by UMarjorie Cohn, Ukuphikiswa Okudumile, Ngo-September 24, i-2021
Ngenhla kwesithombe: UJonathan McIntosh, CC BY 2.5, nge-Wikimedia Commons.
Ukuhlasela kukaSamuel Moyn okunonya nokungenazimiso kuMichael Ratner, omunye wabameli bamalungelo oluntu abedlula bonke esikhathini sethu, kwaba eshicilelwe ku Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi eNew York (NYRB) ngoSepthemba 1. UMoyn ubalula uRatner njengomfana oshaya ngezintambo ukuxhasa umbono wakhe ongajwayelekile wokuthi ukujezisa amacala ezimpi kwandisa impi ngokuwenza uzwakale kamnandi. Usho ngokungananazi ukuthi ukuphoqelelwa kweMihlangano Yesivumelwano yaseGeneva nokuphikisana nezimpi ezingekho emthethweni kuyasebenzisana. Njengoba UDexter Filkins uqaphele ku New Yorker, “Ukucabanga kukaMoyn“ kungavuna wonke amadolobha ashisayo, isitayela saseTokyo, uma ukubukeka kobuhlungu okuholelekile kuholela abantu abaningi ekuphikiseni umbuso waseMelika. ”
UMoyn uthatha uRatner — umongameli wesikhathi eside weCentre for Constitutional Rights (CCR) owashona ngo-2016 - ukuba ayomfaka esikhundleni URasul v. Bush ukunikeza abantu ababoshwe unomphela eGuantánamo ilungelo lomthethosisekelo le-habeas corpus ukuphikisana nokuboshwa kwabo. UMoyn ubengathanda ukuthi sibafulathele abantu abahlukunyezwayo, babulawe futhi bavalelwe unomphela. Kusobala ukuthi uyavumelana nesimangalo sombango wokuqala kaGeorge W. Bush u-Alberto Gonzales (obegqugquzela uhlelo lokuhlukumeza e-US) ukuthi imihlangano yaseGeneva — ehlukanisa ukuhlukunyezwa njengobugebengu bempi — "yayisaziwa" futhi "ingasasebenzi."
Enkulumweni yakhe ebucayi, uMoyn wenza isimangalo samanga nesimangazayo esithi “akekho noyedwa, okungenzeka ukuthi wenze okungaphezu kuka- [Ratner] ukunika inoveli impi yaphakade. Ngaphandle kobufakazi obuncane, uMoyn ngobudlova usola ukuthi uRatner "wahlanza isihluku" se "mpi eyagcina ingapheli, isemthethweni, futhi nobuntu.”Kusobala ukuthi uMoyn akakaze avakashele eGuantánamo, abaningi abaye bayibiza ngokuthi ikamu lokuhlushwa, lapho iziboshwa zazikhona wahlukunyezwa ngonya futhi wabanjwa iminyaka ngaphandle kwenkokhiso. Yize uBarack Obama aqeda uhlelo lukaBush lokuhlukumeza, iziboshwa zaseGuantánamo zaphoqwa ngenkani ukuthi zibuke iwashi lika-Obama, okusho ukuhlukunyezwa.
INkantolo Ephakeme ivumelane noRatner, uJoseph Margulies noCCR ku URasul. UMargulies, owayengummeli ohola leli cala, wangitshela lokho URasul “Ayenzi okwabantu [le mpi ebhekene nobuphekula], futhi ayenzi izaba noma izenze zibe semthethweni. Ukubeka ngokuhlukile, noma ngabe besingakaze sifake, salwa, futhi sanqoba URasul, izwe belizobe lisempini efanayo, engapheli. ” Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uRatner abhala emlandweni wakhe, Ukuhambisa Ibha: Impilo Yami Njengommeli Onamandla, lo New York Times esibizwa URasul "Icala elibaluleke kakhulu lamalungelo omphakathi eminyakeni engu-50."
