Kwakungu-1969, futhi iMpi YaseMelika eVietnam yabonakala ingapheli. Ukuthukuthela okukhulu ngale mpi kwase kusakazekele emigwaqweni nasemakhempasi esizwe - intukuthelo ngenxa yenqwaba yezikhwama zomzimba ezibuyela ekhaya, ngenxa yokuqhuma kwamabhomu aphuma ezindizeni zase-US angena ezigodini zasemakhaya, enezithombe zemindeni ebalekayo, isikhumba sabo sishiswe yi-napalm, esisakazwa emhlabeni wonke.
Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu ayeseqalile ukumelana nempi. Ikwindla ka-1969 yaba nomlando I-Moratorium imibhikisho, imibhikisho emikhulu emlandweni wase-US.
Kodwa nakuba intshiseko nokuzimisela kwenhlangano emelene nempi yayinamandla, abanye babenomuzwa wokuthi ulwazi oluqinile mayelana namandla angemva komshini wempi lwalushoda. Ubani owayekhiqiza futhi ezuza ngamabhomu, izindiza, namakhemikhali asetshenziswa eVietnam? Wawukuphi umshini wempi - amafekthri awo, amalebhu awo okucwaninga - akhona e-US? Kuziphi izifundazwe, futhi kumaphi amadolobha? Obani izinkampani ezazihlomula futhi ezazibhebhezela impi?
Uma abagqugquzeli kanye nenhlangano elwa nempi ekhulayo bengathola lolu lwazi - ulwazi olubanzi futhi olujulile lwemali namandla ezinkampani ngemuva kwempi - ukunyakaza kungase kuqine nakakhulu, ukwazi ukukhomba ngamasu izingxenye ezahlukene zomshini wempi ngaphesheya. izwe.
Lesi kwakuyisimo lapho isenzo sikaZwelonke/Ucwaningo Lwezimboni Zezempi - noma i-NARMIC, njengoba yaziwa kanjalo - lwazalwa.
I-NARMIC yayifuna ukucwaninga amandla kanye nemali ngemuva kwemboni yezokuvikela futhi ifake lolu cwaningo ezandleni zezishoshovu zokuthula ezazimelana neMpi yaseVietnam ukuze zilwe ngempumelelo. Babefuna - njengoba bekubeka - "ukugcwalisa igebe" phakathi "kokucwaninga ngokuthula" kanye "nokuhlela ukuthula." Babefuna ukwenza ucwaningo ukuze benze okuthile - yingakho, ukusebenzisa kwabo igama elithi "isenzo/ucwaningo" ukuchaza abakwenzile.
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, abasebenzi be-NARMIC namavolontiya abazange bavele bahlale ngokuthula egumbini futhi bahlaziye imithombo, behlukaniswe nomhlaba wonke. Basebenzisana kakhulu nabahleli bendawo. Bathathe izicelo zezishoshovu zokuthi babheke izinkampani abazozikhomba. Baqeqeshe abantu benhlangano ukuthi bazenzele olwabo ucwaningo. Futhi bahlanganisa umtapo omkhulu wezincwadi ongasetshenziswa yinoma ubani, kanye neqoqo lamapheshana, imibiko, imibukiso yamaslayidi, namanye amathuluzi abahleli.
Indaba ye-NARMIC, njengendaba ye- Umnyango Wocwaningo we-SNCC, iyingxenye yomlando obalulekile kodwa ofihliwe wendima yocwaningo lwamandla emlandweni wemibhikisho yase-US.
I-NARMIC yaqalwa ngo-1969 yiqembu lamaQuaker alwa nempi ayesebenza ne Ikomidi lezinkonzo zaseMelika (I-AFSC). Bagqugquzelwa umshumayeli weQuaker kanye nomqedazwe uJohn Woolman, owathi utshele abalandeli bakhe “ukuba babone futhi bathwale icala ngokungabi nabulungisa okubekwa ngezimiso zezomnotho.”
Lo mlayezo - ukuthi intukuthelo yokuziphatha ngokumelene nengcindezelo yayidinga ukuhambisana nokuqonda ukuthi izinhlelo zezomnotho zidala futhi zisekele kanjani leyo ngcindezelo - i-NARMIC yagqwayiza impilo yayo yonke.
