe kabi njengoba kwenzeka kuLaos, kwaba nemiphumela efanayo futhi engabikezelwa. UMongameli Richard Nixon utshele uHenry Kissinger owatshela u-Alexander Haig ukuthi akhe umkhankaso omkhulu wamabhomu. . . noma yini indiza kunoma yini enyakazayo. ”Iphiko elilukhuni kwesisekelo iKhmer Rouge lakhula lisuka ku-10,000 ku-1970 laya embuthweni wamasosha e-200,000 e-1973 ngokuqashwa kugxile ezingozini nasekubhujisweni kwebhomu lase-US. Ngo-1975 babehlule uhulumeni we-pro-US.
Impi eyenzeka phansi eVietnam yayiyesabeka ngendlela efanayo. Ukubulawa kwabantu izakhamuzi, ukusetshenziswa kwabalimi ngokuzilolonga, izindawo ezingenawo mlilo lapho noma yimuphi umuntu waseVietnam ethathwa “njengesitha” - lezi kwakungezona izindlela ezingejwayelekile. Ukuqedwa kwenani labantu bekuyinjongo eyinhloko. Lokhu - hhayi umusa - kuqhubile ukwamukelwa okukhulu kwababaleki kunokuba kwenziwe ezimpini zakamuva. Robert Komer unxuse i-United States ukuthi "lenze izinhlelo zababaleki ngamabomu okuhloswe ngazo ukwehlisa i-VC indawo yokuqasha."
Uhulumeni wase-US wakuqonda kwasekuqaleni ukuthi iqembu eliphakeme labezempi elalifuna ukulamisela iVietnam lalingenakho ukwesekwa okubalulekile okwaziwayo. Futhi besaba "umphumela wokukhombisa" kahulumeni oshiye uhlangothi ophikisana nokubuswa yi-US futhi uzuze inqubekela phambili kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho. Amabhomu angasiza ngalokho. Ngamazwi wezazi-mlando zamasosha aseMelika abhale i-Pentagon Papers, "empeleni, silwa nezinga lokuzalwa laseVietnam." Kepha, lokhu kulwa bekungakhiqizi futhi kumane kwakhiqiza "amaKhomanisi" amaningi, adinga ukwanda kodlame ukulwa nabo.
Ubathola kanjani abantu abazibona njengabahle futhi benesithunzi sokukhipha imali yabo nokuxhaswa kwabo nabafana babo ukubulala abalimi abampofu nezinsana zabo nezihlobo zabo ezindala? Yebo, sinabo oprofesa, uma singenakukwazi ukwenza lokho? Umugqa owakhelwe emkhakheni wezemfundo wase-US wezempi wawungukuthi i-United States yayingababulali abalimi kepha, esikhundleni salokho, yenza amazwe angamadolobha ngendlela yesimanje ngokushayela abalimi ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngokusebenzisa amabhomu. Cishe amaphesenti ama-60 wabantu ezifundazweni eziphakathi zaseVietnam ancishiswe ukuba adle amagxolo nezimpande. Izingane nabantu asebekhulile baba ngabokuqala ukulamba. Labo abadonswa emajele aseMelika futhi bahlukunyezwa futhi bahlolwa, ekugcineni, yayingabantu base-Asiya kuphela, ukuze izaba zingadingeki kube yikho konke okukholisayo.
Izigidi e-United States zamelana nempi futhi zazama ukuyinqanda. Angazi noma yiziphi izikhumbuzo kubo. Banqobile amavoti e-US Congress ngo-Agasti 15, 1973, wokuqeda amabhomu eCambodia. Baphoqa ukuthi kuphele lonke ibhizinisi elisabekayo. Baphoqelele i-ajenda eqhubekayo yezinqubomgomo zasekhaya ngokusebenzisa iNixon White House. Baphoqele iCongress ukuthi ibambe uNixon azophendula ngayo ngendlela ebonakala ingaziwa ngokuphelele kwi-US Congress namhlanje. Njengoba izishoshovu zokuthula eminyakeni yamuva nje zibeke usuku lwe-50th lwemizamo ethile yokuthula, umbuzo owodwa uzinikele emphakathini wase-US uwonke: Bazofunda nini? Bazofunda nini?
