I-American capitalism eDecline
NgoDisemba 30, 1917 uSeymour Melman wazalelwa eNew York City. Abangu-100th Isikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kwakhe sisiza ekugxiliseni ifa lakhe lobuhlakani. UMelman wayengumcabango obaluleke kakhulu wokwakha kabusha wama-20th Ikhulu leminyaka, ukuqhakambisa ezinye izindlela zempi, ubungxiwankulu, nokonakala kwezenhlalo ngokuqhubekisela phambili uhlelo oluhlelekile lokuphikisana nokulwa nezikhali nentando yeningi yezomnotho. Ifa lakhe lihlala libaluleke kakhulu ngoba namuhla i-United States njengamanje ingumphakathi lapho izinhlelo zezomnotho, ezepolitiki nezamasiko zingena kwalasha. Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezomnotho nezenhlalo kungumqondo wokuthi ezinye izindlela ezihleliwe zezindlela ezikhona zokuhlela amandla ezomnotho, ezepolitiki nezamasiko zikhona kweminye imiklamo yezikhungo kanye nezinhlelo ezifanayo zokunweba le miklamo.
Amaqiniso ezomnotho ayaziwa kahle, achazwa yisistimu yezomnotho lapho ama-1 acebile% wabantu abalawula i-38.6% yengcebo yesizwe e2016 ngokuya ngeFederal Reserve. Ama-90% aphansi alawula ama-22.8% kuphela omcebo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwengcebo kuyaziwa futhi kuyaziwa exhunyaniswe nokwenziwa kwezimali komnotho wase-US ofaniswe nokuhlukaniswa kwemvelo kanye ukwehla 'komnotho weqiniso.' UMelman wahlaziya le nkinga exhunywe kwi-Wall Street hegemony kanye nokuhlaselwa kokuphathwa kwamandla omsebenzi ocwaningweni lwakhe lwe-1983 ye-classic Inzuzo ngaphandle Kokukhiqiza. Lapha uMelman wakhombisa ukuthi inzuzo-namandla ngaleyo ndlela-anganqwabelana kanjani naphezu kokwehla komsebenzi wezimboni nokwenziwa kwezinto. Eqinisweni, ukukhuphuka kwamakhanda okuphatha okuphathelene nokwandiswa kwamandla okuphatha ngokweqile empeleni kusizile ekunciphiseni ukuncintisana kanye namandla ezinkampani zase-US.
Kwezombusazwe, iRepublican Party ivele njengomphakathi weTrojan Horse, isiza ekubuyiseleni imali inhlalakahle nokuqhubekisela phambili izinhloso zombuso wezimpi ezidla ezinye. I- Umthethosivivinywa we-2018 wokuvikela isayinwe nguMongameli Trump yabela cishe amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-634 ngemisebenzi eyinhloko yePentagon futhi yabela ukungezwa okungamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama- $ 66 ezenzelwe ezempi e-Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria nakwenye indawo. Imali eningi ibitholakala ngamasosha, ama-jet fighters, imikhumbi nezinye izikhali, noma ngabe zikhona izigidi zezakhamizi zase-US ezihlala ebuphofini (40.6 million ngo-2016). UMelman ubhekane nenkinga yempi yaseMelika yangemva kwempi mhlawumbe encwadini yakhe edume kakhulu, Umnotho Waphakade Wempi, eyanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-1974. Isihlokwana saleyo ncwadi sasithi “Capitalism American in Decline.” Lo mnotho uvele njengendlela yokuhlanganisa ubukhulu bezempi obunikezwe i-Aerospace, ezokuxhumana, i-elekthronikhi nezinye izimboni ezisebenzela impi, ingasaphathwa eyamanyuvesi, izizinda zamasosha kanye nezikhungo ezihambisana nazo ezisebenza kwezomnotho wezempi. Lolu hlelo lwe-corporatist, oluxhumanisa umbuso, izinkampani, izinyunyana zabasebenzi nabanye abalingisi luchazwe nguMelman ku I-Pentagon capitalism: Umnotho Wezepolitiki Wempi, incwadi ye-1971 ekhombisa ukuthi umbuso ubengumphathi ophezulu kanjani owasebenzisa amandla wokuthenga nokuphatha ukuqondisa le "ukuphathwa okuncane."
