By Erica Chenoweth kanye no-Hakim Young for Denver Dialogues
eyashicilelwa okokuqala ngabakwapoliticalviolenceataglance ( Udlame Lwezepolitiki@a Glance)
E-Brussels, abantu abangaphezu kwe-1,200 babhikisha ngokumelene nokungafuni kweYurophu ukwenza okwengeziwe mayelana nenkinga yababaleki eMedithera, ngo-April 23, 2015. Amnesty International.
Namuhla, umuntu oyedwa kwabangu-122 abahlala kulo mhlaba ungumbaleki, umuntu ofudukele ekhaya, noma ofuna ukukhoseliswa. Ngo-2014, ukungqubuzana noshushiso kwaphoqa ukushuba okukhulu 42,500 abantu ngosuku ukuthi bashiye amakhaya abo bayofuna ukuvikelwa kwenye indawo, okuholela ekutheni 59.5 million sebebonke ababaleki emhlabeni wonke. Ngokombiko wenhlangano yababaleki ye-UN ka-2014 Global Trends umbiko (obizwa ngokuthi World in War), amazwe asathuthuka asingathe u-86% walaba babaleki. Amazwe athuthukile, njenge-US kanye nalawo aseYurophu, abamba kuphela u-14% yenani eliphelele lababaleki emhlabeni.
Nokho imizwa yomphakathi eNtshonalanga kube nzima ababaleki muva nje. Abaholi abasafufusa nabaholi bobuzwe bavame ukudlala ngokukhathazeka komphakathi mayelana nababaleki “njengabasomathuba abavilaphayo,” “imithwalo,” “izigebengu,” noma “amaphekula” ngenxa yenkinga yanamuhla yababaleki. Amaqembu ajwayelekile nabo abathintekile kulokhu kukhuluma, osopolitiki bayo yonke imigqa befuna ukwenyuswa kokulawulwa kwemingcele, izikhungo zokuboshwa, kanye nokumiswa okwesikhashana kwezicelo ze-visa nezokukhoseliswa.
Okubalulekile, akukho neyodwa yalezi zimpawu ezithusayo zababaleki ezizalwa ngobufakazi obuhleliwe.
Ingabe Ababaleki Bangamathuba Ezomnotho?
Izifundo ezinokwethenjelwa kakhulu izinhlangano zababaleki zisikisela ukuthi imbangela eyinhloko yokubaleka ubudlova—hhayi ithuba lezomnotho. Ikakhulukazi, ababaleki babalekela impi ngethemba lokuthi bazofika esimweni esinobudlova obuncane. Ezingxabanweni lapho uhulumeni egxile kakhulu ezakhamuzini esimweni sokuqothulwa kohlanga noma ipolitiki, abantu abaningi khetha ukuphuma ezweni kunokufuna izindawo eziphephile ngaphakathi. Inhlolovo ifakazela leli qiniso kule nkinga yanamuhla. E-Syria, omunye wabakhiqizi abakhulu bababaleki emhlabeni jikelele eminyakeni emihlanu edlule, imiphumela yokuhlola basikisela ukuthi iningi labantu liyabaleka ngoba izwe selivele laba yingozi kakhulu noma ukuthi amasosha kahulumeni athatha amadolobha abo, ebeka iningi lecala odlameni olunyantisayo lwezepolitiki lombuso ka-Assad. (Bangu-13% kuphela abathi babalekile ngoba amavukelambuso athatha amadolobha abo, okuphakamisa ukuthi udlame lwe-ISIS akuwona cishe umthombo wokubaleka njengoba abanye beye basikisela).
Futhi ababaleki abavamile ukukhetha izindawo abaya kuzo ngokusekelwe emathubeni ezomnotho; esikhundleni, 90% of ababaleki baya ezweni elinomngcele osondelene (ngaleyo ndlela echaza ukugcwala kwababaleki baseSyria eTurkey, Jordan, Lebanon, nase-Iraq). Labo abangahlali ezweni elingumakhelwane bavame ukubalekela emazweni lapho bekhona izibopho zomphakathi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ngokuvamile babalekela izimpilo zabo, idatha iphakamisa ukuthi ababaleki abaningi bacabange ngethuba lezomnotho njengento ecatshangwa kamuva kunokuba bakhuthaze ukubaleka. Lokho kusho ukuthi lapho befika ezindaweni zabo, ababaleki bavame ukuba njalo ekhuthele ngokwedlulele, Nge izifundo zamazwe ngamazwe esikisela ukuthi awavamile ukuba umthwalo emnothweni wezwe.
