Kusukela ekwethulweni kwencwadi kaTunander ethi "The Swedish submarine war" ngo-2019, e-NUPI no (kusuka kwesobunxele) u-Ola Tunander, uPernille Rieker, uSverre Lodgaard noVegard Valther Hansen. (Isithombe: John Y. Jones)
NguMcwaningi uProfesa Emeritus e-Prio, U-Ola Tunander, Izikhathi Zanamuhla, Ny Tid, Isengezo se-Whistleblower, Mashi 6, 2021
Abaphenyi abangabaza ukuba semthethweni kwezimpi zase-US, kubukeka sengathi bayakuzwa ukukhishwa ezikhundleni zabo ezikhungweni zocwaningo nezabezindaba. Isibonelo esivezwe lapha sivela ku-Institute for Peace Research e-Oslo (PRIO), okuyisikhungo ngokomlando esike saba nabacwaningi abagxeka izimpi zobudlova - futhi abangabizwa ngokuthi bangabangani bezikhali zenuzi.
Umcwaningi kuthiwa ufuna ukubhekelela kanye neqiniso. Kepha ufunda ukukhetha izihloko zabo zocwaningo futhi afinyelele eziphethweni ngokuya ngalokho okulindelwe iziphathimandla nabaphathi, futhi lokhu noma ngabe inkululeko yezemfundo ihlanganisiwe eNorway "ngenkululeko yokuziveza obala", "inkululeko yokukhuthaza imibono emisha ”kanye“ nenkululeko yokukhetha indlela nezinto ezibonakalayo ». Enkulumweni yanamuhla yomphakathi, inkululeko yokukhuluma ibonakala yehliselwa elungelweni lokucasula ubuzwe noma inkolo yabanye abantu.
Kepha inkululeko yokukhuluma kufanele ibe ngelungelo lokuhlolisisa amandla nomphakathi. Isipiliyoni sami ukuthi ithuba lokuveza ngokukhululeka njengomcwaningi selinciphile kakhulu eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Sigcine kanjani lapha?
Le yindaba yami njengomcwaningi. Cishe iminyaka engama-30 ngisebenza e-Peace Research Institute Oslo (I-PRIO), kusuka ngo-1987 kuya ku-2017. Ngaba ngumcwaningi omkhulu ngemuva kokuphothula izifundo zami zobudokotela ngo-1989 futhi ngahola uhlelo lwe-Institute for policy and foreign policy. Ngithole ubuprofesa ngo-2000 futhi ngabhala futhi ngahlela izincwadi eziningi ezikhuluma ngezombusazwe nezinqubomgomo zokuphepha.
Ngemuva kwempi yaseLibya ngo-2011, ngabhala incwadi ngesiSwidi ngale mpi, mayelana nokuthi izindiza zamabhomu zaseNtshonalanga zazihlanganisa kanjani ukusebenza namavukelambuso amaSulumane kanye namabutho asuka eQatar ngenhloso yokunqoba ibutho laseLibya. (Ngabhala enye incwadi ngeMpi yaseLibya ngesiNorway, eyashicilelwa ngo-2018.) Amazwe aseNtshonalanga ahlanganiswa namaSulumane amakhulu, njengase-Afghanistan ngawo-1980. ELibya, amaSulumane enza ukuhlanzwa kobuhlanga kwabantu abamnyama base-Afrika futhi benza ubugebengu bezempi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abezindaba bathi uMuammar Gaddafi waqhumisa ngamabhomu izakhamizi futhi wahlela ukubulawa kwabantu eBenghazi. USenator waseMelika uJohn McCain kanye noNobhala Wombuso uHillary Clinton bakhulume "ngeRwanda entsha". Namuhla siyazi ukuthi lokhu bekungulwazi olungelona iqiniso noma kunalokho kungukungaziwa. Embikweni okhethekile osuka ku-2016, iBritish House of Commons 'Foreign Affairs Committee yazichitha zonke izinsolo zodlame lwamabutho kahulumeni kubantu kanye nezinsongo zokubulawa kwabantu. Kwakungekho bufakazi balokhu. Impi leyo yaba “yimpi yobudlova”, ngamanye amazwi “amacala amabi kakhulu,” ukucaphuna inkantolo yaseNuremberg.