I-NARMIC ibizinze ePhiladelphia. Izisebenzi zayo zakuqala zazisanda kuthola iziqu emakolishi amancane obuciko obukhululekile njengeSwarthmore, ngaphandle kwasePhiladelphia, nase-Earlham, e-Indiana. Isebenze ngesabelomali esifushane, nabacwaningi bayo abasebasha abasebenza “ngamaholo okuziphilisa angenalutho,” kodwa bekhuthazeke kakhulu ukwenza ucwaningo oluqinile olungasiza umnyakazo wokulwa nempi.
Inhloso eyinhloko ye-NARMIC kwakuyisakhiwo sezempi nezimboni, esiyichaza ngo-1970 iphamfulethi - ecaphuna u-Dwight Eisenhower - "njengalokhu kuhlanganiswa kwebutho elikhulu lezempi kanye nemboni enkulu yezikhali entsha kulwazi lwaseMelika." I-NARMIC yengeze ngokuthi “le nkimbinkimbi ingokoqobo” “etholakala cishe kuzo zonke izici zokuphila kwethu.”
Ngemuva kokuthi leli qembu libunjwe ngo-1969, i-NARMIC yaqala ukusebenza icwaninga ngobudlelwano bemboni yezokuvikela neMpi yaseVietnam. Lolu cwaningo luphumele ekushicilelweni kokuqala okubili okwaba nomthelela omkhulu phakathi kwenhlangano yokulwa nempi.
Elokuqala kwakuwuhlu losonkontileka abaphezulu bezokuvikela abayi-100 e-US. Besebenzisa idatha etholakala eMnyangweni Wezokuvikela, abacwaningi be-NARMIC bahlanganisa ngokucophelela amazinga aveza ukuthi obani abenza inzuzo enkulu yempi yezwe nokuthi lezi zinkampani zaklonyeliswa malini ezinkontilekeni zokuvikela. Uhlu beluhambisana nokuhlaziya okuthile okuwusizo okuvela ku-NARMIC mayelana nokutholakele.
Uhlu oluphezulu losonkontileka bezokuvikela abayi-100 lwabuyekezwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuze abahleli babe nolwazi lwakamuva - lapha, ngokwesibonelo, iwuhlu lwango-1977. Lolu hlu lwaluyingxenye “ye-Atlas Yezempi Yezempi Yase-United States” eyahlanganiswa yi-NARMIC.
Iphrojekthi yesibili enkulu yokuqala eyenziwe yi-NARMIC kwakuyibhukwana elithi “Automated Air War.” Lolu shicilelo lwephule lwaba ngamagama alula izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali nezindiza i-US eyayizisebenzisa empini yayo yasemoyeni neVietnam. Iphinde yahlonza abakhiqizi nabakhiqizi bezikhali ngemuva kwayo.
Kodwa "Impi Yomoya Ezenzakalelayo" yaqhubekela phambili ekusizeni abagqugquzeli bokulwa nempi. Ngo-1972, i-NARMIC yaguqula ucwaningo lwaba umbukiso wesilayidi nefilimu ene- iskripthi futhi izithombe - izithombe zamalogo ezinkampani, zosopolitiki, zezikhali, kanye nokulimala okwenzelwa abaseVietnam ngezikhali okuxoxwa ngazo. Ngaleso sikhathi, lena kwakuyindlela ephambili yokubandakanya nokufundisa abantu ngesihloko sempi nezikhali nosonkontileka bezokuvikela abasemva kwayo.
I-NARMIC izothengisa umbukiso wesilayidi emaqenjini ase-US, azobese enza okwawo ukubukiswa kwawo emiphakathini yawo. Ngalokhu, i-NARMIC yasabalalisa imiphumela yocwaningo lwayo lwamandla ezweni lonke futhi yaba neqhaza emkhankasweni wokulwa nempi onolwazi kakhulu ongathuthukisa umuzwa ojulile wesu mayelana nezinhloso zayo.
I-NARMIC iphinde yakhipha enye materials ekuqaleni kwawo-1970 ezaziwusizo kubahleli. I-“Movement Guide to Stockholders Meetings” yayo yabonisa izishoshovu ukuthi zingangenelela kanjani emihlanganweni yabanikazi bamasheya ezinkampani. “Umhlahlandlela Wokucwaninga Ngemigodlagodla Yesikhungo” yasakazwa emaqenjini endawo angaphezu kwenkulungwane. "Ukuqeqeshwa Kwamaphoyisa: I-Counterinsurgency Lapha Nakwamanye Amazwe" yaphenya "ukuzibandakanya kwezinkampani zase-US ekukhiqizeni izikhali zamaphoyisa kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwenyuvesi embonini yezimboni zamaphoyisa nezimboni zezemfundo."
