nguGar Smith, I-Berkeley Daily Planet, Juni 16, i-2021
Umhlaba lapho abesifazane bangabhalwa khona? Lokho akubhalisi.
Umbhalo ongathathi hlangothi ngokobulili ushaywa indesheni (kwezinye izingxenye) njengokunqoba amalungelo abesifazane, umnyango ovulekile othembisa inkundla entsha yokuthola ithuba elilinganayo nabesilisa. Kulokhu, ithuba elilinganayo lokudubula, ukuqhumisa, ukushisa nokubulala abanye abantu.
Abesifazane kungekudala bangabhekana nesidingo esisha somthetho sokuthi kumele babhalise nePentagon lapho beba neminyaka engu-18.
Kepha abesifazane baseMelika sebevele babe amalungelo afanayo njengamadoda okufaka futhi aphishekele umsebenzi we-Armed Forces. Ngakho-ke kwenzeka kanjani ngokobulili noma ngokungafanele ukuthi abesifazane abasebancane baphoqeleke ukubhalisela uhlaka lwezempi lwePentagon (olusethathe umhlalaphansi kodwa olusavuselelwa)? Kuyini ukucabanga lapha? "Ukungabi nabulungisa okulingana ngaphansi komthetho"?
In Februwari 2019, ijaji lasenkantolo yaseMelika wabusa ukuthi okusalungiswa kwabesilisa kuphela kwakungahambisani nomthethosisekelo, kwamukelwa impikiswano yommangali yokuthi uhlaka lwalunxenxa “ukubandlululwa ngokobulili” okwephula umbandela “Wokuvikela Olinganayo” weSichibiyelo se-14.
Lesi yisigatshana esifanayo "sokuvikelwa okulinganayo" esisetshenziselwe ukukhulisa nokuphoqelela amalungelo okuzala, amalungelo okhetho, ukulingana ngokobuhlanga, ukulingana kokhetho, kanye nethuba lezemfundo.
Ukucaphuna i-14th Ukuchibiyelwa ukuze kuthethelelwe ukuphoqelelwa ukubuthelwa empini kubukeka kungqubuzana nomqondo “wokuvikela.” Akuyona indaba yokuthi "ithuba elilinganayo" futhi kunecala "lokulingana okulinganayo."
Okusalungiswa kwabesilisa kuphela ubiziwe "Esinye sezigaba zokugcina ezenzelwe ucansi emthethweni wenhlangano." Okusalungiswa kubizwa nangokuthi "yikhadi lesikweletu le-cannon-fodder." Noma yini ofisa ukuyibiza, iNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US ikhethe ukungakhiphi isinqumo ngokutholakala kohlaka, ikhethe ukulinda isenzo seCongress.
Abameli baseMelika Civil Liberties Union bahole phambili ekufuneni ukuthi abesifazane nabesilisa baphathwe ngokulinganayo uma kukhulunywa ngokubhaliswa.
Ngiyavumelana nempikiswano ye-ACLU yokuthi uhlaka kufanele lusebenze ngokulingana kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane - kepha lesi sivumelwano siza neziqu ezibalulekile: Ngikholelwa ukuthi futhi amadoda noma abesifazane kufanele baphoqeleke ukubhalisela umsebenzi wezempi.
I-Selective Service System (SSS) ayihambisani nomthethosisekelo hhayi ngoba yehluleka ukuthi abesifazane baqeqeshelwe ukulwa nokubulala: akuhambisani nomthethosisekelo ngoba kudinga noma isiphi isakhamuzi ukubhalisela ukuqeqeshelwa ukulwa nokubulala.
Ngaphandle kwesichasiso, i-SSS ayiyona "insizakalo" kepha "iyisisebenzi" futhi "ikhetha" kuphela kubaqashi, hhayi "abakhethayo" kulabo abangase babambe iqhaza.