Kungukufika kwempi yedrone, hhayi umsebenzi wezomthetho kaRatner, uMargulies kanye noCCR, "oyenze yanhlanhlatha" impi yokwesaba. Ukuthuthukiswa kwama-drones akuhlangene namacala abo nakho konke okuphathelene nokucebisa osonkontileka bezokuvikela kanye nokuvikela abashayeli bezindiza ekulimaleni ngakho abaseMelika akudingeki babone izikhwama zomzimba. Noma kunjalo, "abashayeli bezindiza" be-drone bahlushwa yi-PTSD, ngenkathi bebulala i- inani elingaphezulu lezakhamizi kule nqubo.
“UMoyn ubukeka ecabanga ukuthi izimpi eziphikisayo nokuhlukunyezwa okuphikisayo empini akuhambisani. I-Ratner empeleni i-Exhibit A ukuthi ayiyona. Uphikisane bobabili kuze kube sekugcineni, ”kusho umqondisi wezomthetho we-ACLU uDavid Cole tweeted.
Ngempela, uRatner wayengumphikisi wesikhathi eside wezimpi ezingekho emthethweni zase-US. Uzamile ukuphoqelela i- Ukulungiswa Kwempi Yempi ngo-1982 ngemuva kokuba uRonald Reagan ethumele “abeluleki bezempi” e-El Salvador. URatner wamangalela uGeorge HW Bush (engaphumelelanga) ukuthi afune ukugunyazwa kwenhlangano ngempi yokuqala yaseGulf. Ngo-1991, uRatner wahlela inkantolo yamacala ezimpi futhi wagxeka ukuhlukunyezwa kweMelika, okwathiwa yiNkantolo YaseNuremberg “ubugebengu obedlula zonke emhlabeni.” Ngo-1999, wagxeka ukuqhuma kwamabhomu kweNATO okwakuholwa yiMelika eKosovo ngokuthi “kuyicala lokuhlukumeza.” Ngo-2001, uRatner kanye noprofesa wezomthetho wase-University of Pittsburgh uJules Lobel babhala kwiJURIST ukuthi uhlelo lweBush e-Afghanistan lwaphula umthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Ngokushesha ngemuva kwalokho, uRatner utshele umhlangano weNational Lawyers Guild (owayengumongameli wangaphambilini) ukuthi ukuhlaselwa kuka-9/11 kwakungezona izimpi kodwa kwakuyizigebengu ezibhekiswe esintwini. Ngo-2002, uRatner nozakwabo eCCR babhala ku- New York Times ukuthi “ukwenqatshelwa kobudlova kuyisisekelo esiyisisekelo somthetho wamazwe omhlaba futhi angeke kwephulwe asikho isizwe.” Ngo-2006, uRatner wethula inkulumo eyisihluthulelo ekhomishini eyaphenya kabanzi ngamacala olawulo lukaBush olubhekene nobuntu namacala ezempi, okubandakanya nokungahambisani nomthetho kwempi yase-Iraq. Ngo-2007, uRatner wabhala ngobufakazi bencwadi yami, ICowboy Republic: Izindlela Eziyisithupha Iqembu Lezigelekeqe Lidelele Umthetho, "Kusuka ezimpini ezingekho emthethweni zase-Iraq kuze kube sekuhlushweni, nazi zonke izindlela eziyisithupha zokuphatha kukaBush ezenze iMelika yaba izwe elingafanele."
NjengoRatner, uprofesa wezomthetho waseCanada uMichael Mandel wacabanga ukuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu eKosovo kuchaza inkomba yokufa yokuphoqelela umthetho we-United Nations Charter wokusetshenziswa kwempi ngaphandle uma kwenziwa ukuzivikela noma ukugunyazwa nguMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. I- Umqulu ichaza ubudlwangudlwangu ngokuthi “ukusetshenziswa kwamandla eMbuso ukulwa nobukhosi, ubuqotho bendawo noma ukuzimela kwezepolitiki komunye uMbuso, noma nganoma iyiphi enye indlela engahambisani noMthetho-sisekelo Wezizwe Ezihlangene.”