Ngokwesiko, sibona ukubusa kwezepolitiki okwenzeka ngemuva kweqiniso, lapho osopolitiki beqamba amanga ngamabomu ngenhloso yokuqhubekisela phambili izinhloso nemibono yezepolitiki okwenza amaqiniso angabi ndaba zalutho. Umbiko kaDavid Leonhardt nozakwabo ku I-New York Times okutholiwe ukuthi "ezinyangeni zakhe eziyishumi zokuqala, uTrump ukhulume amanga acishe aphindwe kasithupha kunalawa owenziwa ngu-Obama ngesikhathi sonke sobumengameli." Inkinga, nokho, ukuthi uhlelo oluyisisekelo lokuphatha kwe-US lususelwe ezinganekwaneni eziningi zama-bipartisan. Umsebenzi kaMelman ubususelwa ekuzameni ukuthola izinganekwane ezinjalo.
Enye inganekwane enjalo yemukelwa yiRepublican neDemocratic Parties yayingumbono wokuthi amandla wezempi angasetshenziswa ngaphandle kwemingcele. EVietnam, e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan, i-US yazama ukwehlula ukusebenza kwama-guerilla lapho amasosha aphikisayo ayefakwa khona ezindaweni zomphakathi. Ukuhlaselwa kwalezi zindawo kwehlise isithunzi samasosha aseMelika ngokuqagelwa kwamandla ezempi kubukela phansi amandla ezepolitiki aseMelika esifundeni esihlaselwayo. EVietnam, i-US yalahleka kwezepolitiki futhi ukuhlaselwa emuva kwaleyo mpi kwabangela ukuvukela kwasekhaya. E-Iraq, ukuketulwa kukaHussein kwadudula i-Iraq emzileni we-Iranian, izwe okuyisitha esikhulu sezitha zase-US. E-Afghanistan, i-US iyaqhubeka nokulwa impi yayo ende kunazo zonke nezinkulungwane ezifile futhi “akukho ukuphela emehlweni. ” Uma kukhulunywa ngobushokobezi, uMelman wabona ukuthi izenzo zamaphekula ziboshelwe ekuhlukaniseni abantu, abantu abanqunyiwe futhi abakude nokuhlangana komphakathi. Ngokusobala ukufakwa komphakathi kungalungisa isimo esinjalo, kepha ukwehla kwezomnotho kanye nokungabikho kobumbano kumane nje kwahlanganisa izinsongo zamaphekula (noma ngabe imvelaphi ehlukahlukene).
Enye inganekwane eyayibalulekile amandla okuhlela nokwakha “umphakathi wezimboni zasemuva kwezimboni.” A umbiko in Isonto lezimboni (Agasti 21, 2014) uqaphele ukuthi phakathi kuka-2001 no-2010, umnotho wase-US uchithe u-33% wemisebenzi yawo yokukhiqiza (cishe izigidi ezi-5.8), obekumele ukwehla okungama-42% ngenkathi kulawulwa ukwanda kwabasebenzi. Ngemuva kokulawula ukwanda kwesibalo sabantu abasebenzayo ngalesi sikhathi, iJalimane ilahlekelwe yi-11% kuphela yemisebenzi yokukhiqiza. Ngenkathi izazi ziphikisana ngokuthi ngabe Ukuhweba or ezishintshayo futhi ukukhiqiza kubaluleke kakhulu ekubangeleni ukulahleka kwemisebenzi okunjalo, ukuzenzakalela ezweni lesizwe elisebenzela ukuvikela inhlangano yomsebenzi wasekhaya ngokusobala kuzogcina imisebenzi eminingi yokukhiqiza kunabanye. Eqinisweni, ukuhlanganiswa kwamandla ezishintshayo nokusebenza ngokubambisana kungagcina imisebenzi, iphuzu elenziwe nguMelman emsebenzini wakhe omkhulu wokugcina, Ngemuva Kwe-capitalism: Kusuka kuManagerialism Kuya Kuhulumeni wentando yeningi. Ukwesekwa kukaMelman kokuqiniswa kwemisebenzi yasekhaya ngokutshalwa kwemali okusebenzayo kwingqalasizinda yomphakathi kubandakanya izindlela eziqhubekayo zamanye amandla nokuhamba ngobuningi nakho kuphikisile izinganekwane ezihambisanayo zokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye nezimakethe ezikhululekile — zombili ezahluleka ukuletha ngokuzenzakalela isimo sezenhlalakahle esisebenzayo esiphendula ekugcineni ukuqashwa okuqhubekayo.
