nguGareth Porter, Mashi 16, 2018
Kusukela TruthDig
Ukusatshalaliswa kwabezindaba kanye nokusabela kwezepolitiki esimemezelweni sikaDonald Trump somhlangano wengqungquthela nomholi waseNyakatho Korea uKim Jong Un kusekelwe ekucabangeni ukuthi ngeke kuphumelele, ngoba uKim uzowuchitha umbono wedenuclear. Kodwa umbiko ogcwele kaMongameli waseNingizimu Korea uMoon Jae-in ongumeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke ngomhlangano noKim ngesonto eledlule—ehlanganiswe yisikhungo sezindaba saseNingizimu Korea iYonhap kodwa okungavezwanga emithonjeni yezindaba yase-US—kukwenza kucace ukuthi uKim uzokwethula uTrump ngohlelo lokuqeda ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi oluxhumene nokwenza ubudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi kwe-US neNorth Korea, noma iDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
Umbiko kaChung Eui-yong esidlweni sakusihlwa esasihlelwe uKim Jong Un sethimba laseNingizimu Korea elinamalungu ayi-10 ngoMashi 5 uthe umholi waseNyakatho Korea ukuqinisekisile "ukuzibophezela kwakhe ekuqedeni amandla enyukliya eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea" nokuthi "uzobe asikho isizathu sokuba nezikhali zenuzi uma kwenzeka ukuphepha kombuso [wakhe] kuqinisekisiwe futhi kususwe izinsongo zezempi ezibhekiswe eNyakatho Korea.” UChung ubike ukuthi uKim uzwakalise ukuzimisela kwakhe ukuxoxa “ngezindlela zokubona ukuqedwa kwenhlonhlo futhi enze ubudlelwano bamazwe amabili [i-US-DPRK] bujwayelekile.”
Kodwa kulokho okungase kube okubaluleke kakhulu okutholakele kulo mbiko, uChung wanezela, "Okufanele sikunake ikakhulukazi iqiniso lokuthi [uKim Jong Un] ukubeke kwacaca ukuthi ukuchithwa kweNhlonhlo YaseKorea kwakuwumyalelo womanduleli wakhe futhi ukuthi akuzange kube khona ushintsho emyalezweni onjalo.”
Umbiko womeluleki wezokuphepha kuzwelonke waseNingizimu Korea uphikisana ngokuqondile nenkolelo eqinile phakathi kwezokuphepha kazwelonke zase-US kanye nezicukuthwane zezombusazwe zokuthi uKim Jong Un akasoze aziyeka izikhali zenuzi ze-DPRK. Njengoba u-Colin Kahl, owayeyisikhulu se-Pentagon kanye nomeluleki ka-Barack Obama, ephawula ephendula isimemezelo sengqungquthela, "Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukuthi uzokwamukela ukuchithwa kwenuclear ngokugcwele ngalesi sikhathi."
Kodwa ukuchithwa kukaKahl ukuthi kungenzeka noma yisiphi isivumelwano engqungqutheleni kuthatha, ngaphandle kokusho kanjalo, ukuqhubeka kokwenqaba okuqinile kweBush kanye no-Obama abaphathi be-United States ukunikeza noma yikuphi ukukhuthaza eNyakatho Korea ngendlela yesivumelwano esisha sokuthula no. I-North Korea kanye nokujwayelekile okugcwele kobudlelwane bezombusazwe nezomnotho.
Leyo phethini yenqubomgomo yase-US iwuhlangothi olulodwa lwendaba engaziwa yepolitiki yodaba lwaseNyakatho Korea. Olunye uhlangothi lwendaba umzamo weNorth Korea wokusebenzisa impahla yayo yenuzi kanye nemicibisholo njengezingxoxo zokwenza i-United States yenze isivumelwano esingashintsha isimo se-US sobutha eNyakatho Korea.
Isizinda seMpi Yomshoshaphansi salolu daba ukuthi i-DPRK yayifune ukuthi umyalo wezempi wase-United States eSouth Korea umise ukuzivivinya kwawo kwaminyaka yonke kwe-“Team Spirit” namabutho aseNingizimu Korea, owaqala ngo-1976 futhi wabandakanya izindiza zase-US ezinamandla enuzi. Abantu baseMelika babazi ukuthi lokho kuzivivinya kwabethusa abaseNyakatho Korea ngoba, njengoba uLeon V. Sigal ekhumbula ku-akhawunti yakhe egunyaziwe yezingxoxo zenuzi zase-US-North Korea, “Ukuphuca Izikhali Abangaziwa,” i-United States yayenze izinsongo zenuzi ezicacile ngokumelene ne-DPRK izikhathi eziyisikhombisa.