Encwadini yakhe, INDLELA IMelika Ebalekela Ngayo Ukubulala: Izimpi Ezingekho Emthethweni, Ukulimala Kwesibambiso Namacala Aphikisana Nobuntu, UMandel uthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu kweNATO Kosovo kubeke isibonelo sezimpi zaseMelika e-Iraq nase-Afghanistan. "Iphule umgoqo obalulekile kwezomthetho nangokwengqondo," kubhala uMandel. "Ngenkathi isikhulu sePentagon uRichard Perle 'ebonga uNkulunkulu' ngokufa kwe-UN, isibonelo sokuqala asichaza njengesizathu sokuchitha isikhundla soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha esisemthethweni ezindabeni zempi nokuthula kwaba yiKosovo.”
UMoyn, uprofesa wezomthetho waseYale ozibiza ngochwepheshe wecebo lezomthetho, akakaze asebenzise umthetho. Mhlawumbe yingakho ebala i-International Criminal Court (ICC) kanye kuphela encwadini yakhe, I-Humane: I-United States Yayilahla Kanjani Ukuthula Nempi Eyabuyiselwa. Kuleyo nkomba eyodwa, uMoyn usho ngamanga ukuthi i-ICC ayihlosile izimpi zodlame, ngokubhala, “[I-ICC] yagcwalisa ifa laseNuremberg, ngaphandle kokuthi ishiye isayinde layo lokufeza ubugebengu bezimpi ezingekho emthethweni uqobo.”
Ukube uMoyn wayefunde i- Isitatimende saseRoma eyasungula i-ICC, wayezobona ukuthi elinye lamacala amane ajeziswe ngaphansi komthetho yiwo icala lokuhlukumeza, okuchazwa ngokuthi “ukuhlela, ukulungiselela, ukuthwasa noma ukubulala, komuntu osesimweni esikahle sokulawula noma ukuqondisa isenzo sezepolitiki noma sezempi soMbuso, sesenzo sobudlova okuthi, ngohlamvu lwaso, amandla adonsela phansi nezinga, kusho ukwephula okusobala uMqulu Wenhlangano Yezizwe. ”
Kepha i-ICC yehlulekile ukushushisa icala lobudlova ngenkathi uRatner esaphila ngoba izichibiyelo zodlame azizange ziqale ukusebenza kuze kube ngu-2018, eminyakeni emibili ngemuva kokushona kukaRatner. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Iraq, i-Afghanistan noma i-United States azikaze zivume izichibiyelo, okwenza kube nzima ukujezisa udlame ngaphandle kwalapho uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha we-UN uyalela. Nge veto yaseMelika eMkhandlwini, lokho ngeke kwenzeke.
UMargulies uthe “ngumgxeki kuphela ongakaze amele iklayenti ongaveza ukuthi bekungakuhle ukufaka amacala angenalo ithuba elikude lempumelelo esikhundleni sokuzama ukuvimbela ukuboshwa kwesiboshwa ngokungemthetho nangokungenabuntu. Lokhu kusikisela kuyathuka, futhi uMichael wakuqonda kangcono lokho ukudlula noma ngubani. ”
Eqinisweni, amacala amathathu afakwa ngamanye abameli ayebekela inselelo ukuba semthethweni kwempi yase-Iraq akhishwa enkantolo yizinkantolo ezintathu ezihlukene zokudlulisa amacala. Isifunda Sokuqala wabusa ngo-2003 ukuthi amalungu asebenzayo ebusosheni baseMelika kanye namalungu eCongress babengenakho "ukuma" ukuphikisana nokuba semthethweni kwempi ngaphambi kokuba iqale, ngoba noma yikuphi ukulimala kubo bekungaba ukuqagela. Ngo-2010, iSekethe Yesithathu okutholiwe ukuthi iNew Jersey Peace Action, omama ababili bezingane ababeqedele ukuvakasha okuningi e-Iraq, kanye nomakadebona empini e-Iraq babengenakho “ukuma” ukuphikisana nokuba semthethweni kwempi ngoba babengenakukhombisa ukuthi balinyazwe bona uqobo. Futhi ngo-2017, iSekethe Lesishiyagalolunye ebanjwe ecaleni elifakwe ngowesifazane wase-Iraq lokuthi abamangalelwa uBush, uDick Cheney, uColin Powell, uCondoleezza Rice noDonald Rumsfeld bavikelekile emacaleni omphakathi.
