Amasosha Ngaphandle Kwezibhamu

NguDavid Swanson, uMqondisi oPhethe World BEYOND War, Juni 21, i-2019

Ifilimu entsha ka-Will Watson, ebizwa Amasosha Ngaphandle Kwezibhamu, kufanele ishaqise abantu abaningi kakhulu - hhayi ngoba isebenzisa uhlobo olwesabekayo lobudlova noma uhlobo oluyinqaba locansi (ama-shockers ajwayelekile ekubukezweni kwama-movie), kepha ngoba ilandisa futhi isibonise indaba eyiqiniso ephikisana nemibono eyisisekelo ezepolitiki, inqubomgomo yezangaphandle, kanye nesociology esidumile.

Isiqhingi saseBougainville sasiyipharadesi eliyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, lihlala ngokusimama ngabantu abangakaze babangele umhlaba wonke inkathazo encane. Imibuso yaseNtshonalanga yalwa nayo, kunjalo. Igama lalo ngelomhloli wamazwe waseFrance owaqamba lona ngo-1768. IJalimane yalibiza ngo-1899. EMpini Yezwe I, i-Australia yalithatha. EMpini Yezwe II, iJapane yathatha. IBougainville ibuyele ekubuseni kwase-Australia ngemuva kwempi, kepha amaJapane ashiya izinqwaba zezikhali ngemuva - okungenzeka ukuthi yizinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zokungcola, ukubhujiswa, kanye nemiphumela ebekiwe impi engayishiya ngemuva kwayo.

Abantu baseBougainville babefuna inkululeko, kepha benziwa ingxenye yePapua New Guinea esikhundleni salokho. Futhi ngawo-1960 kwenzeka into embi kakhulu - kubi kakhulu eBougainville kunanoma yini eyayike yabhekana nayo phambilini. Lo mcimbi uguqule indlela yokuziphatha kwamakoloni aseNtshonalanga. Kwakungewona umzuzu wokukhanyiselwa noma wokupha. Kwaba ukutholakala okubuhlungu, maphakathi nesiqhingi, kokutholakala ngobhedu okukhulu kunakho konke emhlabeni. Kwakungalimazi muntu. Kwakungashiywa khona lapho lalikhona. Esikhundleni salokho, njengegolide lamaCherokees noma uwoyela wase-Iraq, lavuka njengesiqalekiso esabalalisa ukwethuka nokufa.

Inkampani yezimayini yase-Australia yabiba leli zwe, laxosha abantu kulo, laqala ukulibhubhisa, ladala ngempela imbobo enkulu emhlabeni. I-Bougainvillean yasabela ngalokho abanye abangase bacabange ukuthi kuyadingeka isinxephezelo. Abantu base-Australia benqaba, behleka. Ngezinye izikhathi izimo ezibhubhisayo kakhulu ezingenakulinganiswa zivimbela ezinye izindlela ngokuhleka okuhlekisayo.

Lapha, mhlawumbe, bekuyisikhathi sokumelana ngesibindi nangokudala okungekho emthethweni. Kepha abantu bazamile udlame esikhundleni - noma (njengoba isisho esidukisayo sihamba) "basebenzisa udlame." Amasosha asePapua New Guinea asabela kulokho ngokubulala amakhulu. AbaseBougainvilleans baphendula kulokho ngokwakha ibutho lamavukelambuso balwela inkululeko. Kwakuyimpi elungile, elwa nombuso wamakhosi. Kule filimu sibona izithombe zabalwi bohlobo oluthile ezisathandwa ngabathile emhlabeni wonke. Kwakuyisehluleki esesabekayo.

Umayini weka ukusebenza ku-1988. Abasebenzi babalekela e-Australia ukuphepha kwabo. Izinzuzo zamayini zancishisiwe, hhayi ngenxephezelo kubantu bakuleli zwe, kodwa ngo-100%. Lokhu kungase kungabonakali njengokuhluleka okunjalo. Kodwa cabangela okwenzekile ngokulandelayo. Ibutho lasePapua New Guinean landisa izinyathelo ezimbi. Udlame lufakwe phezulu. Khona-ke amasosha adala ukuvinjelwa kwamanzi esiqhingini futhi ngenye indlela washiya. Lokhu kwashiya ngemuva kwabantu abampofu, abangahlelekile, abantu abahlomile abanokholo emandleni odlamezi. Lokho kwakungumdwebo we-anarchy, kangangokuthi abanye babemema amasosha empi, futhi impi yombango ebulala igazi yahlasela iminyaka engaba ngu-10, ibulala amadoda, abesifazane nabantwana. Ukudlwengula kwakuyisikhali esivamile. Ubumpofu bebukhulu kakhulu. Abanye abantu abangu-20,000, noma ingxenye eyodwa yesithupha yabantu, babulawa. Abanye baseBouvilleville abanesibindi bashushumbisa imithi nezinye izinto ezivela eSolomon Islands, ngokuvimbela.

