Cisha Phansi ECanada Kuze Kuxazululwe Inkinga Yayo Yempi, Amafutha, Nobuhlanga

NguDavid Swanson, uMqondisi oPhethe World BEYOND War

Abantu bomdabu eCanada banikeza umhlaba ukubonakaliswa kwamandla esenzo sokungaphili. Ukulunga kwezimbangela zabo - ukuvikela umhlaba kulabo abazowubhubhisa ngenzuzo yesikhashana kanye nokuqedwa kwesimo sezulu esivumelekile emhlabeni - kuhlangene nesibindi sabo kanye nokungabi bikho kwengxenye yabo yonya noma inzondo, inamandla okudala ukunyakaza okukhudlwana, okuyisikhiye sempumelelo.

Lokhu kuwukubonakaliswa kokunye okuhlukile kunendlela ephakeme kunempi, hhayi ngoba izikhali zempi zamaphoyisa aseCanada amabutho angahlulwa ukumelana kwabantu abangakaze banqotshwe noma banikele, kepha futhi ngoba uhulumeni waseCanada angakufeza. izinhloso zayo emhlabeni obanzi kangcono ngokulandela indlela efanayo, ngokuyeka ukusetshenziswa kwempi ngenxa yezifiso zokugcina zobuntu kanye nokusebenzisa izindlela zobuntu. Ukungahloniphi kumane kumane maningi amathuba okuphumelela ebudlelwaneni basekhaya nabasemazweni aphesheya kunodlame. Impi akuyona ithuluzi lokuvimbela kepha ukulungiselela amawele akhe afanayo, ukuqothulwa kohlanga.

Kuyiqiniso, abantu bomdabu e "Britenian," emhlabeni jikelele, bakhombisa okunye futhi, kulabo abanakekelayo ukuyibona: indlela yokuphila ngokuzinza emhlabeni, enye indlela yodlame lwasemhlabeni, ekudlwenguleni kanye nokubulala iplanethi - umsebenzi ohlobene kakhulu nokusetshenziswa kodlame olubhekiswe kubantu.

Uhulumeni waseCanada, njengomakhelwane wayo oseningizimu, umlutha ongafinyeleleki enkingeni yokuqothulwa kwamafutha empi. Lapho uDonald Trump ethi udinga amabutho eSyria ukweba uwoyela, noma uJohn Bolton ethi iVenezuela idinga ukuhlangana nokweba uwoyela, kumane kungukuvuma kokuqhubeka komhlaba wonke kokungaze kuphele kokusebenza kokweba iNyakatho Melika.

Bheka ukuhlaselwa kwegesi okuntengantenga komhlaba eCanada, noma udonga olusemngceleni waseMexico, noma ukuhlaselwa kwePalestine, noma ukubhujiswa kweY Yemen, noma impi “ende kunazo zonke” e-Afghanistan (okuyiyo kuphela ende kunazo zonke ngoba izisulu zokuqala zempi yaseNyakatho Melika namanje azithathwa njengabantu bangempela abanezizwe zangempela ezinokubhujiswa kwabo njengezimpi zangempela), futhi ubonani? Ubona izikhali ezifanayo, amathuluzi afanayo, ukubhujiswa okungenangqondo okufanayo nesihluku, kanye nezinzuzo ezifanayo ezinkulu ezigeleza emaphaketheni afanayo wabasizi abafanayo abavela egazini nasekuhluphekeni - izinkampani ezizokwazisa ngemikhiqizo yazo ngokungenamahloni e-Ottawa ngoMeyi.

Inzuzo enkulu kulezi zinsuku ivela ezimpini ezikude ezalwa e-Afrika, Middle East nase-Asia, kepha lezo zimpi ziqhuba ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinkontileka kanye nesipiliyoni samavolontiya empi ahlomisa amaphoyisa ezindaweni ezifana naseNyakatho Melika. Izimpi ezifanayo (zazihlale zilwela “inkululeko,” futhi) thonya isiko ekwamukelweni okukhulu kokwephulwa kwamalungelo ayisisekelo ngegama "ukuphepha kwezwe" kanye neminye imisho engenamqondo. Le nqubo yanda ngokufiphala komugqa phakathi kwempi namaphoyisa, njengoba izimpi ziba imisebenzi engapheli, imicibisholo iba amathuluzi okubulala okungahleliwe, kanye nezishoshovu - izishoshovu ze-antiwar, izishoshovu zokulwa, izishoshovu ze-antigenocide - zihlukaniswa ngabashokobezi nezitha.

Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi impi isezikhathi ezingaphezu kwe-100 ngaphezulu lapho kukhona khona u-oyili noma igesi (futhi nangayiphi indlela engaba khona lapho kunobuphekula noma ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu noma ukusweleka kwezinsiza noma ezinye zezinto abantu abathanda ukuzitshela ukuthi zibangela izimpi) kepha impi namalungiselelo empi ahola abathengi baka-oyili negesi. Akudingeki udlame nje kuphela ukuntshontsha igesi emazweni omdabu, kepha lelo gesi kungenzeka ukuthi lisetshenziswe lapho kwenziwa udlame olubanzi, kanti ngaphezu kwalokho lusiza ekuguquleni isimo sezulu somhlaba esingakufanele empilweni yabantu. Ngenkathi ukuthula nokuthanda imvelo kuvame ukuphathwa njengokuhlukanisayo, futhi impi ishiyelwa kwizivumelwano zemvelo kanye nezingxoxo zezemvelo, impi empeleni umchithi wemvelo oholayo. Ukuqagela ngubani osanda kukhankasela umthethosivivinywa ngokusebenzisa i-US Congress ukuvumela zombili izikhali namapayipi eKhupro? I-Exxon-Mobil.

Ukuqina kwezisulu ezinde kakhulu zombuso wasentshonalanga nalabo abasha kakhulu kungumthombo wamandla amakhulu wobulungiswa emhlabeni.

Kepha ngishilo ngenkinga ye-oyili yokulwa nokuqothulwa kwempi. Ngabe yini le ehlobene nokuqothulwa kohlanga? Hhayi, uhlanga isenzo "esenziwa ngenhloso yokubhubhisa, ngokuphelele noma ingxenye yayo, iqembu lesizwe, elokuziphatha okuhle, lobuhlanga noma lenkolo." Isenzo esinjalo singafaka ukubulala noma ukuthumba noma sobabili noma singekho. Isenzo esinjalo “asinakuba ngokomzimba” alimaze muntu. Kungaba yinoma iyiphi, noma ngaphezulu kweyodwa, kulezi zinto ezinhlanu:

(a) Ukubulala amalungu eqembu;
(b) Ukulimaza kakhulu emzimbeni noma kwengqondo kumalungu eqembu;
(c) Ukuzilimaza ngamabomu ezimweni zeqembu elibalwa ukuletha ukubhujiswa kwalo ngokuphelele noma ngokwengxenye;
(d) ukubeka izindlela ezihlose ukuvikela ukuzalwa eqenjini;
(e) Ukudlulisa ngenkani izingane zeqembu kwelinye iqembu.

Izikhulu eziningi zaseCanada eziphezulu eminyakeni edlule zinayo kushiwo ngokucacile ukuthi inhloso yohlelo lokususa izingane eCanada kwakuwukuqeda amasiko abomdabu, ukususa ngokuphelele “inkinga yaseNdiya.” Ukufakazelwa kobugebengu bokuqothulwa kwabantu akudingi ukuthi isitatimende sihloselwe, kodwa kulokhu, njengaseJalimane lamaNazi, njengasePalestine yanamuhla, futhi ikakhulukazi uma kungewona wonke amacala, akukho ukushoda kwamagama anezinjongo zokuqothulwa kwabantu. Noma kunjalo, okubaluleke ngokomthetho yimiphumela yokuqothulwa kohlanga, futhi yilokho umuntu angakulindela ngokuntshontsha umhlaba wabantu ukuwuthambisa, ukuwubulala ubuthi, ukuwunikeza ungaphazamiseki.

Lapho kwenziwa isivumelwano sokuvalwa kokuqothulwa kobuhlanga ngo-1947, ngasikhathi esifanayo lapho amaNazi esabekwa icala, kanti ngenkathi ososayensi bakahulumeni wase-US bebezama amaGuatemalans nge-syphilis, “othisha” bakahulumeni waseCanada benza "izivivinyo zokudla okunempilo" kumdabu izingane - okusho ukuthi: zibulawa yindlala. Okusalungiswa kwasekuqaleni komthetho omusha kufaka necala lokuqothulwa kosiko. Ngenkathi lokhu kudilizwa lapho kunxuswa iCanada ne-United States, ihlala isesimweni sento ethi “e” ngaphezulu. ICanada ivumile lesi sivumelwano, futhi yize isongele ukuthi izokwengeza ukubhuka ekuvumelaniseni kwayo, ayenzanga lutho. Kepha iCanada ikhiphe umthetho wayo wasekhaya kuphela okufaka u- “a” kanye no- “c” - umane ushiye u- “b,” “d,” no- “e” kuhlu olungenhla, ngaphandle kwesibopho esingokomthetho sokuzibandakanya. Ngisho ne-United States inayo kuhlanganisiwe okushiywe yiCanada.

ICanada kufanele ivaliwe (njengoba kufanele i-United States) ize ibone ukuthi inenkinga futhi iqale ukulungisa izindlela zayo. Futhi noma iCanada yayingadingi ukuvalwa, i-CANSEC izodinga ukuvalwa.

ISANSEC ingesinye sezikhali ezinkulu kakhulu zonyaka ezenziwa eNyakatho Melika. nakhu izichaza kanjani, a uhlu lwabakhombisi, nohlu lwe amalungu eCanada Association of Defense and Security Industries ophethe i-CANSEC.