Ukwethulwa kwencwadi enqatshiwe
Ngisungule incwadi yami yaseSweden eLibya eStockholm ngoDisemba 2012 futhi ngahlela umhlangano ofanayo ePRIO e-Oslo. Uzakwethu uHilde Henriksen Waage wayesanda kwethula incwadi yakhe Ukungqubuzana nepolitiki yamandla amakhulu eMiddle East ngehholo eligcwele phama ePRIO. Ngiwuthandile lo mqondo futhi nginqume ngokubambisana nomqondisi wethu wezokuxhumana kanye nomphathi wami osheshayo ukuba babambe umhlangano ofanayo we-PRIO encwadini yami I-Libyenkrigets geopolitik (I-geopolitics yempi yaseLibya). Sibeka usuku, indawo kanye nefomethi. Owayengumphathi weNorway Intelligence Service, uGeneral Alf Roar Berg, wavuma ukuphawula ngale ncwadi. Wayenolwazi oluvela eMiddle East neminyaka eyishumi yokuhlangenwe nakho evela ezikhundleni eziphezulu emkhakheni wezobunhloli ngawo-1980 nawo-1990. Uzakwabo kaBerg eMelika kwakunguMqondisi weCIA uRobert Gates, okwathi ngo-2011 waba ngunobhala wezokuvikela. Wayevakashele eBerg e-Oslo.
UGates wayegxeka iMpi yaseLibya eyayiphikisana noNobhala Wombuso uHillary Clinton. Wayebeke nokumisa i- Ama-US Africa Command's izingxoxo eziyimpumelelo nohulumeni waseLibya. Wayengafuni izingxoxo, kodwa impi, futhi wenza uMongameli uBarack Obama abambe iqhaza kulokhu. Lapho ebuzwa ukuthi amabutho aseMelika azobamba iqhaza yini, uGates uphendule wathi, "Inqobo nje uma sengikulo msebenzi." Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho wamemezela ukusula kwakhe esikhundleni. U-Alf Roar Berg wayekade egxeka njengoGates.
Kepha ngenkathi umqondisi we-PRIO ngaleso sikhathi, uKristian Berg Harpviken, etshelwa ngomhlangano wami waseLibya, wasabela kakhulu. Waphakamisa ukuthi kube khona "umhlangano wangaphakathi" noma iphaneli "e-Arab Spring", kepha wayengafuni ukuba nomhlangano womphakathi ngale ncwadi. Wayengafuni ukuzihlanganisa nencwadi ebucayi emayelana nempi, kepha okubaluleke kakhulu: wayengafuni nokugxekwa nguNobhala Wezwe uHillary Clinton noma ngamabutho akhe asemhlabeni aseQatar, ayebambe iqhaza elibalulekile empini. UHarpviken ubambe izingxoxo e-PRIO nongqongqoshe wezangaphandle waseQatar. Futhi indoda kaClinton e-Oslo, Inxusa uBarry White, ubekade eyisivakashi emcimbini wokuzalwa wangasese womqondisi we-PRIO.
I-PRIO isungulwe e-United States
I-PRIO ibisungule ne-Peace Research Endowment (PRE) e-United States. Leli bhodi belinomphathi we-Central Command kaMengameli uBill Clinton, uGeneral Anthony Zinni. Uke wahola ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu e-Iraq ngo-1998 (i-Operation Desert Fox). Ngokufana nokubamba isikhundla sebhodi ePRE, wayengusihlalo webhodi e-USA mhlawumbe owakha izikhali okhohlakele kunabo bonke emhlabeni, i-BAE Systems, eyayivele ineminyaka yama-1990s eyayinike izikhulu zaseSaudi ukufumbathisa ngokulandelana kwezigidigidi ezingama-150 zaseNorway kroner ngenani lemali lanamuhla.