Kukho konke lokhu, i-NARMIC iphinde yakha ibhange ledatha elihlaba umxhwele elingasebenzisa kulo ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo. I-NARMIC ichaze ukuthi ihhovisi layo liqukethe “iziqeshana, izindatshana, amanothi ocwaningo, imibiko esemthethweni, izingxoxo kanye nemiphumela yocwaningo oluzimele” embonini yezokuvikela, amanyuvesi, ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali, ukuphikiswa kwasekhaya nezinye izindawo. Yabhalisela amajenali nemibhalo yemboni abantu abambalwa ababeyazi kodwa equkethe ulwazi olubalulekile. I-NARMIC yenze ibhange layo ledatha latholakala kunoma yiliphi iqembu noma isishoshovu esingafika ehhovisi lasePhiladelphia.
Ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa nje, i-NARMIC yayisizenzele igama phakathi kwenhlangano elwa nempi ngenxa yocwaningo lwayo. Abasebenzi bayo basebenze ndawonye, behlukanisa abasebenzi kumaphrojekthi amakhulu, bethuthukisa imikhakha ehlukene yobuchwepheshe, futhi, njengoba omunye umcwaningi akubeka, baba “abayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi iPentagon yenzani.”Abacwaningi be-NARMIC bahlangana ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Isithombe: AFSC / AFSC Archives
Kodwa esikhundleni sokuba umcabango osuka phansi, isizathu sokuba khona kwe-NARMIC bekuhlale kuwukwenza ucwaningo oluxhumene futhi olungaqinisa imizamo yabagqugquzeli bokulwa nempi. Iqembu laphila le mishini ngezindlela ezahlukene.
I-NARMIC yayinekomiti lokweluleka elakhiwe ngabamele izinhlangano ezihlukene ezilwa nezimpi elalihlangana nazo njalo ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa ukuze kuxoxwe ngokuthi yiluphi uhlobo locwaningo olungaba wusizo embuthweni. Kuphinde kwadingeka nezicelo eziqhubekayo zosizo ngocwaningo oluvela emaqenjini amelene nempi axhumane nawo. Ipheshana lika-1970 limenyezelwe:
- "Abafundi abaphenya ucwaningo lwe-Pentagon emakhempasi, omama bezindlu baduba izimpahla ezithengwayo ezikhiqizwa izimboni zempi, abasebenzi bomkhankaso we-"Doves for Congress", izinhlangano zokuthula zazo zonke izinhlobo, amaqembu ochwepheshe kanye nezinyunyana zabasebenzi beze ku-NARMIC ukuze bathole amaqiniso futhi babonisane mayelana nendlela yokuphatha kangcono. ukukhiqiza amaphrojekthi. "
U-Diana Roose, umcwaningi we-NARMIC osenesikhathi eside, ukhumbule:
- Besithola izingcingo kwamanye ala maqembu ethi, “Ngidinga ukwazi ngalokhu. Sinemashi kusasa ebusuku. Ungangitshelani ngeBoeing nesitshalo sayo ngaphandle kwasePhiladelphia? " Ngakho-ke sizobasiza bakubheke… sizoba yingalo yocwaningo. Besibafundisa nendlela yocwaningo.
Ngempela, i-NARMIC yenza iphuzu mayelana nesifiso sayo sokuqeqesha abahleli bendawo ukuthi kwenziwa kanjani ucwaningo lwamandla. "Abasebenzi be-NARMIC bayatholakala "ukuzenzela wena" abacwaningi ukuze babasize bafunde indlela yokusebenzisa ibhange ledatha kanye nezinto zomtapo wezincwadi kanye nendlela yokuhlanganisa ulwazi olufanele kumaphrojekthi abo, "kusho leli qembu.
Izibonelo ezimbalwa ezibambekayo zinikeza umqondo wokuthi i-NARMIC ixhumene kanjani nabahleli bendawo:
- Philadelphia: Abacwaningi be-NARMIC basize izishoshovu ezimelene nempi ukuthi zithole ulwazi mayelana ne-GE kanye nesitshalo sayo sasePhiladelphia ukunyakaza okusetshenziswe ekuhleleni kwayo. Izingxenye ze-GE ezakhiwe zezikhali ezilwa nabasebenzi ezazisetshenziswa ngokumelene neVietnam.