I-CanSEC idlala indima yaseCanada njenge umthengisi wezikhali omkhulu emhlabeni, nakwesibili okhipha izikhali ezinkulu eMiddle East. Ngokunjalo nokungazi. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 ukuphikiswa kwisandulelo seCANSEC esibizwa nge-ARMX sidale izindaba eziningi kakhulu. Umphumela waba ukuqwashisa komphakathi okusha, okuholele ekuvinjelweni kwemibukiso yezikhali empahleni yedolobha e-Ottawa, nokwathatha iminyaka engama-20.

Igebe elishiywe ukuthula kwabezindaba ngezikhali zaseCanada ezisebenzayo ligcwele izimangalo eziphambanisayo mayelana neqhaza laseCanada njengomgcini wokuthula nomuntu obamba iqhaza ezimpini okuthiwa zenziwa ngabantu, kanye nokucaciswa okungekho emthethweni kwezimpi ezaziwa ngokuthi "umthwalo wokuvikela."

Eqinisweni, iCanada iyimakethi enkulu futhi ithengisa ngezikhali nezingxenye zezikhali, ngamakhasimende ayo amabili aphezulu abe yi-United States ne-Saudi Arabia. I-United States ingumhlaba umakethi oholayo nomthengisi wezikhali, ezinye zazo ezinezikhali zaseCanada. Ababukeli be-CANSEC bafaka izinkampani zezikhali ezivela eCanada, e-United States, e-United Kingdom nakwezinye izindawo.

Kukhona ukuqubuka okuncane phakathi kwezizwe ezicebile ezisebenza ngezikhali nezizwe lapho izimpi zilwiwa khona. Izikhali zaseMelika zivame ukutholakala ezinhlangothini zombili zempi, zinikeza inhlekisa noma iyiphi impikiswano yokuziphatha okuhle kwalezi zikhali.

Iwebhusayithi yakwaSANEC ka-2020 iyaqhosha ngokuthi izitolo zemithombo yezindaba ezingama-44 zasekhaya, kuzwelonke nezakwamanye amazwe bazobe behambele ukugqugquzelwa okukhulu kwezikhali zempi. I-International Co Convention on Civil and Political rights, lapho iCanada ibiyinhlangano khona kusukela ngo-1976, ithi "noma yiziphi izinkulumo-ze zempi ziyonqatshelwa ngumthetho."

Izikhali ezikhonjiswe ku-CANSEC zivame ukusetshenziswa njalo ekwephuleni imithetho elwa nempi, njenge-UN Charter ne-Kellogg-Briand Pact - kaningi ngumakhelwane waseCanada oseningizimu. I-CanSEC ingahle yephule nesitatimende saseRome seNkantolo Yobulelesi Yamazwe Ngamazwe ngokuqhakambisa izenzo zobudlova. nakhu umbiko ezithunyelwa eCanada zithunyelwa e-United States ngezikhali ezisetshenziswa empini yezobugebengu eqale ngo-2003 e-Iraq. nakhu umbiko ngokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zempi eCanada.

Izikhali ezakhonjiswa ku-CANSEC azisetshenziswa nje kuphela ekwephuleni imithetho elwa nempi kepha futhi zephula nemithetho eminingi okuthiwa yempi, okusho lapho kukhomishini yezenzo zobudlova obukhulu kakhulu, kanye nokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu ababhekene nezisulu kohulumeni abacindezelayo. ECanada uthengisa izikhali ohulumeni abanonya baseBahrain, eGibhithe, eJordani, eKazakhstan, e-Oman, eQatar, eSaudi Arabia, eThailand, e-United Arab Emirates, e-Uzbekistan naseVietnam.

ICanada ingahle yephule iSitatimende SaseRoma ngenxa yokuhlinzeka ngezikhali ezisetshenziswa ukwephula leso Sivumelwano. Impela kuphula iSivumelwano seZizwe Ezihlangene se-Arms Trade. Izikhali zaseCanada ziyasetshenziswa ekuqothulweni kohlanga kwaseSaudian e-Yemen.

Ngo-2015, uPapa uFrancis waphawula ngaphambi kwengqungquthela ye-United States Congress, "Kungani kuthengiswa izikhali ezibulalayo kulabo abahlela ukuhlupheka okungafuneki kubantu nasemphakathini? Kuyadabukisa ukuthi impendulo, njengoba sonke sazi, imane yimali: imali edonswe egazini, imvamisa igazi elingenacala. Naphezu kwalokhu kuthula okuyihlazo nokungenzeki, kungumsebenzi wethu ukubhekana nale nkinga futhi siyeke ukuhweba ngezikhali. ”

Umfelandawonye wamazwe omhlaba wabantu nezinhlangano uzobe uhlangana e-Ottawa ngoMeyi ukusho ukuthi cha ku-CANSEC ngensizakalo yemicimbi ebizwa ngokuthi AkukhoWar2020.

Kule nyanga amazwe amabili, i-Iraq nePhilippines, atshele abezempi baseMelika ukuthi baphume. Lokhu kwenzeka kaningi kunokuba ucabanga. Lezi zenzo ziyingxenye yomnyakazo ofanayo otshela amaphoyisa aseCanada amabutho ukuba aphume emazweni angenawo amalungelo kuwo. Zonke izenzo kule nhlangano zingakhuthaza futhi zazise bonke abanye.