By I-Peace Science Digest, Juni 8, i-2022
Lokhu kuhlaziya kufingqa futhi kubonise lolu cwaningo olulandelayo: Otto, D. (2020). Ukucabanga kabusha 'ukuthula' emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezombusazwe ngokombono wesifazane ongajwayelekile. Ukubuyekezwa Kwabesifazane, 126(1), 19-38. I-DOI:10.1177/0141778920948081
Izinkulumo zokukhuluma
- Incazelo yokuthula ivame ukuhlelwa yimpi kanye nempi, eqokonyiswa yizindaba ezichaza ukuthula njengenqubekela phambili yokuziphendukela kwemvelo noma izindaba ezigxile ekuthuleni kwezempi.
- I-UN Charter kanye nemithetho yezempi yamazwe ngamazwe ibeka umbono wabo wokuthula ohlakeni lwezempi, kunokusebenzela ukuqeda impi.
- Imibono yabantu besifazane kanye neyobuwula ngokuthula inselele izindlela ezimbili zokucabanga ngokuthula, ngaleyo ndlela inikele ekucabangeni kabusha ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthula.
- Izindaba ezivela emazingeni aphansi, izinhlangano zokuthula ezingaqondile ezivela emhlabeni wonke zisiza ukucabanga ngokuthula ngaphandle kwemingcele yempi ngokwenqaba isimo sezempi esikhona.
Ukuqonda Okubalulekile Kokujwayeza Ukwazisa
- Inqobo nje uma ukuthula kuhlelwe yimpi kanye nempi, izishoshovu zokuthula neziphikisana nempi zizohlala zisesimweni sokuzivikela, esisabelayo ezingxoxweni zokuthi zingasabela kanjani odlameni olukhulu.
Isifinyezo
Kusho ukuthini ukuthula ezweni elinezimpi ezingapheli nezempi? UDianne Otto ucabanga “ngezimo ezithile zezenhlalo nezomlando ezithonya kakhulu indlela esicabanga ngayo [ngokuthula nempi].” Asuke umuntu wesifazane futhi imibono emincane ukucabanga ukuthi ukuthula kungasho ukuthini ngaphandle kwesimiso sempi kanye nempi. Ikakhulukazi, ukhathazeke ngokuthi umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe usebenze kanjani ukusekela isimo sezempi esikhona kanye nokuthi likhona yini ithuba lokucabanga kabusha incazelo yokuthula. Ugxile emasu okumelana nokujula kwezempi ngokusebenzisa imikhuba yansuku zonke yokuthula, edonsa ezibonelweni zezinhlangano zokuthula emazingeni aphansi.
Umbono wokuthula wabesifazane: “'[P]ukuthula' akukona nje kuphela ukungabibikho 'kwempi' kodwa futhi njengokwenziwa kobulungisa bezenhlalakahle kanye nokulingana kwawo wonke umuntu... [F]imiyalelo yokubusa [yokuthula] ihlale ingashintshile uma kuqhathaniswa: ukuchithwa kwezikhali emhlabeni wonke, ukuchithwa kwezempi, ukusabalalisa kabusha. ezomnotho futhi—okubalulekile ekufinyeleleni yonke le migomo—ukuqedwa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zokubusa, ingasaphathwa eyezigaba zohlanga, ubulili nobulili.”
Umbono wokuthula we-Queer: “[T] udinga ukungabaza ama-orthodoxies azo zonke izinhlobo…futhi amelane nezindlela ezimbili zokucabanga ezihlanekezele kangaka ubudlelwano bethu nomunye nomunye kanye nomhlaba ongewona owomuntu, futhi esikhundleni salokho agubhe izindlela eziningi ezahlukene zokuba umuntu ezweni. umhlaba. Ukucabanga kwe-queer kuvula ithuba lokuhlonza ubulili 'okuphazamisayo' obukwazi ukubekela inselele ubumbaxambili besilisa/besifazane obusekela impi kanye nezigaba zobulili ngokuhlobanisa ukuthula nobufazi...nokungqubuzana nobudoda 'namandla'.”
