Kufundwa Ekuvukeni KwaseGibhithe
NguDavid Swanson
Kuthiwani uma abantu base-United States beqonda ukuthi "uguquko" luyinto engaphezu kwesiqubulo somkhankaso emkhankasweni wokhetho lukamongameli?
Incwadi entsha ka-Ahmed Salah, Ungaphansi kokuboshwa kuka-Master Ukucabanga Nge-Revolution yaseGibhithe (a Memoir), ekuqaleni kwencwadi yayo siqu sisho njengegama lehaba, kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lencwadi isebenza ukuliqinisekisa. USalah wayebandakanyekile njenganoma ngubani owakha umfutho womphakathi eGibhithe isikhathi esiyiminyaka, wagcina ekuqothulweni kukaHosni Mubarak, yize onke ama-akhawunti akhe okulwa phakathi kwezinhlangano zezishoshovu ehlukahlukene enawo amanye ama-akhawunti avela kumuntu ngamunye obandakanyekayo.
Vele, ukunakekela kahle inguquko akufani nokuqonda kahle iphrojekthi yokwakha. Kukhulu kakhulu ukugembula, kusebenza ukulungiselela abantu ukuthi basebenze ngempumelelo lapho futhi uma kuvela umzuzwana lapho abantu bezimisele ukwenza khona - bese basebenzela ukwakha kuleso senzo ukuze umzuliswano olandelayo usasebenza kakhulu. Ukukwazi ukudala lezo zikhathi kufana nokuzama ukulawula isimo sezulu, futhi ngicabanga ukuthi kufanele kuhlale kunjalo kuze kube yilapho izindlela ezintsha zezentando yeningi zemidiya ziba yimidiya enkulu ngempela.
USalah uqala indaba yakhe yokwakha ukunyakaza ngesenzo esikhulu sobugebengu okwaqala ngqa eminyakeni eminingi ukugqugquzela abantu baseCairo ukuthi bazibeke engcupheni yokuhamba emigwaqweni bekhalaza: ukuhlaselwa kwe-US e-Iraq ngo-2003. Ngokubhikisha ubugebengu base-US, abantu bangakwazi futhi babhikishele ukungahambisani kwabo nohulumeni wabo okhohlakele kukho. Bangakhuthazana ukuthi bakholelwe ukuthi kukhona okungenziwa ngohulumeni owayebambe abaseGibhithe ngokwesaba nangokuhlazeka amashumi eminyaka.
Ku-2004, izishoshovu zaseGibhithe, kufaka phakathi uSalah, zakha iKefaya! (Kwanele!) Ukunyakaza. Kepha babenzima ukusebenzisa ilungelo lokukhombisa obala (ngaphandle kokushaywa noma ukuboshwa). Nakulokhu, uGeorge W. Bush wasiza. Amanga akhe ngezikhali zase-Iraq asewile, futhi ubeseqala ukukhipha inqwaba yombhedo ngempi eletha intando yeningi eMiddle East. Lezo zinkulumo, kanye nokuxhumana okuvela eMnyangweni Wezwe LaseMelika, empeleni kube nomthelela kuhulumeni waseGibhithe ukuthi azibambe kancane ngesihluku sakhe sokucindezela. Okunye okugibele usizo bekuyizindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana, ikakhulukazi iziteshi zikamabonakude zesathelayithi ezifana ne-Al Jazeera, namabhulogi angafundwa izintatheli zaphesheya.
UKefaya nelinye iqembu elibizwa nge-Youth for Change ukuthi uSalah ahole wasebenzisa amahlaya nokusebenza kwaseshashalazini ukuze aqale ukukwenza kwamukeleke ukukhuluma kabi ngoMubarak. Badala imibhikisho yomphakathi esheshayo, encane, futhi engamenyezelwa ezindaweni ezimpofu zaseCairo, baqhubeka ngaphambi kokuthi kufike amaphoyisa. Abazange bakhaphele amacebo abo ayimfihlo ngokumemezela kwi-inthanethi, iningi lamaGibhithe engazange likwazi ukungena kuyo. USalah ukholelwa ukuthi izintatheli zakwamanye amazwe zikwedlule ngokweqile ukubaluleka kwe-intanethi iminyaka ngoba bekulula ukufinyelela kuzo kunobushoshovu basemgwaqweni.