Izikhathi eziyishumi nane izingxoxo zokuthula zazama kodwa zehluleka. “Ukungenelela” kwangaphandle akuzange kubukeke kuyindlela esebenzayo, njengoba abantu bakwamanye amazwe bengathenjwa njengabaxhaphazi bezwe. "Abagcini bokuthula" abahlomile bebengeze nje izingalo nemizimba empini, njengoba "abagcini bokuthula" abahlomile bebevame ukwenza emhlabeni wonke amashumi eminyaka manje. Kwakudingeka okunye futhi.

Ku-1995 abesifazane baseBougainville benza izinhlelo zokuthula. Kodwa ukuthula akuzange kufike kalula. E-1997 iPapua New Guinea yenza amalungiselelo okwandisa impi, kuhlanganise nokuqasha ibutho lempi laseLondon elibizwa ngokuthi uSandline. Khona-ke umuntu obhekene nesimo esingenakwenzeka wayenempilo enhle. Umphathi ophethe isosha lasePapua New Guinea wanquma ukuthi ukungeza ibutho lempi empini kungangena nje ekubaleni komzimba (futhi ukwethula iqembu ayengenandaba nalo). Ucele ukuthi abakwa-mercenaries bahambe. Lokhu kubeka impi ephikisana nohulumeni, futhi ubudlova basakazeka ePapua New Guinea, lapho inhloko-nkulu yawela khona.

Ngemuva kwalokho omunye umuntu ongalindelekile washo into enengqondo, into umuntu ayizwa cishe nsuku zonke emithonjeni yezindaba yase-US ngaphandle kokuthi kuchazwe ngokungathi sína. Kepha lo mfo, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle wase-Australia, ngokusobala wayeqonde lokho. Uthe "asikho isisombululo samasosha." Vele, kunjalo njalo kuyo yonke indawo, kepha uma othile esho futhi empeleni akusho, enye inkambo yesenzo kufanele ilandele. Futhi kwaba njalo.

Ngesekela likaNdunankulu omusha wasePapua New Guinea, futhi ngokusekelwa kukahulumeni wase-Australia, uhulumeni waseNew Zealand wahola ekuzameni ukuletha ukuthula eBougainville. Zombili izinhlangothi zempi yombango zavuma ukuthumela izithunywa, amadoda nabesifazane, ukukhuluma ngezinkulumo zokuthula eNew Zealand. Izinkulumo zaphumelela kahle. Kodwa akuwona wonke amaqembu, hhayi wonke umuntu, angenza ukuthula ekhaya ngaphandle kokunye okunye.

Iqembu lokugcina ukuthula lamasosha, abesilisa nabesifazane, empeleni elibizwa ngokufanele ngokuthi "ukugcina ukuthula," eliholwa yiNew Zealand kanye nabase-Australia, laya eBougainville, futhi alizange lize nezibhamu. Ukube beza nezibhamu, bebezobhebhezela udlame. Esikhundleni salokho, iPapua New Guinea inikeze ushwele kubo bonke abalwa, abagcini bokuthula baletha izinsimbi zomculo, imidlalo, inhlonipho nokuzithoba. Abazange bazibambele mathupha. Benza lula inqubo yokuthula ephethwe ngabantu baseBougainvilleans. Babehlangana nabantu ngezinyawo nangolimi lwabo. Babelana ngamasiko amaMaori. Bafunda isiko laseBougainville. Babasiza ngempela abantu. Bakha ngokoqobo amabhuloho. Lawa kwakungamasosha, ukuphela kwawo engicabanga ngawo kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, engingathanda “ukubabonga ngomsebenzi wabo.” Futhi ngifaka ukuthi abaholi babo, abathi - ngokumangazayo kothile owayejwayele ukubona abantu abanjengoJohn Bolton noMike Pompeo ku-TV - babengeyona imiphakathi eyomele igazi. Okunye okuphawuleka endabeni yaseBougainville ukungabandakanyeki kwe-United States noma yi-United Nations. Zingaki ezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ezingasizakala kulokhu kungabandakanyeki?

Lapho kufika isikhathi sokuba izihambeli ezivela ezindaweni eziseduze neBougainville zisayine isivumelwano sokugcina sokuthula, impumelelo yayingaqinisekile. INew Zealand isiphelelwe yimali futhi yaguqula ukuthula kugcina e-Australia, okwenza abaningi bangabaza. Amasosha ayehlomile ayefuna ukuvimba izithunywa ukuba ziye ezingxoxweni zokuthula. Abagcini bokuthula abangahlomile kwakudingeka baye kulezo zindawo futhi banxenxe amasosha ahlomile ukuthi avumele izingxoxo zibanjwe. Abesifazane kwakudingeka bancenge abesilisa ukuba babeke engcupheni ukuthula. Bakwenza. Futhi yaphumelela. Futhi bekuhlala njalo. Kube nokuthula eBougainville kusukela ngo-1998 kuze kube manje. Ukulwa akuqalanga kabusha. Imayini ayikavulwa futhi. Umhlaba wawungaludingi ngempela ithusi. Umzabalazo wawungazidingi ngempela izibhamu. Akekho owayedinga “ukunqoba” impi.