Ukuhlela ingxoxo, u-Otto uxoxa izindaba ezintathu ezibeka imibono ehlukene yokuthula mayelana nezimo ezithile zenhlalo nezomlando. Indaba yokuqala igxile ochungechungeni lwamafasitela anengilazi enemibala atholakala eSigodlweni Sokuthula eThe Hague (buka ngezansi). Lolu cezu lobuciko lubonisa ukuthula “ngomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo Kokukhanya” ngezigaba zempucuko yabantu futhi lugxilisa amadoda amhlophe njengabadlali bazo zonke izigaba zentuthuko. U-Otto ungabaza imiphumela yokuphatha ukuthula njengenqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ethi le ndaba ivumela izimpi uma zilwa “nabangaphucukile” noma kukholakala ukuthi “zinemiphumela yempucuko.”
Indaba yesibili igxile ezindaweni ezingahlosiwe, okuyi-DMZ phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Korea. Imelwe “njengokuthula okuphoqiwe noma okwezempi…kunokuthula kokuziphendukela kwemvelo,” i-Korean DMZ (okuxakayo) isebenza njengendawo yesiphephelo sezilwane zasendle njengoba igadwa amasosha amabili ngokuqhubekayo. U-Otto ubuza ukuthi ingabe ukuthula kwezempi kuhlanganisa ngempela ukuthula lapho izindawo ezingahlosiwe zenziwe zilondeke emvelweni kodwa “ziyingozi kubantu?”
Indaba yokugcina igxile emphakathini wokuthula wase-San Jośe de Apartadó e-Colombia, umphakathi ophansi ongenamasosha owamemezela ukungathathi hlangothi futhi wenqaba ukuhlanganyela engxabanweni yezikhali. Naphezu kokuhlaselwa kwamasosha ahlomile namasosha kazwelonke, umphakathi usaqinile futhi usekelwe ukuqashelwa okusemthethweni kwezwe kanye namazwe ngamazwe. Le ndaba imele umcabango omusha wokuthula, oboshwe ngumuntu wesifazane kanye nendlovukazi “ukwenqatshwa kobubili bobulili zempi nokuthula [kanye] nokuzibophezela ekuqedeni izikhali.” Le ndaba iphinde inselele incazelo yokuthula evezwe ezindabeni ezimbili zokuqala “ngokulwela ukudala izimo zokuthula phakathi nempi.” U-Otto uyazibuza ukuthi zizosebenza nini izinqubo zokuthula zamazwe ngamazwe noma zezwe “ukusekela imiphakathi yokuthula emazingeni aphansi.”
Uma siphendukela embuzweni wokuthi ukuthula kwakheka kanjani emthethweni wamazwe ngamazwe, umbhali ugxile kuNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene (UN) kanye nenjongo yayo yokusungula ukuvimbela impi nokwakha ukuthula. Uthola ubufakazi bokulandisa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kokuthula nokuthula kwezempi ku-UN Charter. Lapho ukuthula kuhambisana nokulondeka, kubonisa ukuthula kwezempi. Lokhu kubonakala egunyeni loMkhandlu wezokuPhepha lokusebenzisa amandla ezempi, okugxilwe embonweni wobudoda/wangempela. Umthetho wezempi wamazwe ngamazwe, njengoba uthonywa i-UN Charter, “usiza ekufihleni ubudlova bomthetho ngokwawo.” Ngokuvamile, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kusukela ngo-1945 uye wakhathazeka kakhulu ngempi "enobuntu" kunokusebenzela ukuqedwa kwayo. Isibonelo, okuhlukile ekuvinjweni kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kuye kwaba buthakathaka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwake kwamukeleka ezimeni zokuzivikela kuze kube manje okwamukelekayo “ku. ukulindela ngokuhlaselwa kuhlonyiwe.”
Izikhombo zokuthula ku-UN Charter ezingahlangene nokuvikeleka zinganikeza indlela yokucabanga kabusha ngokuthula kodwa zithembele ekulandiseni kokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuthula kuhlotshaniswa nenqubekelaphambili yezomnotho nenhlalakahle, empeleni, “esebenza kakhulu njengephrojekthi yokubusa kuneyokukhululwa.” Lokhu kulandisa kusikisela ukuthi ukuthula kwenziwa “ngomfanekiso wamazwe aseNtshonalanga,” “okugxilwe ngokujulile emsebenzini wokuthula wazo zonke izikhungo nabaxhasi bezizwe ngezizwe.” Ukulandisa kwenqubekelaphambili kwehlulekile ukwakha ukuthula ngoba kuncike ekubuyiseleni “ubudlelwano bombuso bokubusa.”