Esimeni esibucayi sanamuhla, “Abantu abaningi abafika ngolwandle eningizimu yeYurophu, ikakhulukazi eGreece, bavela emazweni ahlaselwe udlame nezingxabano, njengeSyria, Iraq kanye ne-Afghanistan; badinga ukuvikeleka emhlabeni jikelele futhi bavame ukukhathala ngokomzimba futhi bahlukumezeke ngokomqondo," kusho. World in War.
Ubani Owesaba “Umbaleki Omkhulu Omubi”?
Mayelana nezinsongo zokuphepha, ababaleki mancane kakhulu amathuba okuba benze ubugebengu kunezakhamuzi ezizalwa ngokwemvelo. Empeleni, ebhala kuWall Street Journal, uJason Riley uhlola idatha ekuhlobaneni phakathi kwabantu abavela kwamanye amazwe nobugebengu e-United States futhi ubiza ukuhlobana ngokuthi “inganekwane.” Ngisho naseJalimane, ethathe inani eliphakeme kakhulu lababaleki kusukela ngo-2011, amazinga obugebengu ababaleki awazange anyuke. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlaselwa ngobudlova kwababaleki, ziphindwe kabili. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ababaleki abayithumeli inkinga yokuphepha; kunalokho, zidinga ukuvikelwa ezinsongweni ezinobudlova ngokwazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababaleki (noma labo abathi bangababaleki). cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlela ukuhlasela kwamaphekula. Futhi uma kubhekwa ukuthi okungenani i-51% yababaleki bamanje bayizingane, njengo-Aylan Kurdi, umbaleki waseSyria oneminyaka emithathu owaminza olwandle lwaseMedithera ngehlobo eledlule, cishe kusengaphambi kwesikhathi ukubamisela kusengaphambili njengabashisekeli, abahlukumezi, noma ukwaliwa kwezenhlalo. .
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinqubo zokuhlola ababaleki ziqine kakhulu emazweni amaningi—i-US inayo phakathi kwezinqubomgomo eziqinile zababaleki emhlabeni-ngalokho kuvala imiphumela eminingi emibi esatshwa abagxeki bezinqubomgomo ezikhona njengamanje zababaleki. Nakuba izinqubo ezinjalo zingaqinisekisi ukuthi zonke izinsongo ezingase zibe khona azibandakanyiwe, zinciphisa ubungozi ngokuphawulekayo, njengoba kuboniswa ukushoda kobugebengu obunobudlova nokuhlasela kobuphekula okwenziwe ababaleki eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Isistimu Ephukile Noma Indaba Ephukile?
Ekhuluma ngenkinga yababaleki ekhona eYurophu, uJan Egeland, owayeyinxusa le-UN Humanitarian manje osehola uMkhandlu Wababaleki WaseNorway, uthe, "Uhlelo lonakele ngokuphelele...Ngeke sikwazi ukuqhubeka ngale ndlela.” Kodwa uhlelo ngeke lulungise inqobo nje uma ukulandisa okuphukile kubusa inkulumo. Kuthiwani uma sethula inkulumo entsha, esusa izinganekwane zababaleki futhi ihlomise umphakathi ukuba umelane nenkulumo ekhona ngokulandisa okunozwela ngendlela umuntu aba ngayo umbaleki kwasekuqaleni?
Cabangela ukukhetha ukubaleka esikhundleni sokuhlala futhi ulwe noma uhlale futhi ufe. Iningi lababaleki abayizigidi ezingama-59.5 abasele ezingxabanweni phakathi kwezifundazwe nabanye abadlali abahlomile—njengokuvukela umbuso nodlame lukahulumeni waseSyria phakathi kwamaqembu amavukelambuso ahlukahlukene asebenza ngaphakathi eSyria; I-Syria, iRussia, i-Iraq, i-Iran, nempi ye-NATO ngokumelene ne-ISIS; Izimpi zase-Afghanistan kanye nePakistan ngokumelene namaTaliban; umkhankaso we-US oqhubekayo wokulwa ne-Al Qaeda; Izimpi zaseTurkey ngokumelene namasosha aseKurdish; kanye nenqwaba yezinye izimo ezinodlame emhlabeni jikelele.
Njengoba kunikezwe ukukhetha phakathi kokuhlala nokulwa, ukuhlala nokufa, noma ukubaleka nokusinda, ababaleki banamuhla babaleka—okusho ukuthi, ngencazelo, bakhetha ngenkuthalo nangenhloso inketho engenalo udlame kumongo wodlame olukhulu oludlangile nxazonke zabo.