UMargulies naye wangitshela, “okusikisela ukuthi URasul ngandlela thile inikwe amandla ukuthi izimpi zaphakade zimane nje azilungile. Ngenxa yempi yase-Afghanistan, isigaba sokuqala sempi yokwesatshiswa salwa phansi, okwaholela ekutheni i-US ibambe futhi iphenye iziboshwa eziningi kakhulu. Kepha lesi sigaba sempi sesisuswe yisifiso salokho iNSA ekubiza ngokuthi 'ukubusa kolwazi.' ”UMargulies wengeze wathi," Ngaphezu kwanoma yini, impi yobuphekula manje iyimpi yokuqapha okuqhubekayo, komhlaba wonke okwalandelwa isikhashana yi-drone iziteleka. Kuyimpi emayelana namasiginali ngaphezu kwamasosha. Akukho lutho ku URasul, noma nanoma yiliphi icala lokuvalelwa, linomthelela omncane kulesi sigaba esisha. ”
“Futhi kungani umuntu angacabanga ukuthi ukuhlukunyezwa kwaqhubeka, impi yobuphekula ngabe imile? Isisekelo sikaMoyn, asinikezi ubufakazi obuningi, ”kusho uCole, owayengummeli wabasebenzi bakwaCCR, tweeted. “Ukusho ukuthi ayinakuphikiswa ngokujulile kuwukuzibamba. Futhi ake sithi okwesikhashana ukuthi ukuvumela ukuhlukunyezwa kuqhubeke kungaba nomthelela ekuqedeni impi. Ngabe abameli kufanele babheke kolunye uhlangothi, ukunikela ngamakhasimende abo ethembeni le-quixotic lokuthi ukuvumela ukuthi bahlushwe kuzosheshisa ukuphela kwempi? ”
Encwadini kaMoyn enesihloko esithi Ubuntu, ngokudabukisayo uthatha uRatner nozakwabo beCCR bayomfaka emsebenzini wokuhlela "ubugebengu bezimpi ezimpini zakho." Kuwo wonke I-NYRB screed, uMoyn uziphikisa emzamweni wokusekela umlando wakhe, eqinisa ukuthi uRatner wayefuna ukwenza impi njengeyabantu futhi uRatner wayengafuni ukwenza impi njengeyabantu ("Inhloso kaRatner bekungakaze kube yimpi yaseMelika ibe nobuntu").