- Minneapolis: Izishoshovu zakha iqembu elibizwa nge-“Honeywell Project” ukuze ziphikise i-Honeywell, eyayinesitshalo eMinneapolis esakha i-napalm. I-NARMIC yasiza abagqugquzeli ukuthi bafunde kabanzi mayelana nendlela i-napalm eyakhiwa ngayo, ubani owayezuza ngayo, nokuthi yayisetshenziswa kanjani eVietnam. Ngo-April 1970, ababhikishi bavala ngempumelelo umhlangano waminyaka yonke ka-Honeywell eMinneapolis.
- I-New England: Ukushicilelwa kwe-NARMIC kwasiza izishoshovu zaseNew England ukuthi ziqonde kangcono futhi zihlonze okuhlosiwe endaweni yazo. "[P] abantu baseNew England bazi ukuthi imiphakathi yabo ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuzuzeni inzuzo kubuchwepheshe obunwetshiwe bempi," kubhala i-AFSC. "UMnyango Wezokuvikela wahlangana eWellesley, eMiss., Izikhali zomoya zazinakekelwa eBedford, Mass., Futhi amabhange ayexhasa ngezimali ubuchwepheshe obusha kuso sonke isifunda. Le misebenzi ibigubuzelwe yimfihlakalo kwaze kwaba yilapho i-NARMIC idalula ukuxhumana kwayo nempi. "
Ngemuva kokuphela kweMpi yaseVietnam, i-NARMIC yashintshela ezindaweni ezintsha zocwaningo. Kuwo wonke ama-1970s kanye nama-1980s, yakhipha amaphrojekthi amakhulu ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezempi zase-US. Okunye kwalokhu kuthathela kokuhlangenwe nakho kwe-NARMIC kweMpi yaseVietnam, njengemibukiso yamaslayidi eyayenza ukuze ihambisane nocwaningo isabelomali sezempi. I-NARMIC iphinde ishicilele imibiko ngokungenelela kwamasosha ku America Central kanye nendima yase-US ekusekeleni Ubandlululo lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Ngaso sonke leso sikhathi, leli qembu laqhubeka nokusebenzisana eduze nabahleli ababambe iqhaza emibhikishweni ehambisana nalezi zihloko.
Omunye weminikelo emikhulu ye-NARMIC ngalesi sikhathi kwakuwumsebenzi wayo ezikhalini zenuzi. Lena kwakuyiminyaka - ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 kanye nasekuqaleni kwawo-1980 - lapho ukunyakaza kwabantu abaningi ngokumelene nokwanda kwezikhali zenuzi kwakubanjwe e-US. Ngokusebenzisana nezinhlangano ezahlukahlukene, i-NARMIC ibeka izinto ezibalulekile engcupheni yezikhali zenuzi namandla kanye nokwenza inzuzo ngemuva kwazo. Isibonelo, umbukiso wawo wamaslayidi wango-1980 “Ingozi eyamukelekayo?: I-Nuclear Age e-United States” wachazela ababukeli ubungozi bobuchwepheshe benuzi. Yayihlanganisa ochwepheshe benuzi kanye nobufakazi babasinda ebhomu le-athomu laseHiroshima, futhi yayihambisana nemibhalo eminingi.
Maphakathi nawo-1980, ngokusho komunye wabacwaningi bayo, i-NARMIC yawa ngenxa yenhlanganisela yezinto ezihlanganisa ukushoda kwezimali, ukuphuma kobuholi obusunguliwe, kanye nokufiphala kokugxila kwenhlangano njengoba kwakuvela izinkinga eziningi ezintsha nemikhankaso.
Kodwa i-NARMIC ishiye ifa elibalulekile lomlando, kanye nesibonelo esikhuthazayo sabacwaningi bamandla namuhla abafuna ukuthuthukisa imizamo yokuhlela yokuthula, ukulingana, kanye nobulungiswa.