Lezi zishoshovu zahlala ngaphandle kwezepolitiki zokhetho kulokho ezakubona njengohlelo olonakele ngokungenathemba, yize zafunda inhlangano ye-Otpor eSerbia eyehlisa uSlobodan Milosevic. Bahlelekile naphezu kwezingozi ezinkulu, kufaka phakathi izinhloli zikahulumeni kanye nabangena ngaphakathi, kanti uSalah, njengabanye abaningi, wayengena ephuma ejele, kokunye esebenzisa isiteleka sendlala waze wakhululwa. “Yize umphakathi uvame ukungabaza,” kubhala uSalah, “ukuthi izishoshovu ezinezingqwembe zingashintsha noma yini, amathuluzi okuphepha aseGibhithe asiphatha njengabahlaseli bezizwe. . . . Ezokuphepha Kombuso bezinabasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-100,000 XNUMX abazinikele ekuqapheni nasekuqedeni noma yiliphi iqembu elibekela inselelo umbuso kaMubarak. ”
Isikhathi sokuphikiswa okukhulu komphakathi siyehla futhi sahamba eminyakeni edlule. Ngo-2007 yanikezwa umfutho ngabasebenzi ababetelekele nabantu ababenodlame ngenxa yokushoda kwesinkwa. Inyunyana yokuqala yabasebenzi ezimele eGibhithe yasungulwa ngonyaka we-2009. Amaqembu ahlukahlukene asebenza ukuhlela ukuboniswa komphakathi ngo-Ephreli 6, 2008, lapho umsebenzi uSalah wabona indima entsha nebalulekile eyadlalwa yiFacebook. Yize kunjalo, bezabalaza ukwazisa umphakathi ngesiteleka esijwayelekile ngo-Ephreli 6, izishoshovu zathola umfutho kuhulumeni owamemezela emithonjeni yezindaba zombuso ukuthi akekho umuntu okufanele abambe iqhaza esitelekeni jikelele esihleliwe ngo-Ephreli 6 - ngaleyo ndlela sazisa wonke umuntu ngobukhona baso nokubaluleka kwaso.
USalah uchaza izinqumo eziningi ezinzima eminyakeni edlule, ezibandakanya ukukhetha ukusebenza nohulumeni wase-US nokuhambela e-United States ukuyonxenxa uhulumeni wase-US ukuthi afake ingcindezi eGibhithe. Lokhu kubeka engcupheni ukonakalisa noma kulimaze isithunzi sikaSalah nabantu abazingabaze kahle izinhloso ezinhle zase-US. Kepha uSalah uphawula izimo ezibalulekile lapho izingcingo ezivela eWashington kungenzeka zivumele imibhikisho ukuthi yenzeke.
Ngesinye isikhathi ngasekupheleni kuka-2008 uSalah ukhuluma nesikhulu soMkhandlu Wezokuphepha Kazwelonke wase-US esimtshela ukuthi impi yase-Iraq “yaphazamisa umqondo 'wentando yeningi' ngakho-ke uBush wayengeke enze lukhulu ukukhuthaza intando yeningi. Okungenani imibuzo emibili iyagxuma engqondweni: Ingabe ukuqhuma kwamabhomu okubulala kufanele kunikeze igama elibi ekukhuthazeni intando yeningi yangempela engenabudlova? futhi Kunini lapho esihogweni lapho uBush enza khona okuningi ukukhuthaza intando yeningi?
USalah kanye nabalingani bakhe bazame ukuguqula uhlu olukhulu lwabangani be-Facebook lube izishoshovu zomhlaba wangempela ngaphandle kwempumelelo. Balwa bodwa futhi bakhungatheka. Kwathi ku-2011, eTunisia kwenzeka. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwenyanga, abantu baseTunisia (ngosizo lwe-US noma ukumelana ne-US, umuntu angabona) bachitha umashiqela wabo. Baphefumlela abaseGibhithe. Lesi kwakuyisimo sezulu silungiselela ukushaya isivunguvungu ngeCairo uma umuntu ethola ukuthi angasisebenzisa kanjani.
