NguDavid Swanson, World Beyond War
Muva nje ngiphikisene noprofesa osekela impi mayelana nesihloko esithi "Ngabe impi iyadingeka?" (ividiyo). Ngiphikisana ngokuqeda impi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi abantu bathanda ukubona impumelelo ngaphambi kokwenza okuthile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenzeka kanjani lokho, nginike izibonelo zezinye izikhungo eziye zaqedwa esikhathini esidlule. Omunye angase afake imikhuba enjengokuzinikela komuntu, isithembu, ukubulawa kwamanye amazwe, ukuhlolwa kwesilingo, ukuhlukunyezwa kwegazi, ukukhishwa kwesigwebo, noma isigwebo sokufa ohlwini lwezinhlangano zabantu eziye zaqedwa ikakhulukazi kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba noma abantu okungenani beza ukuqonda kungaqedwa.
Yiqiniso, isibonelo esibalulekile ubugqila. Kodwa lapho ngithi ubugqila bebuqedile, umphikisana wami washesha wamemezela ukuthi kunezigqila eziningi emhlabeni namuhla kunanoma yiziphi izishoshovu zobuwula ezazicabanga ukuthi ziqeda ubugqila. Le factoid ephawulekayo yayisho isifundo kimi: Ungazami ukuthuthukisa umhlaba. Ngeke kwenziwe. Empeleni, kungase kube okungafani nokukhiqiza.
Kepha ake sihlole lesi simangalo imizuzu engu-2 edingekayo ukusenqaba. Ake siyibheke emhlabeni wonke bese sigxila ngokungenakugwemeka kwe-US.
Emhlabeni jikelele, bekunabantu ababalelwa ezigidini ezi-1 emhlabeni ngonyaka we-1800 ngenkathi inhlangano yokuqedwa isuka. Kubo, okungenani amakota amathathu noma abantu abayizigidi ezingama-750 babesebugqilini noma serfdom yohlobo oluthile. Lesi sibalo ngisithatha kokuhle kakhulu kuka-Adam Hochschild Ngcwaba izinkambo, kepha kufanele uzizwe ukhululekile ukuyilungisa kakhulu ngaphandle kokushintsha iphuzu engiholela kulo. Ababhubhisi banamuhla bathi, ngabantu abangu-7.3 billion emhlabeni, esikhundleni sokuthi kube khona abantu abayizigidigidi ezingama-5.5 abahlupheka ebugqilini umuntu angalindela, kukhona 21 abayizigidi ezingu (noma ngibonile izimangalo eziphakeme njengezigidi ezingama-27 noma ezingama-29). Lokho iqiniso elinyantisayo ngakunye kwalabo bantu abayizigidi ezingama-21 noma ezingama-29. Kodwa ingabe ngempela kufakazela ubuze bokuba nesishoshovu? Noma ngabe ukushintshwa kusuka kuma-75% omhlaba ebugqilini kuya ku-0.3% kubalulekile? Uma ukusuka ezigidini ezingama-750 kuya kweziyizigidi ezingama-21 ukugqilazwa kungagculisi, yini okufanele siyenze ukusuka ezigidini ezingama-250 kuye kwezi-7.3 Izigidigidi abantu abahlala inkululeko?
E-United States, ngokweCensus Bureau, bekunabantu abayizigidi ezi-5.3 ngonyaka we-1800. Kubo, abayizigidi ezingama-0.89 babegqilazwe. Ngo-1850, kwakukhona abantu abayizigidi ezingama-23.2 e-US okwakugqilazwe kubo izigidi ezingama-3.2, inani elikhulu kakhulu kepha amaphesenti amancane ngokubonakalayo. Ngo-1860, kwakukhona abantu abayizigidi ezingama-31.4 okwathi izigidi zabo ezi-4 zenziwa izigqila - futhi isibalo esiphakeme, kepha amaphesenti amancane. Manje kunabantu abayizigidi ezingama-325 e-United States, okucatshangwa ukuthi 60,000 zigqilaziwe (Ngizofaka izigidi ezingu-2.2 kuleso sibalo ukuze kufakwe nalabo ababoshiwe). Njengoba izigidi ezingu-2.3 zigqilaziwe noma ziboshiwe e-United States ngezigidi ezingu-325, sibheka inombolo enkulu kunaleyo ye-1800 nakuba incane kune-1850, namaphesenti amancane kakhulu. Ku-1800, i-United States yayingu-16.8% ebugqilaziwe. Manje yi-0.7% ebugqila noma eboshiwe.
Izinombolo ezingenamagama akufanele kucatshangwe ukuthi zinciphise ukwethuka kwalabo okwamanje abahlushwa ubugqila noma ukuboshwa. Kepha futhi akufanele yehlise injabulo yalabo abangakagqilazwa okungenzeka ukuthi babeyizigqila. Futhi labo okungenzeka babekhona kuphakeme kakhulu kunenombolo ebalwe umzuzu owodwa we-tuli ngesikhathi. Ngo-1800, lezo zigqila azizange ziphile isikhathi eside futhi zashintshwa ngokushesha yizisulu ezintsha ezazingeniswe zivela e-Afrika. Ngakho-ke, yize besingalindela, ngokususelwa esimweni sezinto ngonyaka we-1800, ukubona abantu abayizigidi ezingama-54.6 e-United States begqilazwe namuhla, iningi labo lisemasimini anonya, kufanele futhi sicabangele ezinye izigidigidi esizobona zigobhoza Ukusuka e-Afrika ukuthatha indawo yalabo bantu njengoba babhubha - ngabe ababhubhisi abaze baphikisane nabaphikisi beminyaka yabo.