Ubugqila Obuvikelwe Ngokomthethosisekelo
Okusalungiswa kuyindlela yokugqilazwa ngenkani. Njengalokhu, akufanele ibe nengxenye ezweni elithi lisekelwe esithembisweni “sokuphila, inkululeko nokufuna injabulo.” UMthethosisekelo ucacile. Abangu-13th Isigaba 1 Sokuchibiyela sithi: “Akuwona ubugqila noma isigqila esingahilelekile. . . azoba khona e-United States, noma kunoma iyiphi indawo engaphansi kwegunya lawo. ” Ukuphoqa izinsizwa ukuba zibe amasosha ngokuphikisana nentando yazo (noma ukuzigwebela izigwebo ezinde ejele ngenxa yokwenqaba ukungeniswa) kusobala ukuthi kuyisibonakaliso “sobugqila obungenazibopho.”
Kodwa linda! Umthethosisekelo empeleni hhayi kucace bha.
Umkhabi use-ellipsis, okubandakanya ukukhululwa okuchaza ukuthi izakhamizi zisengaphathwa njengezigqila “njengesijeziso sobugebengu iqembu elizobe ligwetshwe ngalo ngokufanele.”
Ngokwesigaba 1, kuzovela ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseMelika kuphela ezingaphoqwa ngokomthetho ukuthi zivikele “ikhaya labanesibindi” ngokuboshwa ngenkani yiziboshwa ezidonsa isikhathi emajele aseMelika.
Okuxakayo-ke ukuthi, “umhlaba wabakhululekile” uyikhaya lesiboshwa esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, neziboshwa eziyizigidi ezingama-2.2 - ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yeziboshwa eziboshiwe emhlabeni. Ngaphandle kwesisekelo somthetho-sisekelo sobugqila kanye nesidingo esingapheli sePentagon samasosha, iziboshwa zase-US azinikezwa ukukhululwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ukuze zijoyine amabutho ahlomile.
Ngokwesiko, abantu baseMelika ababoshiwe babhaliselwe ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo yesifunda nokulwa imililo yasendle - hhayi ukwakha amabutho nokulwa izimpi. (Idlalwe ngokuhlukile ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II lapho iziboshwa zaseJalimane zithunyelwa ukuyolwa Ama-Strafbattalions noma "amabutho ezijeziso.")
Umnotho wase-US Nokubhaliswa Kwebhizinisi
Ejele lanamuhla-Industrial-Complex, esikhundleni sokuthi zithunyelwe “kwabaphambili,” iziboshwa ziyaqashwa ziyosebenza “ngemuva,” zihlinzeka ngemisebenzi yamahhala kwiCorporate America. I-Prison-Industrial Complex yiyona umqashi wesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni kanye umqashi wesibili ngobukhulu e-US.
Ukungakhokhelwa (noma “amapeni ngehora”) umsebenzi wasejele ungabandakanya umsebenzi wezimayini nemisebenzi yokulima ekwenzeni izikhali zamasosha, ukusebenza njengabaqhubi bezinkonzo, nokuthunga izingubo zangaphansi zeVictoria's Secret. Izinkampani eziphezulu zaseMelika eziqasha abasebenzi basejele zibandakanya iWal-Mart, iWendy's, iVerizon, iSprint, iStarbucks, neMcDonald's. Uma iziboshwa ezibhalisiwe zenqaba lezi zabelo, zingajeziswa ngokuvalelwa zodwa, ukulahlekelwa isikweletu "isikhathi esinikeziwe," noma ukumiswa kokuvakashelwa kwemindeni.
Ngo-1916, iNkantolo Ephakeme yakhipha isinqumo (Butler v. Perry) sokuthi izakhamizi ezikhululekile zingabuthelwa imisebenzi engakhokhelwa ebandakanyeka ekwakhiweni kwemigwaqo yomphakathi. Eqinisweni, ulimi lwabangu-13th Ukuchitshiyelwa kukopishwe kumthetho we-1787 Northwest Territories owawuthi umthetho wobugqila uvinjelwe kepha wawudinga ukuthi "wonke umuntu wesilisa ohlala eminyakeni eyishumi nesithupha nangaphezulu" akhombise umsebenzi womgwaqo ongakhokhelwa "ngokuxwayiswa ngokufanele ukuthi asebenze emigwaqweni emikhulu ngumphathi waselokishini lapho kungenzeka lowo ohlala khona abe ngowakhe. ” (Futhi, yebo, iningi leziboshwa ezazisebenza “kumaqembu ezigelekeqe” kuze kube ngama-20th Ikhulu leminyaka, babenza umsebenzi womgwaqo ongakhokhelwa.)