Usihlalo wePRE-esungulwe i-PRE kwakunguNobhala Ngaphansi KukaMongameli uClinton Wezempi uJoe Reeder, owayesize ngokuxhasa umkhankaso kaMongameli kaHillary Clinton. Uke wasebenza ebhodini le-US National Defense Industrial Association futhi bese kuyinyanga efanayo naleyo eqala ngayo impi yase-Iraq, ubesebenzela ukuthola izinkontileka e-Iraq. Wayephethe isikhundla esisemthethweni enkampanini yokunxenxa ukuthi ngo-2011 yathengisa impi yamavukelambuso yaseLibya.
Kungabonakala sengathi bekukhona ukuxhumana phakathi kokungafuni kwe-PRIO ukugxeka impi yaseLibya nokunamathiselwa kwe-PRIO kwinethiwekhi yomndeni wakwaClinton yezimboni nezimboni. Kodwa ibhodi le-PRE lalibandakanya nowayengumbusi waseRepublican noxhumana naye kwi-PRIO, uDavid Beasley, manje oyinhloko yeWorld Food Program kanye nowathola umklomelo weNobel Peace Prize ngowezi-2020. Waphakanyiselwa kulesi sikhundla yilowo owayeyinxusa likaMongameli Trump owayengu-UN uNikki Haley, UHillary Clinton, wayesabise ngokulwa “impi yokusiza” elwa neSyria. Noma ngabe iyiphi incazelo, uphenyo lwami ngalezi zimpi lwalungathandwa ubuholi bePRIO.
E-mail yangomhla ziyi-14 kuJanawari 2013, uMqondisi uHarpviken uchaze incwadi yami yaseSweden ngempi yaseLibya "njengenkinga enkulu". Wafuna "indlela yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi" ukuze i-PRIO ikwazi "ukuvimbela amaphutha afanayo" ngokuzayo. Ngenkathi i-PRIO ithola ukuthi incwadi yami yaseLibya ayamukeleki, ngafundisa ngempi yaseLibya engqungqutheleni yaminyaka yonke yeGLOBSEC eBratislava. Ozakwethu kuleso sigungu wayengomunye wabasizi abasondelene kakhulu noNobhala Wezokuvikela uRobert Gates. Phakathi kwababambe iqhaza kwakukhona ongqongqoshe nabeluleki bezinqubomgomo zokuphepha, njengoZbigniew Brzezinski.
Ukusabalalisa impi eMiddle East nase-Afrika
Namuhla siyazi ukuthi impi yango-2011 yachitha iLibya emashumini eminyaka ezayo. Izikhali zombuso waseLibya zasatshalaliswa kumaSulumane anamandla kulo lonke elaseMpumalanga Ephakathi naseNyakatho Afrika. Imicibisholo engaphezulu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi yasemoyeni yokudubula ibhanoyi yaphelela ezandleni zamaphekula ahlukahlukene. Amakhulu amasosha ayehlomile nenani elikhulu lezikhali adluliswa esuka eBenghazi aya e-Aleppo eSyria kwaba nemiphumela emibi. Izimpi zombango ezikula mazwe, eLibya, eMali naseSyria, zaziwumphumela oqondile wokubhujiswa kombuso waseLibya.
Umeluleki kaHillary Clinton uSidney Blumenthal ubhale ukuthi ukunqoba eLibya kungavula indlela yokunqoba eSyria, kube sengathi lezi zimpi ziwukuqhubeka nje kwezimpi ezaziqala nge-Iraq futhi ezizoqhubeka neLibya, iSyria, iLebanon futhi ziphele nge I-Iran. Impi elwa neLibya iphinde yagqugquzela amazwe afana neNorth Korea ukuthi aqinise intshisekelo yawo ngezikhali zenuzi. ILibya yayiqedile uhlelo lwayo lwezikhali zenuzi ngo-2003 iphikisana neziqinisekiso ezivela eMelika naseBrithani zokungazihlaseli. Akukaze kube kuncane, bahlasela. INorth Korea yabona ukuthi iziqinisekiso ze-US-Britain azinalutho. Ngamanye amagama, iMpi yaseLibya yaba yimbangi yokuqhuba ukwanda kwezikhali zenuzi.
Umuntu angabuza ukuthi kungani i-PRIO, nezazi ezazigxeka umlando wazo zonke izimpi zobudlova futhi ezazingezona ezabangane abaseduze bezikhali zenuzi, manje zifuna ukumisa ukuhlaziywa kwempi enjalo futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuzihlanganisa ingxenye enenkinga ngokwengeziwe yezakhiwo zezempi nezimboni?