Kodwa ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngo-1991 kwaletha isimo esisongela nakakhulu. Lapho iSoviet Union iwa, futhi iRussia ihlukana namadlelandawonye eSoviet bloc, iNorth Korea yavele yahlupheka okulingana nezwe. Ukwehliswa ngamaphesenti angama-40 kokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, futhi isizinda sayo sezimboni sigxilile. Umnotho olawulwa nguhulumeni oqinile waba nezinxushunxushu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukulingana okungekuhle kwezomnotho nezempi neNingizimu Korea bekuqhubekile ukukhula emashumini amabili eminyaka okugcina eMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Nakuba i-GDP yomuntu ngamunye kulawa maKorea amabili yayicishe ifane kuze kube maphakathi nawo-1970, base behlukene kakhulu ngo-1990, lapho i-GDP yomuntu ngamunye eNingizimu, eyayinabantu abangaphezu kokuphindwe kabili kwesibalo sabantu baseNyakatho. ngokuphindwe kane kunaleyo yaseNyakatho Korea.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNyakatho ayikwazanga ukutshala imali esikhundleni sobuchwepheshe bayo bezempi, ngakho-ke bekufanele yenze ngamathangi amadala, izinhlelo zokuvikela umoya kanye nezindiza kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s kanye nama-1960s, kuyilapho iNingizimu Korea iqhubekile nokuthola ubuchwepheshe bamuva obuvela e-United States. Futhi ngemva kokuba isimo esibucayi somnotho sihlasele iNyakatho, ingxenye enkulu yamabutho angaphansi kwayo kwadingeka ukuba ibe njalo iphambukiselwe emisebenzini yokukhiqiza ezomnotho, okuhlanganisa ukuvuna, ukwakhiwa kanye nokumbiwa kwezimayini. Lawo maqiniso akwenza kwacaca kakhulu kubahlaziyi bezempi ukuthi i-Korean People's Army (KPA) yayingasenawo ngisho amandla okwenza umsebenzi eSouth Korea isikhathi esingaphezu kwamasonto ambalwa.
Ekugcineni, umbuso kaKim manje wazithola usesimeni esingakhululekile sokuncika kakhulu eChina ukuze uthole usizo lwezomnotho kunangaphambili. Ebhekene nale nhlanganisela enamandla yentuthuko esongelayo, umsunguli we-DPRK uKim Il-Sung waqala ngokushesha ngemva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ngesu elisha ngokuphawulekayo lezokuphepha: ukusebenzisa izinhlelo eziyinhloko ze-nuclear nezikhali ezicitshwayo zaseNyakatho Korea ukudonsela i-United States esivumelwaneni esibanzi esizosungula isivumelwano. ubudlelwano obujwayelekile bezokusebenzelana. Umnyakazo wokuqala kulowo mdlalo wamasu omude wafika ngoJanuwari 1992, lapho uNobhala we-Korean Workers' Party obusayo u-Kim Young Sun eveza ukuma okusha okushaqisayo kwe-DPRK ebheke e-United States emihlanganweni no-Undersecretary of State u-Arnold Kanter eNew York. USun utshele uKanter ukuthi uKim Il Sung wayefuna sungula ubudlelwano bokusebenzisana neWashington futhi yayilungele ukwamukela ukuba khona kwezempi yesikhathi eside yase-US eNhlonhlweni YaseKorea njengothango olumelene nethonya lamaShayina noma laseRussia.
Ngo-1994, i-DPRK yaxoxisana ngohlaka okwavunyelwana ngalo nabaphathi bakaClinton, bazibophezela ekuhlakazweni kwe-plutonium reactor ukuze bathole ama-reactors amanzi angenabufakazi bokwanda kanye nokuzibophezela kwe-US ekwenzeni ubudlelwano bezepolitiki nezomnotho nePyongyang bube bujwayelekile. Kepha akukho kulezi zibopho okwakufanele kufezwe ngaso leso sikhathi, futhi imithombo yezindaba yase-US kanye neCongress ingxenye enkulu yayiphikisana nokuhwebelana okuphakathi kwesivumelwano. Ngenkathi isimo senhlalo nezomnotho saseNyakatho Korea siwohloka kakhulu engxenyeni yesibili yeminyaka yawo-1990 ngemva kokushaywa yizikhukhula nendlala enkulu, i-CIA. imibiko ekhishiweephakamisa ukuwa kombuso okuseduze. Ngakho-ke izikhulu zokuphatha zikaClinton zazikholelwa ukuthi asikho isidingo sokudlulela ekufezeni ubudlelwano obujwayelekile.