Ucingo oluku-inthanethi losuku lwenguquko ngoJanuwari 25 lwathunyelwa ngumpempe wamaphoyisa waseGibhithe owayehlala eVirginia (futhi futhi, njengoba ngikhumbula, lapho abaholi bezempi baseGibhithe babehlangana khona ePentagon ngaleso sikhathi - mhlawumbe mhlawumbe ikhaya lami umbuso wawukhona ezinhlangothini zombili). USalah wayazi futhi wakhuluma nompempe. USalah wayephikisana nesenzo esisheshayo, kepha ekholelwa ukuthi kungenakugwenywa ngenxa yokuphakanyiswa kwe-inthanethi, wahlela amasu okuthi angaqina kanjani ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuthi lesi senzo besingenakugwemeka noma cha akucaci, ngoba uSalah naye uphume wayobuza abantu emigwaqweni futhi akatholanga noma ngubani owake wezwa ngezinhlelo. Uphinde wathola ukuthi abantu ezindaweni ezihlwempu kungenzeka bakholwe yizinkulumo-ze zikahulumeni ezeza kuphela kwabezindaba abangafinyelela kuzona, kanti abasezingeni eliphakathi babekhafulela uMubarak. Isigameko lapho amaphoyisa abulale khona insizwa esezingeni eliphakathi ikhombise abantu ukuthi basengozini.
USalah ubuye bathola ukuthi iningi labantu abebethi bazobamba iqhaza umbhikisho bathi bazokwenza kuphela uma wonke umuntu ehamba kuqala. Besaba ukuthi bangabokuqala ukungena esigcawini esikhulu somphakathi. Ngakho-ke, uSalah kanye nezinhlaka zakhe baya emsebenzini behlela amaqembu amancane amancane ukuze aqale imibhikisho ezindaweni ezingamenyezelwanga ezindaweni ezisesigabeni esiphakathi nasemigwaqweni emincane lapho amaphoyisa esaba ukubalandela. Ithemba, elafezeka, ukuthi imishado emincane izokhula lapho ibhekisa eTahrir Square, nokuthi lapho befika esigcawini bazokuba bakhulu ngokwanele ukuba bawuthathe. USalah ugcizelela ukuthi, yize kukhona i-Twitter ne-Facebook, bekuyizwi lomlomo elawenza lo msebenzi.
Kepha umuntu angaluphinda kanjani lolu hlobo lokuhlela endaweni enkulu njenge-United States, lapho isigaba esiphakathi sisabalale kulo lonke ukwanda komphefumulo? Futhi ingancintisana kanjani ne-propaganda enekhono kakhulu yemithombo yezindaba yase-US? USalah kungenzeka ukuthi uqinisile ngokuthi izishoshovu ezikwamanye amazwe esezwile nge- "Facebook Revolution" futhi zazama ukuziphinda zehlulekile ngoba bezingezona ezangempela. Kepha indlela yokuxhumana engashayela uguquko isalokhu ifiseleka kakhulu - ngamasu kuyo, ngicabanga ukuthi, iyabonakala, hhayi kakhulu ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, njengasekubikeni okuzimele, noma mhlawumbe ekuhlanganisweni kwalokhu okubili.
USalah ubheka ukuthi uhulumeni waseMubarak uzilimaze kanjani ngokunquma izingcingo ne-intanethi. Uxoxa ngokusetshenziswa kodlame ngaphakathi kwenguquko engenalo udlame, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakomidi abantu ukugcina ukuthula lapho amaphoyisa ebaleka edolobheni. Uthinta kafushane ngephutha elimangalisayo lokunikeza inguquko yabantu emasosheni. Akasho okuningi ngeqhaza laseMelika ekusekeleni ukuphikiswa. USalah uyabona ukuthi maphakathi noMashi 2011 yena nezinye izishoshovu bahlangana noHillary Clinton owenqabile ukubasiza.
USalah manje uhlala eMelika. Kufanele ngabe simmema ukuthi azokhuluma kuzo zonke izikole nasesigcawini. I-Gibhithe ngumsebenzi oqhubekayo. I-United States kungumsebenzi ongakaqalwa.