Kepha lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungakhombisa ukulungiswa okujwayelekile ngaphakathi komphakathi ocwaningayo. Izikhungo zokucwaninga kumele zixhaswe, futhi kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000, abacwaningi kuye kwadingeka ukuthi bathole imali yabo. Ngemuva kwalokho bekufanele bavumelanise ucwaningo neziphetho zabo kuziphathimandla zezezimali. Ngesikhathi sokudla kwasekuseni kwe-PRIO, bekubonakala kubaluleke kakhulu ukuxoxa ngokuthi uxhasa kanjani amaphrojekthi kunokuxoxa ngezinkinga zangempela zocwaningo.
Kepha ngikholwa nokuthi kunezinye, ikakhulukazi, izizathu zenguquko enkulu ye-PRIO.
“Impi Nje”
Okokuqala, i-PRIO kule minyaka eyishumi edlule ibilokhu ihileleke kakhulu odabeni lwe "mpi nje", lapho i- Ijenali Yokuziphatha Kwezempi maphakathi. Iphephabhuku lihlelwe nguHenrik Syse noGreg Reichberg (naye owayehleli ebhodini le-PRE). Ukucabanga kwabo kusekelwe emcabangweni kaThomas Aquinas othi “impi nje,” umqondo obalulekile futhi enkulumweni eyamukelwa nguMongameli Barack Obama yeNobel Peace Prize yenkulumo ka-2009.
Kepha yonke impi ifuna ukugunyazwa "kobuntu". Ngo-2003, kwathiwa i-Iraq yayinezikhali zokubulala. NaseLibya ngo-2011, kwathiwa uMuammar Gaddafi wasabisa ngokuqothulwa kohlanga eBenghazi. Kepha zombili beziyizibonelo zolwazi olubi kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yempi ngokwemvelo ayinakwenzeka ukuyibikezela. Igama elithi "impi nje" lisetshenziswe kusukela ngonyaka ka-2000 ukugunyaza izimpi eziningana zodlame. Kuzo zonke izimo, lokhu kube nemiphumela eyinhlekelele.
Ku-1997, umqondisi we-PRIO ngaleso sikhathi uDan Smith wangibuza ukuthi kufanele yini siqashe uHenrik Syse, iphrofayili eyaziwayo yaseNorway. Ngangimazi umphathi kaSyse ngeziqu zakhe zobudokotela, futhi ngikubheka njengomqondo omuhle lowo. Bengicabanga ukuthi uSyse anganikeza ububanzi obukhulu ku-PRIO. Ngangingazi ngaleso sikhathi, ukuthi lokhu, kanye namaphuzu engiwaphikisayo ngezansi, kuzogcina kukhiphe noma iyiphi intshisekelo ku-realpolitik, ukuvalelwa kwezempi kanye nokuvezwa kobudlova bezempi nezombusazwe.
"Ukuthula kwentando yeningi"
Okwesibili, abacwaningi be-PRIO baxhumeke ku- Journal of Research Research yayisungule ithisisi ethi "ukuthula kwentando yeningi". Bakholelwa ukuthi bangakhombisa ukuthi amazwe entando yeningi awalwi wodwa. Kodwa-ke, kwacaca ukuthi bekungumhlaseli, i-United States, ukuthi ichaze ukuthi ngubani ongumbuso wentando yeningi noma cha, njengeSerbia. Mhlawumbe i-United States yayingeyona intando yeningi uqobo lwayo. Mhlawumbe ezinye izimpikiswano lapho zivelele kakhulu, njengezibopho zezomnotho.
Kepha kulabo abasanda kuziphatha, i-thesis "yokuthula ngentando yeningi" yeza ngokusemthethweni noma iyiphi impi yobudlova. Impi elwa ne-Iraq noma iLibya "ingavula intando yeningi" futhi ngaleyo ndlela kube nokuthula esikhathini esizayo, kusho bona. Futhi, umcwaningi oyedwa noma omunye e-PRIO wasekela lo mbono. Kubo, umqondo "wempi nje" ubuyahambisana nomqondo "wokuthula ngentando yeningi", okwenze ukuthi kuholele kumqondo wokuthi iNtshonalanga kufanele ivunyelwe ilungelo lokungenelela emazweni angewona awaseNtshonalanga.