Izindlela zokwenziwa Inhlangano Eziphonsela kwalasha
UMelman ukholelwa kuguquko ekucabangeni nasekusebenzeni okugxile ekuhlelweni kabusha kwempilo yezomnotho kanye nohlelo lokuphepha lwesizwe. Ukholelwe ukuthi okunye okuyisisekelo ekunciphiseni komnotho kwakuyinhlangano yentando yeningi yezindawo zokusebenza. Uthandile amaMondragon Industrial Cooperatives esifundeni saseBasque eSpain njengesibonelo esiyisibonelo salokho. Lawa mafelandawonye adlulela ngale kwesilinganiso esincane, futhi engahle abe sengozini, azimele yedwa "ubusoshiyali ngendlela eyodwa eqinile" yebhizinisi lendawo lokubambisana. IMondragon inezintambo zamabhizinisi ahlukahlukene, hhayi nje ukudala uhlelo oluqinile ekubhekaneni nesidingo esincishisiwe emikhakheni ethile, kepha futhi ikhuthaza amandla wezitebhisi zemisebenzi yokuthi abasebenzi bangadluliselwa kalula kusuka komunye umsebenzi baye komunye lapho ukulahleka kwemisebenzi kugadla . IMondragon ihlanganisa eyunivesithi yezobuchwepheshe, ibhange lezentuthuko kanye nemifelandawonye ohlelweni olulodwa oluhlanganisiwe.
UMelman wayekholelwa ukuthi ukwehla kwezepolitiki nezomnotho kungabuyiselwa emuva ngokunciphisa kakhulu isabelomali samasosha aseMelika esasimele izindleko ezinkulu zamathuba emnothweni wezwe. Olunye uhlangothi lwesabelomali samasosha sama- $ 1 trillion kwakuyisikhwama esikhulu sentuthuko uMelman akholelwa ukuthi singasetshenziswa ukwenza ingqalasizinda yezamandla nezokuthutha yase-US iphinde ivuselele kwezinye izindawo zokubola kwezomnotho okuzibonakalisa ngokuwa kwamabhuloho, imigwaqo yamanzi engcolisiwe, nezinhlelo zokuhamba ezigcwele . Uxhumanise ukungakhuli kahle emadolobheni kanye nokusilela ekulungiseni imvelo nezabelomali zamasosha ezilahlayo.
Uhlelo lwentando yeningi lwaludinga izinto ezine ezibalulekile, ezichazwe nguMelman ku Umbutho Wemilingo: Isibambiso Nokuguqulwa. Okokuqala, waphumelela uhlelo oluphelele lokuhlanjululwa kwezikhali okujwayelekile nokuphelele (i-GCD) kwizivumelwano ezahlukahlukene ezalandela zokuvikela izikhali zohlobo oluthandwa nguMongameli uJohn F. Kennedy futhi wachazwa ngeJune 10 yakhe edumile, i-1963 Ikheli le-American University. Esikhundleni sokuba nezikhali ezibizwa ngokuthi “izifundazwe ezinamandla”, zonke izizwe zizohlanganisa isabelomali sazo sezempi kanye nezinhlelo zokukhonjiswa kwamandla ezempi. Ngokuphambene namasu okunciphisa okwanda okubuza umbuzo wokuthi kungani amazwe afana neNorth Korea ezolandela izikhali zenuzi (ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni kwamasosha aseMelika). Lokhu bekunguhlelo lokunciphisa izikhali zenuzi hhayi kuphela.