Ngamanye amazwi, indawo yanamuhla yomhlaba wonke yababaleki abayizigidi ezingu-59.5 ngokuyinhloko iqoqo labantu abakhethe ukuphela kwendlela engenalo udlame etholakalayo ezindaweni zabo ezingqubuzanayo. Ngezici eziningi, ababaleki banamuhla abayizigidi ezingu-60 baye bathi cha odlameni, cha ekuhlukunyezweni, futhi cha ekusweleni usizo ngesikhathi esifanayo. Isinqumo sokubalekela emazweni angajwayelekile futhi (okuvame ukuba nenzondo) njengombaleki akusona esilula. Kuhilela ukuthatha izingozi ezinkulu, kuhlanganise nengozi yokufa. Isibonelo, i-UNHCR ilinganisela ukuthi ababaleki be-3,735 bashonile noma belahlekile olwandle ngenkathi befuna isiphephelo eYurophu ngo-2015. Ngokuphambene nenkulumo yanamuhla, ukuba umbaleki kufanele kuhambisane nokungabi nobudlova, isibindi, kanye ne-ejensi.
Yebo, ukukhetha komuntu ongenalo udlame ngesikhathi esisodwa akunqumi kusengaphambili ukukhetha komuntu ongenalo udlame esikhathini esizayo. Futhi njengemibuthano eminingi emikhulu, akunakugwenywa ukuthi idlanzana labantu lizoxhaphaza ngokukloloda ukunyakaza kwababaleki emhlabeni wonke ukuze baphishekele izinhloso zabo zobugebengu, zezombangazwe, zezenhlalo, noma zemibono emaphethelweni—okungaba ngokucasha ngoquqaba ukuze bawele imingcele. ukwenza izenzo zodlame emazweni angaphandle, ngokusizakala ngepolitiki yokufuduka kwabantu ukuze baqhubekisele phambili izinhloso zabo, noma ngokuqola laba bantu ngezinhloso zabo zobugebengu. Phakathi kwanoma yisiphi isibalo sabantu esingaka, kuzoba nomsebenzi wobugebengu lapha nalaphaya, ababaleki noma cha.
Kodwa kule nhlekelele yanamuhla, kuyodingeka ukuba abantu abaqotho yonke indawo bamelane nesifiso sokusho izisusa ezimbi ezigidini zabantu abafuna indawo yokukhosela emazweni abo, ngenxa yezenzo zobudlova noma zobugebengu zabambalwa. Iqembu lokugcina alimele izibalo ezijwayelekile zababaleki abashiwo ngenhla, futhi aliphikisani neqiniso lokuthi ababaleki ngokuvamile abantu, esimweni sokususa udlame ngempela, abenze ukukhetha okushintsha ukuphila, okungenalo ubudlova ukuze bazenzele ngokwabo indlela eyabaphonsa kanye nemindeni yabo ekusaseni elingaqinisekile. Uma sebefikile, ngokwesilinganiso usongo lodlame ngokumelene umbaleki mkhulu kakhulu kunosongo lobudlova by umbaleki. Ukubagwema, ukubabopha njengokungathi bayizigebengu, noma ukudingiselwa ezindaweni ezikhungethwe yimpi kuthumela umyalezo wokuthi ukukhetha okungezona ubudlova kuyajeziswa—nokuthi ukuzithoba ekuhlukunyezweni noma ukuphendukela odlameni kuwukuphela kwesinqumo esisele. Lesi isimo esidinga izinqubomgomo ezihlanganisa uzwelo, inhlonipho, ukuvikela, nokwamukela—hhayi ukwesaba, ukululaza ubuntu, ukukhishwa inyumbazane, noma ukunengwa.
Ukubona ukundiza njengento engenalo udlame kuzohlomisa kangcono umphakathi onolwazi ukuthi uphikise inkulumo nezinqubomgomo ezibekela eceleni, kuphakamise inkulumo entsha enika amandla osopolitiki abalinganiselayo, futhi kwandise izinhlobonhlobo zezinketho zenqubomgomo ezitholakalayo ukuze kuphendulwe inkinga yamanje.
U-Hakim Young (uDkt. Teck Young, Wee) ungudokotela ovela eSingapore owenze umsebenzi wokusiza abantu nowezenhlalakahle e-Afghanistan eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule, okuhlanganisa nokuba umeluleki kumaVolontiya Okuthula Afghan, iqembu lezizwe ezihlukahlukene zase-Afghans abasha. ezinikele ekwakheni izindlela ezingenalo udlame esikhundleni sempi.