Ukwehliswa kwemvelo
Okwesithathu, abasebenzi abaningana be-PRIO bathonywe yisazi saseMelika uGene Sharp. Usebenzele ukuguqulwa kombuso ngokugqugquzela imibhikisho eminingi ukuketula "ubushiqela". "Ukuguqulwa kombala" okunjalo kwakusekelwa yi-United States futhi kwakuyindlela yokudambisa izinhloso ebhekiswe ikakhulu emazweni ahlangene neMoscow noma iBeijing. Abazange bacabangele ukuthi lokhu kuncishiswa kungadala izingxabano zomhlaba wonke kangakanani. USharp ngesinye isikhathi wayeyintandokazi yabaholi be-PRIO yeNobel Peace Prize.
Umbono kaSharp oyisisekelo ukuthi lapho umashiqela nabantu bakhe bexoshiwe, umnyango wentando yeningi uzovuleka. Kwavela ukuthi lokhu kwakulula kakhulu. E-Egypt, imibono kaSharp kuthiwa yadlala indima ku-Arab Spring kanye naku-Muslim Brotherhood. Kepha ukuthatha kwabo kuthuthukise le nkinga. ELibya naseSyria, kwathiwa ababhikishi abanokuthula babephikisana nodlame lobushiqela. Kodwa laba babhikishi "babesekelwa" kusukela osukwini lokuqala ngodlame lwamasosha lwabavukeli abangamaSulumane. Ukwesekwa kwabezindaba ngalokhu kuvukela akukaze kubhekwane nezikhungo ezinjenge-PRIO, ezaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu.
Ingqungquthela yaminyaka yonke yePRIO
Okwesine, ukubamba iqhaza kwe-PRIO ezingqungqutheleni zocwaningo lokuthula zamazwe omhlaba kanye nezingqungquthela ze-Pugwash kuma-1980s naku-1990s kuthathelwe indawo ukubamba iqhaza ikakhulukazi ezingqungqutheleni zesayensi yezepolitiki yase-US. Ingqungquthela enkulu, yaminyaka yonke ye-PRIO njengamanje yi- Isivumelwano se-International Studies Association (ISA), ebanjwa minyaka yonke e-United States noma eCanada enabahlanganyeli abangaphezu kwe-6,000 - ikakhulukazi abavela e-United States, kodwa futhi abavela e-Europe nakwamanye amazwe. Umongameli we-ISA ukhethelwa unyaka owodwa futhi ubengowaseMelika kusukela ngo-1959 ngaphandle kokumbalwa: Ngo-2008–2009, uNils Petter Gleditsch we-PRIO wayengumongameli.
Abaphenyi e-PRIO baphinde bahlotshaniswa namanyuvesi nezikhungo zocwaningo e-United States, njenge Brookings Institution kanye ne Jamestown Foundation (esungulwe e
Ngo-1984 ngokusekelwa nguMqondisi ngaleso sikhathi we-CIA uWilliam Casey). IPRIO isibe “iMelika” ngokuya ngabacwaningi abaningi baseMelika. Ngingathanda ukungeza ukuthi iNorway Institute of International Affairs ( I-NUPI ), ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungaphezulu kwe- «Yurophu».
Ukusuka eVietnam kuya e-Afghanistan
Okwesihlanu, ukuthuthukiswa ku-PRIO kungumbuzo wokwehluka kokukhiqiza. Ngenkathi isizukulwane sami sithola ama-coups nokuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eVietnam kanye ne-Vietnams kanye nokubulawa kwezigidi zabantu, ubuholi obalandela be-PRIO babonakaliswa yimpi yaseSoviet e-Afghanistan kanye nokwesekwa yi-US ngabavukeli abangamaSulumane ekulweni neSoviet Union . Ngasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, umqondisi wakamuva wePRIO uKristian Berg Harpviken wayekade engumholi weKomidi laseNorway Afghanistan ePeshawar (ePakistan ngaseAfghanistan), lapho izinhlangano zosizo ngeminyaka yama-1970 zazihlala ngokubambisana nezinsizakalo zezobunhloli kanye namaSulumane aqatha.