Ngakho-ke, nginephutha yini ukusho ukuthi ubugqila buqediwe? Ihlala ezingeni elincane, futhi kufanele senze konke okusemandleni ethu ukukuqeda ngokuphelele - okuyinto engenzeka nakanjani. Kepha ubugqila buqediwe impela futhi buqediwe njengesimo sezomthetho, semvume, esamukelekayo, ngaphandle kokuboshwa kwabantu abaningi.
Ingabe umphikisi wami ophikisanayo uyiphutha ukusho ukuthi kunabantu abaningi ebugqilini manje kunokuba bekungaba khona? Yebo, eqinisile, uphambene nakakhulu uma sikhetha ukucabangela iqiniso elibalulekile ukuthi abantu abaningi banda ngokuphawulekayo.
Incwadi entsha ebizwa Isizathu Sesigqila I-Manisha Sinha inkulu ngokwanele ukuqeda izikhungo ezihlukahlukene uma ihlehlisele kubo kusukela ekuphakameni okuphawulekayo, kodwa akukho khasi elichithekayo. Lena yimbhalo yokunyakaza kokubhubhisa e-United States (kanye nezithonya ezithile zaseBrithani) kusukela emsuka wayo ngokusebenzisa iMpi Yomphakathi yase-US. Okokuqala, abaningi, abangishaya ngokufunda ngalesi saga esiyigugu ukuthi kwakungeyona nje kuphela ezinye izizwe ezahluleka ukuqeda ubugqila ngaphandle kokulwa nezimpi zombango ezibulalayo; kwakungewona nje umuzi waseWashington, DC, owawuveza indlela ehlukile yokuthola inkululeko. I-North North yaqala ngobugqila. INyakatho yaqeda ubugqila ngaphandle kwempi yombango.
Inyakatho ye-US ithi phakathi neminyaka yokuqala ye-8 yaleli zwe yabona wonke amathuluzi okungazenzi ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi afinyelele ukuzuza kokuqedwa kanye nokunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi okwathi ngezikhathi ezithile kwafanekisela ukunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi okuzobe sekubambezeleka eNingizimu kuze kube yikhulu leminyaka emva ukhetho oluyinhlekelele lokuya empini. Njengoba ubugqila bephela ku-1772 e-England naseWales, i-republic emele yeVermont ivinjelwe ingxenye yobugqila ku-1777. I-Pennsylvania idlulise kancane kancane ku-1780 (kuthathwe kuze kube yi-1847). E-1783 Massachusetts kwakhulula bonke abantu ebugqilini naseNew Hampshire baqala ukuqedwa kancane kancane, njengoba kwenza eCoronto naseRhodde Island ngonyaka ozayo. Ku-1799 New York kudlulile kancane kancane kancane (kuthathwe kuze kufike ku-1827). I-Ohio yaqeda ubugqila ku-1802. I-New Jersey yaqala ukuqedwa ku-1804 futhi ayiqedwanga ku-1865. Ku-1843 Rhode Island kuqedile ukuqedwa. E-1845 Illinois kwakhulula abantu bokugcina lapho ebugqilini, njengoba kwenza ePennsylvania eminyakeni emibili kamuva. I-Connecticut iphelile ukuqedwa ku-1848.
Iziphi izifundo esingasithola emlandweni wokunyakaza okuqhubekayo ukuqeda ubugqila? Kwaholwa, ephefumulelwe, futhi yaqhutshwa yilabo abahlupheka ngaphansi nalabo ababalekile ebugqilini. Impi yokuqeda impi idinga ubuholi balabo abahlukunyezwa yimpi. Inhlangano yokubhujiswa kokugqilaza isebenzisa imfundo, ukuziphatha, ukuphikiswa okungekho emthethweni, izikhwama zomthetho, i-boycotts kanye nomthetho. Yakha ama-coalitions. Yasebenza emhlabeni wonke. Futhi ukuphendukela kwalo kobudlova (okwafika noMthetho Wezigqila Zababaleki futhi kwaholela eMpini Yombango) kwakungadingekile futhi kwalimaza. Impi akenzanga qeda ubugqila. Ukunqikaza kwabaqedi bokuyekethisa kwabagcina bezimele kwezepolitiki ezizimele, ezinemigomo, futhi ezithandwayo, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi kwavala ezinye izindlela ezingaphambili (njengokukhululwa kwenkululeko). Bemukele ukwanda entshonalanga kanye nawo wonke umuntu, enyakatho naseningizimu. Ukuyekethisa okwenziwe eCongress kwaveza imigqa phakathi kwenyakatho naseningizimu eqinisa ukwehlukana.
Abolitionists babengathandwa ekuqaleni noma yonke indawo, kepha babezimisele ukubeka engozini ukulimala noma ukufa ngenxa yalokho okulungile. Baphikisana nenqubo "engenakugwemeka" ngombono ohambisanayo wokuziphatha obuphikisana nobugqila, ubungxowankulu, ubulili, ubandlululo, impi, nakho konke ukungabi nabulungisa. Babone kusengaphambili umhlaba ongcono, hhayi izwe lamanje elinoshintsho olulodwa. Bakhombe ukunqoba futhi baqhubekela phambili, njengoba nje lezo zizwe eziqede amasosha abo zingasetshenziswa namuhla njengezibonelo zabanye. Benza izimfuno ezingaphelele kepha bazipenda njengezinyathelo zokuqedwa ngokuphelele. Basebenzisa ubuciko nokuzijabulisa. Bazenzele imidiya yabo. Bazamile (njengokuthuthela e-Afrika) kepha lapho izivivinyo zabo zehluleka, abakaze bayeke.