U-Otto uphetha ngokubuza, “ingabe imicabango yokuthula iqala ukubukeka kanjani uma senqaba ukuthola ukuthula ngezinhlaka zempi?” Esebenzisa ezinye izibonelo ezifana nomphakathi wokuthula waseColombia, uthola ugqozi emazingeni aphansi, ezinhlangano zokuthula ezingaqondile eziphonsa inselelo ngokuqondile isimo sezempi esikhona-njengeGreenham Common Women's Peace Camp kanye nomkhankaso wayo weminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye wokulwa nezikhali zenuzi noma iJinwar Free. Idolobhana Labesifazane elihlinzeke ngokuphepha kwabesifazane nezingane eNyakatho yeSyria. Naphezu kwemishini yayo yokuthula ngenhloso, le miphakathi emazingeni aphansi isebenza(d) ngaphansi kobungozi obukhulu kakhulu, kanti izifundazwe ziveza le nhlangano “njengesabisayo, ubugebengu, ubushokobezi, ubushokobezi—noma isiyaluyalu, ‘indlovukazi’, nobudlova.” Kodwa-ke, abagqugquzeli bokuthula banokuningi okufanele bakufunde kulezi zinhlangano zokuthula zasemazingeni aphansi, ikakhulukazi ekwenzeni kwabo ngamabomu ukuthula kwansuku zonke ukuze bamelane nenkambiso yezempi.
Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba
Izishoshovu zokuthula nezimelene nempi zivame ukuvaleleka ezikhundleni zokuzivikela ezingxoxweni ezimayelana nokuthula nokuvikeleka. Ngokwesibonelo, uNan Levinson wabhala ku Tyena Sizwe ukuthi izishoshovu ezimelene nempi zibhekene nenkinga yokuziphatha ephendula ukuhlasela kweRussia e-Ukraine, ecacisa ngokuthi “izikhundla zisukela ekusoleni i-United States ne-NATO ngokususa ukuhlasela kweRussia nokukhokhisa iWashington ngokungaxoxisani ngobuqotho, nokukhathazeka ngokuchukuluza uMongameli waseRussia u-Putin ukuthi aqhubeke nokubiza ukuzivikela. izimboni nabasekeli bazo [ukuthi] batuse abantu base-Ukraine ngokumelana kwabo futhi baqinisekise ukuthi abantu ngempela banelungelo lokuzivikela.” Impendulo ingabonakala ihlakazekile, ingahlangani, futhi, uma kucatshangelwa ubugebengu bempi abikiwe e-Ukraine, bungenaluzwela noma bungenangqondo ezithamelini zomphakathi zaseMelika kakade. kuhloswe ukusekela isenzo sezempi. Le ngqinamba yezishoshovu zokuthula nezimelene nempi ikhombisa inkulumo kaDianne Otto yokuthi ukuthula kwakhiwe yimpi kanye nesimo sezempi esikhona. Inqobo nje uma ukuthula kusakhiwe yimpi kanye nempi, izishoshovu ziyohlale zisesimweni sokuzivikela, esisabelayo ezingxoxweni zokuthi kufanele zisabele kanjani odlameni lwezombangazwe.
Esinye sezizathu zokuthi kungani ukukhulumela ukuthula ezithamelini zaseMelika kube yinselele kangaka ukuntula ulwazi noma ukuqwashisa ngokuthula noma ukwakha ukuthula. Umbiko wakamuva we-Frameworks on Ukwakha kabusha Ukuthula Nokwakha Ukuthula ihlonza imiqondo evamile kubantu baseMelika mayelana nokuthi kusho ukuthini ukwakha ukuthula futhi inikeze izincomo zokuthi ungaxhumana kanjani ngempumelelo nokwakha ukuthula. Lezi zincomo zenziwe ngokomongo ukuze kuqashelwe isimo esinamandla kakhulu sezempi phakathi komphakathi waseMelika. Imiqondo evamile ekwakheni ukuthula ihlanganisa ukucabanga ngokuthula “njengokungabikho kwengxabano noma isimo sokuzola kwangaphakathi,” sicabanga ukuthi “ukuthi isenzo sezempi siwumgogodla wokuphepha,” sikholelwa ukuthi ukungqubuzana okunobudlova akunakugwenywa, ukukholelwa ebuhleni baseMelika, kanye nokwazi okuncane ngalokho. ukwakha ukuthula kuhilela.