UHillary Clinton wathi ngonyaka ka-2008 ukuthi kwakukhona ukuvumelana kwezepolitiki e-United States ngawo-1980 ngokuxhasa amaSulumane anamandla - njengoba nje ayesekela amaSulumane eLibya ngo-2011. Kodwa ngawo-1980, kwakungaziwa ukuthi iMelika ne i-CIA yayisemuva kwempi e-Afghanistan ngokuxhasa kwabo ukuvukela umbuso ngoJulayi 1979, ngenhloso yokukhohlisa abaseSoviet ukuthi basekele umlingani wabo eKabul. Ngale ndlela i-United States "yaba nethuba lokunikeza iSoviet Union impi yayo yaseVietnam", ukucaphuna umeluleki kaMongameli uCarter wezokuphepha uZbigniew Brzezinski (bheka futhi noNgqongqoshe Wezokuvikela uRobert Gates kamuva). UBrzezinski naye wayephethe lo msebenzi. Ngawo-1980, kwakungaziwa nokuthi bonke ubuholi bezempi baseSoviet babephikisana nempi.
Esizukulwaneni esisha ePRIO, i-United States kanye namavukelambuso amaSulumane babonwa njengabalingani ekulweni noMoscow.
Amaqiniso wamandla
Ngabhala iziqu zami zobudokotela ngawo-1980 nge-US Maritime Strategy nasenyakatho ye-Europe geopolitics. Yashicilelwa njengencwadi ngo-1989 futhi yayikwikharikhulamu e-US Naval War College. Ngamafuphi nje, ngangiyisifundiswa esasibona “amandla angempela.” Kepha ngokujwayelekile, ngibonile vele ekuqaleni kwawo-1980 ithuba lokuthola phakathi kwamabhulashi amakhulu kaWilly Brandt, futhi kamuva no-Olof Palme eSweden. Ngemuva kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi, saxoxisana nabonxiwankulu mayelana nokuthola isisombululo sokwehlukana kwempumalanga nentshonalanga e-High North. Lokhu kwaholela kulokho okwaba ukubambisana kwesifunda saseBarents.
Ngo-1994, ngahlela ngokubambisana incwadi yesiNgisi enesihloko esithi Isifunda SaseBarents, ngeminikelo evela kubaphenyi kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle waseNorway uJohan Jørgen Holst nozakwabo waseRussia u-Andrei Kosyrev - ngesandulela sikaNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle uThorvald Stoltenberg. Ngiphinde ngabhala futhi ngahlela izincwadi ngenqubomgomo yezentuthuko nezokuphepha yaseYurophu, ngaya nasezingqungqutheleni ngafundisa umhlaba wonke.
Incwadi yami ye-European geopolitics ngo-1997 yayikusifundo se-Oxford University. Ngabamba iqhaza njengongoti wezomphakathi ophenyweni olusemthethweni lwasemanzini lwaseSweden ngo-2001, kwathi ngemuva kwezincwadi zami zemikhumbi yokusebenza ngemikhumbi ngo-2001 nango-2004, umsebenzi wami wabamba iqhaza elibalulekile embikweni osemthethweni waseDenmark IDenmark phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi (2005). Kubhekiswe ezincwadini zami nasemibhalweni yesazi-mlando esiyinhloko seCIA uBenjamin Fischer, njengeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni uhlelo lukaMongameli Reagan lokusebenza kwengqondo.
Incwadi yami entsha yangaphansi kolwandle (2019) yethulwe ngoFebhuwari 2020 kwa-NUPI, hhayi e-PRIO, ngamazwana avela kowayengumqondisi kuzo zombili izikhungo, uSverre Lodgaard.
