Ibhalwe ngu-Andrew Bolton
I-United States yangena eMpini Yezwe I ngo-April 6, 1917. IMpi Enkulu, eyayinezimboni ezinonya futhi inemishini, yayilokhu ishubile kusukela ehlobo lika-1914 futhi uMongameli uWilson wayevimbile izwe ukuba lingene kuyo kuze kube yilesi sikhathi. Sekukonke, ngaphezu kwamazwe ayi-100 e-Afrika, eMelika, e-Asia, e-Australasia naseYurophu abambe iqhaza kuWWI. AmaJuda abulala amaJuda, amaKrestu abulala amaKrestu, amaSulumane abulala amaSulumane njengoba abantu bebanjwa futhi behlukaniswa ubuzwe nemibuso. Kwafa abangu-17 million kwathi abangu-20 balimala. Kungenye yezingxabano ezibulala kakhulu ezake zaba khona futhi abantu baseMelika abayi-117,000 nabo bafa. Abanye abayizigidi ezingama-50 bafa emhlabeni wonke bebulawa umkhuhlane waseSpain ekupheleni kwempi, ubhadane olwabangelwa futhi lwabhebhetheka izimo zesikhathi sempi.
“Impi yokuqeda impi” kwakuwukumemeza kweMpi Yezizwe Ezihlangene ngokunqoba iJalimane, eyabhalwa umlobi waseBrithani uHG Wells ngo-August 1914. Lesi siqubulo sakhethwa kamuva umongameli wase-United States uWilson njengoba eshintsha enqubweni yokungathathi-hlangothi eya empini. Ku-2017 akungabazeki ukuthi kuzoba nezinkulumo zobuzwe obulungile njengoba i-US ikhumbula ukubamba iqhaza kwayo "empini yokuqeda yonke impi" eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Nokho ukuthula okungenabulungisa kweSivumelwano SaseVersailles sango-1919 kwaphumela eMpini Yezwe II - the Ukungqubuzana okubulala kakhulu emlandweni wesintu, kanye nokuqothulwa kwesizwe okwengeziwe kwamaJuda ayizigidi eziyisi-6. Kwabe sekufika iMpi Yomshoshaphansi nosongo oluqhubekayo lokuqothulwa kwezikhali zenuzi - hhayi ukuqothulwa kohlanga kodwa ukubulawa kwabantu bonke - ukufa kwabo bonke. Ukuqoshwa kweMpumalanga Ephakathi okwenziwa amakoloni aseYurophu ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili kusaqhubeka kubangela izingxabano eziyinhlekelele e-Iraq, Israel/Palestine njll.
Izazi-mlando uScott H. Bennett noCharles Howlett ziye zabizwa ngokuthi abantu abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza bangamasosha aphikisayo eMpini Yezwe I. Ziningi izindaba ezithinta inhliziyo zabantu abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza weWWI, isibonelo, abazalwane bakwaHofer (abakwaHutterite ababili abashonela eFort Leavenworth, Kansas), uBen Salmon (owayengumfundi we-unionist kanye nesocialist kanye noyedwa we-4 US Catholic COs ku-WWI), uMaurice Hess (iBandla Labazalwane. CO), u-Judah Magnes (i-US Jewish pacifist ehamba phambili), kanye noQuaker, Pentecostal njll. Imindeni yezenkolo ihlukene phakathi - umndeni wakwaThomas wasePresbyterian wase-US wakhiqiza amasosha amabili kanye nababili abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza. Ngokufanayo, umndeni wamaQuaker Cadbury wamaNgisi nawo uhlukaniswe waba amasosha nama-pacifists. Ukuphikiswa eJalimane kwakuhlanganisa ama-socialists, abesifazane, kanye ne-Jewish anarchist/pacificist u-Gustav Landauer. AbeSuffragette bahlukene phakathi kodwa abesifazane nabo bamasha bekhalaza ngokubulawa kwabayeni namadodana abo. UCharlotte Despard, owayengamele futhi ephikisana nempi, wamelana nomfowabo, uJenene waseBrithani uSir John French owahola umzamo wempi eFrance isikhathi esithile. Impi yezwe yadala ukunyakaza komhlaba wonke konembeza, ukumelana nokungavumelani.
I-WWI yabona ukuzalwa kwezinhlangano ezihlala njalo zokuthula, ezobulungiswa kanye nenkululeko yomphakathi njengeKomiti Ephakathi YamaMennonite, IKomiti Yenkonzo Yabangane BaseMelika, I-Fellowship of Reconciliation (eyaba nomthelela omuhle futhi yanika amandla i-American Civil Rights Movement yakamuva), i-American Civil Liberties Union, i-War Resisters League njll. I-WWI yaba nomthelela omkhulu emfundisweni yenkolo yobuKrestu nobushoshovu ngokusebenzisa abantu abafana no-Karl Barth, u-Dietrich Bonhoeffer, u-Eberhard Arnold no-Dorothy Day. Isazi sezenkolo esingumJuda kanye nesazi sefilosofi uMartin Buber wabhala "I-You" ku-WWI ngempi njengobuhlobo bokugcina "I-It" njengokwasemuva.
Namuhla ubona ukukhuphuka kobuzwe bophiko lwesokudla e-USA naseYurophu. Kukhulunywa ngokubhaliswa kwamaSulumane e-USA. Senza kanjani ngokuvumelana nonembeza nanjengabalandeli bakaJesu kulezi zikhathi ezinzima?
Umfelandawonye wamasonto okuthula kanye nabanye bahlangana eNational World War I Museum, eKansas City, ngoJanuwari 2014 ukuze baqale ukuhlela uchungechunge oluzoxoxa lezi zindaba zalabo abamelene nabaphikisayo ngenxa kanembeza kuWWI. Ibiziwe Ukukhumbula Amazwi Athulisiwe: Unembeza, Ukuphikisana, Ukumelana, Nenkululeko Yomphakathi eMpini Yezwe I kuze kube namuhla. izoba ngo-Okthoba 19-22, 2017 eNational World War I Museum and Memorial, Kansas City, MO. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nokushayelwa kwamaphepha (okuzofaneleka ngoMashi 20, 2017), uhlelo, amazwibela, ukubhaliswa njll bheka theworldwar.org/mutedvoices
Ekupheleni kochungechunge, ngeSonto ekuseni mhla zingama-22 kuMfumfu wezi-2017 kuhlelwa inkonzo yesikhumbuzo e-Fort Leavenworth, e-Kansas ngaphandle kwesibhedlela lapho kwashonela khona u-Hutterians uJoseph noMichael Hofer. Okunye okukhunjulwayo yilabo abenqaba ukuya empini ngenxa kanembeza abangu-92 ababeseFort Leavenworth ngo-1918 kanye nabangu-100 kwezinye izindawo.
Ekugcineni, kwangena uMbukiso Ojikelezayo Amazwi Kanembeza - Ufakazi Wokuthula Empini Enkulu ithuthukiswa iKaufman Museum eMennonite Bethel College, Kansas (https://kauffman.bethelks.edu/Traveling%20Exhibits/Voices-of-Conscience/index.html ) Ngokubhuka umbukiso ojikelezayo xhumana no-Annette LeZotte, alezotte@bethelks.edu