Indaba ye-NARMIC iyisibonelo sendima ebalulekile edlalwe ucwaningo lwamandla emlandweni wezinhlangano zomphakathi zase-US. Ucwaningo lwe-NARMIC ngesikhathi seMpi YaseVietnam, nendlela lolu cwaningo olwasetshenziswa ngayo abahleli ukuze bathathe izinyathelo, lwenze isithunzi emshinini wezempi owaba nesandla ekupheleni kwempi. Kuphinde kwasiza ukufundisa umphakathi ngempi - mayelana namandla enkampani enza inzuzo ngayo, kanye nezinhlelo zezikhali eziyinkimbinkimbi i-US eyayizisebenzisa ngokumelene nabantu baseVietnam.
Umcwaningi we-NARMIC u-Diana Roose ukholelwa ukuthi leli qembu libambe iqhaza elikhulu “ekwakheni inhlangano eyaziswa futhi yenziwa yasebenza ngesisekelo samaqiniso, hhayi nje imizwa”:
- Ukulwela impi akwenzeki endaweni engenalutho. Ayizikhuleli nje. Kunezizathu zokuthi kungani impi ikhula futhi idlondlobale emphakathini othile, futhi kungenxa yobudlelwano bamandla nokuthi ubani owenza inzuzo futhi ubani ozuzayo… Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukungazi kuphela… ukuthi kuyini lokhu kwezempi, futhi yiziphi izingxenye… kodwa-ke ukuthi ubani obangela lokho , athini amandla ayo aphushayo?… Ngeke ukwazi ngempela ukubheka impi noma impi ethile… ngaphandle kokuqonda ngempela ukuthi iziqhumane ziyini, futhi ngokuvamile zifihlwe kahle.
Ngempela, i-NARMIC yenze umnikelo obanzi ekugqamiseni inkimbinkimbi yezempi nezimboni nokwenza kube okuhlosiwe okubanzi kokuphikisa. "Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokho," kubhala i-NARMIC ngo-1970, "kubonakala kungenangqondo ukuthi iqembu elincane lezenzo/abacwaningi lingenza lukhulu ukulwa nomdondoshiya we-MIC." Kepha impela, ngesikhathi i-NARMIC ihlakazeka, ukuzuza kwezempi kanye nokungenelela kwezempi kwakubukelwa ngokungangabazeki yizigidi zabantu, futhi ukunyakaza kokuthula kwase kuthuthukise amandla okucwaninga ahlaba umxhwele - i-NARMIC esiza ukuwakha, nabanye - esekhona nanamuhla.
Umbhali wodumo uNoam Chomsky ube nalokhu azokusho kuye Usisi omncane mayelana nefa le-NARMIC:
- Iphrojekthi ye-NARMIC ibiwumthombo oyigugu kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokusebenzelana kwesishoshovu esibucayi nohlelo lwezempi oluyinkimbinkimbi nolusongelayo e-US nasemhlabeni jikelele. Kuphinde kwaba ugqozi olukhulu emizameni ebanzi edumile ukunqanda usongo olusabekayo lwezikhali zenuzi kanye nokungenelela okunodlame. Iphrojekthi ikhombise, ngempumelelo enkulu, ukubaluleka okubalulekile kocwaningo olucophelelayo nokuhlaziya imizamo yezishoshovu zokubhekana nezinkinga ezinzima okufanele zibe seqhulwini ezintweni ezisikhathazayo.
Kodwa mhlawumbe ngaphezu kwakho konke, indaba ye-NARMIC ingenye indaba emayelana namathuba ocwaningo lokunyakaza - ukuthi lungasebenzisana kanjani nokuhlela imizamo yokukhanyisa ukuthi amandla asebenza kanjani nokusiza ukuhlonza okuhlosiwe kwesenzo.
Ifa le-NARMIC liyaphila emsebenzini wokunyakaza esiwenzayo namuhla. Lokho abakubiza ngokuthi isenzo/ucwaningo, singakubiza ngocwaningo lwamandla. Lokho abakubiza ngokuthi imibukiso yama-slide, singase sikubize ngama-webinars. Njengoba abagqugquzeli abaningi namuhla bamukela isidingo sokucwaninga kwamandla, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi sima emahlombe amaqembu afana ne-NARMIC.
Unentshisekelo yokufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuthi ucwaningo lwamandla nokuhlela kungasebenza kanjani ndawonye namuhla? Bhalisa lapha ukuze uhlangane Imephu Amandla: Ucwaningo Lokumelana.
I-AFSC iphinde iqhubeke nokubheka ukuhambisana kwebhizinisi nokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Hlola yabo Phenya Iwebhusayithi.