UBill Goodman wayenguMqondisi Wezomthetho weCCR ngomhlaka 9/11. "Esingakhetha kukho bekuwukucaba amasu ezomthetho abekela inselelo ukuthumba, ukuvalelwa, ukuhlukunyezwa nokubulawa kwamasosha aseMelika alandele umhlaka-9/11 noma angenzi lutho," wangitshela. “Noma ngabe icala lihlulekile — futhi bekuyisu elinzima kakhulu — okungenani belingafeza injongo yokwazisa lolulaka. Ukungakwenzi lutho kwakuwukuvuma ukuthi intando yeningi nomthetho babengenakuzisiza lapho bebhekene nokusebenzisa amandla amabi ngendlela engavinjelwe, ”kusho uGoodman. “Ngaphansi kobuholi bukaMichael sakhetha ukwenza izinto kunokuba sintengantenge. Angizisoli nakancane. Indlela kaMoyn — yokungenzi lutho — ayamukeleki. ”
UMoyn wenza isimanga sokuthi inhloso kaRatner, efana naleyo "yabanye ababedla ngoludala," kwakuwukubeka "impi ezokwethula ngesisekelo somthetho esiqinile." Ngokuphambene nalokho, uRatner wabhala esahlukweni sakhe esanyatheliswa encwadini yami, I-United States Nokuhlukunyezwa: Ukuphenywa, Ukuboshwa, Nokuhlukunyezwa, “Ukuvalelwa ezintanjeni kungumugqa okungafanele weqewe. Isici esiyinhloko senkululeko yabantu okuthathe amakhulu eminyaka ukuwina ukuthi akekho umuntu oyoboshwa ngaphandle kokuthi abekwe icala futhi aquliswe icala. ” Uqhube wathi, “Uma ungawaphuca lawo malungelo bese umane ubambe umuntu ngesankahlu umjikijele kolunye lolwandle ngoba bangamaSulumane angezona izakhamizi, lokho kuncishwa amalungelo kuzosetshenziswa kubo bonke. … Lawa ngamandla wombuso wamaphoyisa hhayi wentando yeningi. ”
ULobel, owalandela uRatner njengomengameli weCCR, utshele Intando yeningi Manje! ukuthi uRatner "akazange ahlehle emuva ekulweni nengcindezelo, ukungabi nabulungisa, noma ngabe kunzima kangakanani, noma ngabe icala lalibonakala lingenathemba kanjani." ULobel uthe, “UMichael ubekhaliphile ngokuhlanganisa abameli nezomthetho. … Wayebathanda abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ubebamele, ehlangana nabo, ehlanganyela nosizi lwabo, ehlupheka kanye nabo. ”
URatner uchithe impilo yakhe elwela ngokungakhathali abampofu nabacindezelwe. Wamangalela uRonald Reagan, uGeorge HW Bush, uBill Clinton, uRumsfeld, i-FBI nePentagon ngokwephula umthetho. Ubeke inselelo inqubomgomo yase-US eCuba, Iraq, Haiti, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Puerto Rico nase-Israel / Palestine. URatner wayengumeluleki ohola impempe uJulian Assange, obhekene neminyaka eyi-175 ejele ukuveza ubugebengu bezempi baseMelika e-Iraq, e-Afghanistan naseGuantánamo.
Ukuphakamisa, njengoba kwenza uMoyn ngokweyisa, ukuthi uMichael Ratner usezilule isikhathi eside izimpi ngokuphoqelela amalungelo abantu abasengozini enkulu, kungumbhedo omkhulu. Umuntu akanakusiza kodwa acabange ukuthi uMoyn wenze uRatner waba yisisulu sokulahlwa kwakhe hhayi nje ngomzamo wokuqinisa umbono wakhe ongenangqondo, kodwa futhi nokuthengisa amakhophi encwadi yakhe engafanele.
UMarjorie Cohn, owayengummeli wezokuvikela ubugebengu, unguprofesa ovela eThomas Jefferson School of Law, owayengumongameli we-National Lawyers Guild, futhi eyilungu lehhovisi le-International Association of Democratic Lawyers. Ushicilele izincwadi ezine ezikhuluma “ngempi yokwesaba”: ICowboy Republic: Izindlela Eziyisithupha Iqembu Lezigelekeqe Lidelele Umthetho; I-United States Nokuhlukunyezwa: Ukuphenywa, Ukuboshwa, Nokuhlukunyezwa; Imithetho Yokuyekiswa: Izepolitiki Nokuhlonishwa Kokuphikisana Ngezempi; kanye ne-Drones kanye ne-Targeting Killing: Izinkinga Zezomthetho, Zokuziphatha Nezendawo.