Lokhu kuntuleka kolwazi kudala amathuba ezishoshovu zokuthula kanye nabagqugquzeli ukuthi bafake umsebenzi wesikhathi eside, ohlelekile wokuhlela kabusha nokwazisa ngokwakha ukuthula kubabukeli abaningi. I-Frameworks incoma ukuthi ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kokuxhumana nokuncikana kuwukulandisa okuphumelelayo kakhulu ukwakha ukusekelwa kokwakha ukuthula. Lokhu kusiza ekwenzeni umphakathi wezempi uqonde ukuthi unesandla somuntu siqu emphumeleni onokuthula. Amanye amafreyimu okulandisa anconyiwe ahlanganisa “ukugcizelela[ukugcizelela] umlingiswa osebenzayo noqhubekayo wokwakha ukuthula,” kusetshenziswa isingathekiso sokwakha amabhuloho ukuchaza ukuthi ukwakhiwa kokuthula kusebenza kanjani, ukucaphuna izibonelo, kanye nokwenza uhlaka lokwakha ukuthula njengento eyongayo.
Ukwakha usekelo lokucatshangelwa kabusha kokuthula okuyisisekelo kungavumela ukuthula nezishoshovu ezimelene nempi ukuthi zibeke imigomo yenkulumo-mpikiswano ngemibuzo emayelana nokuthula nokuvikeleka, kunokuba kudingeke ukuthi zibuyele ezikhundleni zokuzivikela nezisebenzayo ekuphenduleni kwezempi odlameni lwezombangazwe. Ukwenza ukuxhumana phakathi komsebenzi wesikhathi eside, ohlelekile kanye nezidingo zansuku zonke zokuphila emphakathini ogcwele impi kuyinselele enzima ngendlela emangalisayo. UDianne Otto uzokweluleka ukuthi kugxilwe ezenzweni zokuthula zansuku zonke zokwenqaba noma ukumelana nempi. Eqinisweni, zombili izindlela—isikhathi eside, ukucabanga kabusha okuhlelekile kanye nezenzo zansuku zonke zokumelana ngokuthula—zibaluleke kakhulu ekuqedeni impi nokwakha kabusha umphakathi onokuthula nonobulungisa. [KC]
Imibuzo Ephakanyisiwe
- Izishoshovu zokuthula nabameli bangaxhumana kanjani ngombono oguqulayo wokuthula owenqaba isimo sezempi (futhi esijwayeleke kakhulu) lapho isenzo sezempi sithola ukwesekwa komphakathi?
Iyaqhubeka Ukufunda, Ukulalela, Nokubukela
I-Pineau, MG, & Volmet, A. (2022, Ephreli 1). Ukwakha ibhuloho lokuthula: Ukwakha kabusha ukuthula nokwakha ukuthula. Izinhlaka. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, kusuka https://www.frameworksinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/FWI-31-peacebuilding-project-brief-v2b.pdf
U-Hozić, A., & Restrepo Sanín, J. (2022, Meyi 10). Ukucabanga kabusha ngemiphumela yempi, manje. Ibhulogi ye-LSE. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, kusuka https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/wps/2022/05/10/reimagining-the-aftermath-of-war-now/
Levinson, N. (2022, Meyi 19). Izishoshovu ezimelene nempi zibhekene nenkinga yokuziphatha. Isizwe. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, kusuka https://www.thenation.com/article/world/ukraine-russia-peace-activism/
Müller, Ede. (2010, Julayi 17). Ikhampasi yomhlaba wonke kanye ne-Peace Community San José de Apartadó, Colombia. Associação para um Mundo Humanitario. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, kusuka
https://vimeo.com/13418712I-BBC Radio 4. (2021, Septhemba 4). Umphumela weGreenham. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, kusukela https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m000zcl0
Abesifazane Vikela Rojava. (2019, Disemba 25). IJinwar – Iphrojekthi yedolobhana yabesifazane. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 1, 2022, kusukela
Izinhlangano
I-CodePink: https://www.codepink.org
I-Women Cross DMZ: https://www.womencrossdmz.org
Amagama angukhiye: ukuphepha okuqeda impi, impi, ukuthula, ukwakha ukuthula
Isikweletu sezithombe: Banksy