Inhloko engenzeka yocwaningo
Ngemuva kokuqokwa kwami njengoProfesa Wocwaningo (Umcwaningi 1, olingana neziqu ezimbili) ngo-2000, ngabhala izincwadi nezindatshana futhi ngahlola izindatshana zeKennedy School of Government eHarvard University naseRoyal United Service Institute. Ngangihlala ekomidini lokweluleka ngephephabhuku eLondon School of Economics nakwibhodi yeNordic International Studies Association. Ngo-2008, ngafaka isicelo sesikhundla esisha njengomqondisi wocwaningo kwa-NUPI. UMqondisi uJan Egeland wayengenazo iziqu zemfundo ezidingekayo. Kwaqokwa ikomidi lamazwe omhlaba ukuthi lihlole abafake izicelo. Kutholakale ukuthi bathathu kuphela abafanelekela lesi sikhundla: umcwaningi waseBelgium, u-Iver B. Neumann weNUPI, nami. Ekugcineni uNeumann wathola lesi sikhundla - njengomunye wabafundi abafaneleke kakhulu emhlabeni ngaphakathi kwe- "Theory Relations Theory".
Okuxakayo ukuthi ngenkathi ngivivinywa njengakufanelekela ukuhola lonke ucwaningo eNorway Institute of International Affairs, umqondisi wami kwaPRIO wayefuna ukungiphoqa ukuthi ngibe “ngumphathi wezifundo”. Okuhlangenwe nakho okufana nalokhu kungenzeka kuvimbele abantu abaningi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomsebenzi obucayi.
Ukucwaninga kungumsebenzi oqaphile. Abaphenyi bavame ukuthuthukisa imibhalo yabo yesandla ngokusekelwe kumazwana avela kozakwabo abaqeqeshiwe. Umbhalo wesandla ubese uthunyelwa kumagazini wezemfundo noma kumshicileli, ovumela onompempe babo abangaziwa ukuthi benqabe noma bavume umnikelo ("ngokubuyekezwa kontanga"). Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga umsebenzi owengeziwe. Kepha le nkambiso ecokeme yezifundo ibinganele abaphathi bePRIO. Babefuna ukubheka konke engikubhalile.
I-athikili ku-Modern Times (Ny Tid)
NgoJanuwari 26, 2013, ngabizelwa ehhovisi lomqondisi ngemuva kokuphikisana neSyria ngokushicilelwa ephephandabeni laseNorway i-Ny Tid (Modern Times). Ngangikade ngicaphune iSithunywa Esikhethekile se-UN eSyria, uRobert Mood, kanye nalowo owayenguNobhala-Jikelele we-UN uKofi Annan, ababethe amalungu amahlanu oMkhandlu Wezokuphepha avumelane "ngokuhlalisana kwezepolitiki eSyria" ngoJuni 5, 30, kodwa izifundazwe zaseNtshonalanga zazilimaze “emhlanganweni owalandela” eNew York. Nge-PRIO, ukubacaphuna kwami kwakungamukelekile.
Ngo-14 Febhuwari 2013, i-PRIO yangicela nge-imeyili ukuthi ngamukele “izindlela zokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi [ezi] phathelene nakho konke ukushicilelwa, kufaka phakathi imibhalo emifushane efana ne- up-eds [sic]”. Ngangizonikezwa umuntu owayezobheka amaphepha ami ezifundo kanye nama-op-ed ngaphambi kokukhishwa endlini. Kwakungenxa yokwakha isikhundla sokuba "isikhulu sezepolitiki". Kumelwe ngivume ukuthi ngaqala ukuba nenkinga yokulala.
Nokho, ngathola ukwesekwa koprofesa emazweni amaningana. Inyunyana yabasebenzi baseNorway (NTL) ithe akunakwenzeka ukuthi kube nomthetho okhethekile womsebenzi oyedwa kuphela. Kepha lokhu kuzibophezela ekulawuleni konke engikubhalile, bekunamandla kangangokuba kungachazwa kuphela yingcindezi evela kwabaseMelika. Oqokelwe isikhundla sokuba nguMeluleki Wezokuphepha Kuzwelonke kuMongameli Ronald Reagan, ngokungangabazi, ungazise ukuthi engikubhalile "kuzoba nemiphumela" kimi.