Nokho, ngemva kokushona kukaKim Il Sung maphakathi no-1994, indodana yakhe uKim Jong Il yaphusha iqhinga likayise ngomdlandla nakakhulu. Wenza isivivinyo sokuqala semicibisholo yebanga elide le-DPRK ngo-1998 ukuze anyakazise abaphathi bakaClinton ukuba benze isenzo sobunxusa esivumelwaneni sokulandelela uhlaka okwakuvunyelwene ngalo. Kepha wabe esenza uchungechunge lwezinyathelo ezimangalisayo, waqala ngezingxoxo zokumisa ukuhlolwa kwemicibisholo yebanga elide ne-US ngo-1998 nokuqhubeka nokuthumela isithunywa sakhe, uMarshall Jo Myong Rok, eWashington ukuyohlangana noBill Clinton. ngokwakhe ngo-Okthoba 2000.
U-Jo ufike ezibophezele ukuyeka uhlelo lwe-ICBM lwe-DPRK kanye nezikhali zenuzi njengengxenye yesivumelwano esikhulu ne-United States. Emhlanganweni we-White House, u-Jo wanikeza uClinton incwadi evela kuKim emema ukuthi avakashele ePyongyang. Bese yena utshele uClinton, "Uma uza ePyongyang, uKim Jong Il uzoqinisekisa ukuthi uzokwanelisa konke ukukhathazeka kwakho kwezokuphepha."
UClinton wathumela ngokushesha ithimba elaliholwa nguNobhala Wezwe uMadeleine Albright ePyongyang, lapho uKim Jong Il enikeze izimpendulo ezinemininingwane emibuzweni yase-US ngesivumelwano semicibisholo. Naye futhi wazisa u-Albright ukuthi i-DPRK ishintshe umbono wayo mayelana nokuba khona kwezempi yase-US eNingizimu Korea, nokuthi manje ikholelwa ukuthi i-US idlale indima "yokuzinza" kule nhlonhlo. Uphakamise ukuthi abanye ngaphakathi kwebutho laseNyakatho Korea bazwakalise ukuphikisa lowo mbono, futhi lokho kuzoxazululwa kuphela uma i-US ne-DPRK benza ubudlelwano babo bujwayelekile.
Nakuba uClinton ayezimisele ukuya ePyongyang ukuze asayine isivumelwano, akazange aye, futhi abaphathi bakaBush babe sebehlehlisa izinyathelo zokuqala zokuya esivumelwaneni neNorth Korea esasungulwa nguClinton. Eminyakeni eyishumi eyalandela, iNorth Korea yaqala ukuqongelela izikhali zenuzi futhi yenza intuthuko enkulu ekuthuthukiseni i-ICBM yayo.
Kodwa ngesikhathi uMongameli wangaphambili uClinton evakashela ePyongyang ngo-2009 ukuze athole ukukhululwa kwezintatheli ezimbili zaseMelika, uKim Jong Il wagcizelela iphuzu lokuthi izinto ngabe zihlukile. Imemo ngomhlangano phakathi kukaClinton noKim owawuphakathi kwama-imeyili kaClinton eshicilelwe yi-WikiLeaks ngo-Okthoba 2016, wacaphuna u-Kim Jong Il ethi, "[I] ukube amaDemocrats anqobile ngo-2000 isimo sobudlelwane bamazwe amabili sasingeke sifinyelele kulelo qophelo. Kunalokho, zonke izivumelwano bezizosetshenziswa, i-DPRK ibizoba neziphehlisi zamanzi ezilula, futhi i-United States ibizoba nomngane omusha eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Asia ezweni eliyinkimbinkimbi.
Izikhulu zezombangazwe nezokuphepha zase-US kudala zawamukela umqondo wokuthi iWashington inezinqumo ezimbili kuphela: ukwamukela iNorth Korea ehlome ngezikhali zenuzi noma “ingcindezi enkulu” engcupheni yempi. Kepha njengoba abantu baseNingizimu Korea sebekwazile manje ukuqinisekisa, lowo mbono awulungile. UKim Jong Un usazibophezele embonweni wokuqala wesivumelwano nabaseMelika mayelana ne-denuclearization uyise ayezame ukuyibona ngaphambi kwalokhu kufa ngo-2011. Umbuzo wangempela ukuthi ngabe abaphathi bakaTrump kanye nohlelo olubanzi lwezepolitiki lwase-US bayakwazi ukusizakala. lelo thuba.