Okwesibili, izivumelwano zokukhishwa kwezikhali zizoxhunyaniswa nohlelo lokuncishiswa kwesabelomali samasosha nokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukile kwezombusazwe. Lokhu kuncishiswa kungakhokhela ukuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda okudingakalayo, kufaka phakathi isidingo sokwakha kabusha izinto zokuhamba kanye nezinhlelo zamandla, ingqikithi ethathwe u lo mbhali, Brian D'Agostino futhi UJon Rynn ochungechungeni lwezifundo. Olunye utshalomali lukahulumeni ezindaweni ezidingekayo zomphakathi lungahlinzeka ngezimakethe ezihlukile ezidingekayo ukusiza ukutshalwa kwezimali okusebenzela ezempi kube imisebenzi ewusizo kakhulu yomphakathi.
Okwesithathu, ukuguqulwa kwamafektri ezempi, izisekelo, ama-laboratories kanye nezikhungo ezihambisanayo njengamanyuvesi kunganikeza indlela yokubuyisa izinsizakusebenza futhi kunikeze nohlelo lokuphepha kulabo abasongelwa ukwehliswa kwesabelomali sezempi. Ukuguqulwa kubandakanye ukuhlela okuthuthukile nokuhlela kabusha abasebenzi, onjiniyela, abaphathi kanye nobuchwepheshe. Isibonelo, ngesinye isikhathi ngenkathi yangemva kwempi yaseVietnam, inkampani iBoeing-Vertol (eyenza izindiza ezinophephela emhlane ezisetshenziswa empini yaseVietnam) yakhiqiza ngempumelelo izimoto ezihamba ngaphansi komhlaba ezazisetshenziswa yiChicago Transit Authority (CTA).
Ekugcineni, ukuphucwa izikhali kuzodingeka futhi kuhlinzeke nolunye uhlelo lokuphepha oluzogcina ukuphepha ngisho nangesikhathi sokuncipha kwemali yamasosha emhlabeni jikelele. UMelman wasekela uhlobo lwamaphoyisa aphesheya awusizo ekugcineni ukuthula nasemishini ehambisanayo. Uqaphele ukuthi inqubo yeminyaka eminingi yokulwa nezikhali isazoshiya izindlela zokuzivikela njengoba ezinye izinhlelo ezihlaselayo zaqale zabuyiselwa emuva. UMelman wabona ukuthi imikhankaso yaseBrithani yokulwa nokulwa nezikhali yayingezinye zezombusazwe ezenza inxele laba isisulu sezombusazwe esilula selungelo lezepolitiki. Ngokuphikisana nalokho, indlela ye-GCD isashiya indawo yokuncishiswa okuphelele ngaphandle kokuwa kwezepolitiki okuhambisana nezimangalo ezithi amazwe ashiywe esengozini yokuhlaselwa. Izinhlelo zokuqinisekisa nokuhlola zizoqinisekisa ukuthi ukusikeka kungenziwa ukuphepha futhi noma yikuphi ukukopela kungatholwa yizizwe ezizama ukufihla izinhlelo zezikhali.
Umbono kanye namandla okuhlela
Aqhamuka kuphi amandla okwehlisa amandla ezomnotho nokushintsha isimo esibi? UMelman wayekholelwa ukuthi ukuzihlelela kwabasebenzi ngokusebenzisa imifelandawonye kunikeze indlela ebalulekile yokwakha ukunqwabelana kwamandla ezomnotho okuzoba nomthelela omkhulu kwezombusazwe. Ukholelwe ukuthi uma imifelandawonye isifinyelele ezingeni elithile izosebenza njengohlelo lokunxenxa ukuqondisa kabusha isiko lezepolitiki kokuphishekela okukhiqizayo nokusimeme kakhulu kunokuphanga, ubudlwangudlwangu kanye nokuqothula imvelo.
Isithiyo esikhulu sentando yeningi yezomnotho nezepolitiki asibekanga kwizithiyo zobuchwepheshe noma zomnotho, noma kunjalo. Ochungechungeni lwezifundo ezashicilelwa ngawo-1950, njenge Izici Ezingamandla Kwokukhiqiza Kwezimboni futhi Ukwenza Isinqumo Nokukhiqiza, UMelman ukhombisile ukuthi amafemu abambisene angakhiqiza kanjani futhi asebenze kangcono kunamabhizinisi ejwayelekile ongxiwankulu. Esinye sezizathu ukuthi ukuziphathela kwabasebenzi kunciphise isidingo sokugadwa kwemali ebizayo. Esinye isizathu ukuthi abasebenzi babenolwazi oluqondile lokuthi bangabamba kanjani futhi bahlele phansi isitolo, kanti ulwazi lwabaphathi lwalukude kakhulu ngakho-ke lwalungasebenzi. Abasebenzi bafunda ngokwenza futhi babenolwazi lokuhlela umsebenzi, kepha uhlelo oluhlukanisayo lwavimba ulwazi olunjalo njengoba abasebenzi babevinjelwe emandleni okwenza izinqumo yize abasebenzi "babenomthwalo" womsebenzi wabo.