Isikhathi esalandela, kwavela kwaba yinqaba. Noma nini lapho ngangizonikeza inkulumo yezikhungo zenqubomgomo yezokuphepha, lezi zikhungo zazithintwa ngokushesha ngabantu abathile abafuna ukumisa le nkulumo. Ngifunde ukuthi uma uphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokufaneleka kwezimpi zase-US, uzocindezelwa ngaphandle kwezikhungo zocwaningo nezabezindaba. Intatheli yaseMelika edume kakhulu ebucayi uSeymour Hersh waxoshwa I-New York Times bese kuphuma The New Yorker. Imibhalo yakhe ephathelene nokubulawa kwabantu ngeMy Lai (Vietnam, 1968) kanye no-Abu Ghraib (Iraq, 2004) yaba nomthelela omkhulu e-United States. Kepha uHersh akasakwazi ukushicilela ezweni lakubo (bheka udaba olwedlule lwe-Modern Times nalesi sengezo se-Whistleblower ikhasi 26). UGlenn Greenwald, obesebenza no-Edward Snowden futhi owasungula ngokubambisana I-Intercept, wabuye wakhishwa kumagazini wakhe ngo-Okthoba 2020 ngemuva kokuhlolwa.
Ukwesekwa kwezinyunyana
Ngathola isikhundla unomphela ePRIO ngo-1988. Ukuba nesikhundla unomphela nokusekelwa yinyunyana cishe yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kunoma yimuphi umcwaningi ofuna ukugcina izinga elithile lenkululeko yokufunda. Ngokuya ngemithetho ye-PRIO, bonke abacwaningi banayo «inkululeko ephelele yokuveza imibono». Kepha ngaphandle kwenyunyana engakusekela ngokusongela ngokuya enkantolo, umcwaningi ngamunye akanazwi.
Ngentwasahlobo ka-2015, abaphathi be-PRIO babenqume ukuthi kufanele ngithathe umhlalaphansi. Ngathi lokhu bekungekho kubona nokuthi kufanele ngikhulume nenyunyana yami, i-NTL. Isikhulu sami esiseduze bese siphendula ngokuthi akubalulekile ukuthi inyunyana ithini. Isinqumo mayelana nokuthatha kwami umhlalaphansi besivele sithathiwe. Nsuku zonke, inyanga yonke, wayengena ehhovisi lami ezodingida ngokuthatha kwami umhlalaphansi. Ngabona ukuthi lokhu ngeke kwenzeke.
Ngikhulume nalowo owayengusihlalo webhodi le-PRIO, uBernt Bull. Uthe “akumele ucabange nokuhlangana nabaphathi wedwa. Kufanele ulethe inyunyana nawe ». Ngibonga abamele abambalwa abahlakaniphile be-NTL, abaxoxisana ne-PRIO izinyanga, ngathola isivumelwano ngoNovemba 2015. Saphetha ngokuthi ngizothatha umhlalaphansi ngoMeyi 2016 ukuze ngikwazi ukuqhubeka njengoProfesa uProfesa Emeritus "e-PRIO" ngokufinyelela okugcwele ku " ikhompyutha, ukwesekwa yi-IT, i-imeyili kanye nokufinyelela kumtapo wezincwadi njengoba abanye abacwaningi benakho ePRIO ”.
Mayelana nokuthatha kwami umhlalaphansi, umhlangano othi «Ubukhosi, amaSubs kanye nePSYOP» wahlelwa ngoMeyi 2016 e-Oslo. Isivumelwano sethu besinginikeze ukufinyelela emahhovisi noma sengithathe umhlalaphansi. Ngesikhathi somhlangano nomqondisi ngomhla ka-31 Mashi 2017, i-NTL yaphakamisa ukuthi inkontileka yesikhala sehhovisi lami yelulwe kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2018, njengoba ngase ngithole imali efanelekile manje. Umqondisi we-PRIO uthe kufanele abonisane nabanye ngaphambi kokuthi athathe isinqumo. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, wabuya ngemuva kokuhambela eWashington ngempelasonto. Uthe ukwengezwa kwenkontileka akwamukelekile. Kungemva kokuba i-NTL iphinde isabise ngokuthathelwa izinyathelo zomthetho, lapho sifinyelele esivumelwaneni.