Ukube abasebenzi bebengahlela amandla ezomnotho emazingeni aphansi, kanjalo nemiphakathi ibingahlela ngqo amandla ezepolitiki ezingeni lendawo. Ngakho-ke, uMelman wahlanganisa “I-US Ngemuva Kwempi Yomshoshaphansi: Ifuna Ukuhlukaniswa Kokuthula,” umhlangano wedolobha likazwelonke langoMeyi 2, 1990 lapho amadolobha amaningi ahlangana khona emihlanganweni ubuso nobuso ukusika isabelomali sezempi nokutshala imali utshalomali lwezemvelo emnothweni wokuthula. Intando yeningi yezepolitiki kuleli cala yandiswa ngumsakazo wenethiwekhi osakazwa phezu kwePacifica kanye neziteshi eziningi ezihlangene.
Isithiyo esikhulu ekwandiseni intando yeningi silele ohlelweni lwezemfundo nasekunyakazeni kwezenhlalo obehlulekile ukwamukela ifa lokuzilawula nentando yeningi yezomnotho. Izinyunyana zabasebenzi, yize zazidingeka ekuqhubekiseleni phambili izintshisekelo zabasebenzi, zase zigxile kakhulu ekukhokheni okuncane noma ezinhlelweni zezinzuzo zomphakathi. Babevame ukuzihlukanisa nemibuzo ephathelene nokuthi umsebenzi wawuhlelwe kanjani. UMelman wayekholelwa ukuthi izinhlangano zokuthula, yize zaziphikisana nezimpi ezingenangqondo, “zase ziphephe iPentagon.” Ngokuqhela esikweni lokukhiqiza, abalibonanga iqiniso elilula lokuthi ukukhiqiza nokuthengisa izikhali kukhiqiza imali namandla, ngaleyo ndlela kudinga okungaphezu kohlelo lokubhikisha olusebenzayo ekuqoqweni kwenhlokodolobha yePentagon. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umsunguli weMondragon, José María I-Arizmendiarrieta IMadariaga, yabona emkhankasweni wokuqhuma kwamabhomu wamaNazi weSpanish Republic ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bube ngumthombo wamandla amakhulu. Olunye uhlangothi lukaPicasso Guernica kwakuwuhlelo lapho izisebenzi uqobo lwazo zingalawula khona ubuchwepheshe ukuze zisebenzise ngokwazo, zinikeze enye indlela ongxowankulu nababusi bezempi abalawula amandla obuchwepheshe.
Ekugcineni, ngomsebenzi wakhe wokushicilela omningi, ubushoshovu nezinyunyana kanye nenhlangano yokuthula, nokuqhubeka nezingxoxo nezazi kanye nezifundiswa ezihambisanayo, uMelman waveza ithemba lokuthi ulwazi olunolwazi lungakhuthaza olunye uhlelo lokuhlela amandla. Yize abona ukuthi amanyuvesi asebenze kanjani izisebenzi zombili iPentagon neWall Street (futhi wazikhandla ekukhuphukeni kwezokuphatha nokwandisa ekuphathweni kwabo), uMelman wayesabambelele enkolelweni yamandla omqondo nokwakheka okunye kokuhlakanipha okwasungulwa. Ubumongameli bukaTrump buphazamise ngamanga izifundo zokwehla kwezomnotho nezepolitiki zaseMelika. Izishoshovu zanamuhla kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukwamukela imibono kaMelman yokugcwalisa isikhala esinamandla ngemuva kwenkinga esemthethweni yokuphatha nokunyakaza okusebenzayo. "Ukumelana," inhlangano yenhlangano hegemonic meme, akuyona ukwakhiwa kabusha.