Ukubuyekezwa kabusha kwegunya lokulungiswa kwemigwaqo ngo-1792 kwehlise inani labantu ebelibhekisiwe laba ngabesilisa abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-21-50, futhi lanciphisa isikhathi sobugqila ukuze “kwenziwe umsebenzi wezinsuku ezimbili emigwaqweni yomphakathi.”
Ukubhaliswa Emhlabeni Wonke
Umthetho we-1917 owasungula iSelection Service System wawunzima. Ukwehluleka "ukubhalisela" okusalungiswa kwajeziswa kuze kube yiminyaka emihlanu ejele kanye nenhlawulo engaphezulu kwama- $ 250,000.
I-US akuyona yodwa ekuphoqeleleni "izakhamizi ezikhululekile" ukuthi zisebenze njengamasosha. Okwamanje, Amazwe we-83 - ngaphansi kwesithathu samazwe omhlaba - abe nohlaka. Iningi likhipha abesifazane ngaphandle. Amazwe ayisishiyagalombili abhala abesifazane ukuthi: Bolivia, Chad, Eritrea, Israel, Mozambique, North Korea, Norway, kanye neSweden.
Iningi lezizwe elinamandla ahlomile (kufaka phakathi amaningi I-NATO futhi iyuniyani yase-Europe uthi) abathembeli ekubuthelweni kwabantu ngenkani ukuze baphoqelele ukubhaliswa. Esikhundleni salokho, banikeza isithembiso semisebenzi yezempi ekhokha kahle ukuheha abaqashwa.
ISweden, isizwe “esithanda abesifazane” esachitha lo mbhalo ngo-2010, sisanda kuvuselela inkonzo yezempi ephoqelekile ngokwethula uhlaka olusebenza okokuqala kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Uhulumeni uthi "ukubhaliswa kwanamuhla akuchemi ngokobulili futhi kuzobandakanya abesifazane nabesilisa" kodwa, ngokusho kukaNgqongqoshe wezokuVikela eSweden, isizathu sangempela soshintsho bekungekhona ukulingana ngokobulili kepha bekungabhalisiwe kakhulu ngenxaindawo yezokuphepha ewohlokayo eYurophu naseSweden. ”
Ukuhambisana kwama-Conundrums
Impikiswano yokulingana ye-ACLU iza nezinkinga. Uma abesifazane nabesilisa bezodingeka ngokulinganayo ukubhalisela uhlaka lwamasosha (noma baboshwe ejele ngenxa yokwenqaba ukusebenza), lokhu kungaba namthelela muni kwizakhamizi zezwe lethu ezidayisa abesilisa nabesifazane?
NgoMashi 31, iPentagon kuguqulwe ukuvinjelwa kwenkathi kaTrump evimbela izakhamizi ezenza ubulili obufanayo ukuthi zisebenze empini. Ngabe imithetho emisha engathathi hlangothi ngokobulili nayo ingaphoqa abantu baseMelika abathandana nabobulili obufanayo ukuthi babhalisele uhlaka lokugwema ukuboshwa noma ukuhlawuliswa?
Ngokusho the Isikhungo Sikazwelonke Sokulingana KweTransgender, Ukubhaliswa Kwesevisi Yokukhetha njengamanje akufaki “Abantu ababelwe abesifazane ngesikhathi sokuzalwa (kufaka phakathi ama-transmen). ” Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Selective Service idinga ukubhaliswa “Kwabantu ababelwa owesilisa ngesikhathi sokuzalwa.”
Ukube “ukulingana okusalungiswa” bekungaba yindinganiso entsha yokulingana ngokobulili, iNkantolo Ephakeme kungenzeka ngelinye ilanga icelwe ukuthi ibheke ukuthi ingafuna yini iNational Football League ukuthi ivumele abesifazane ukuthi babhalisele uhlaka lweNFL. Ngaphambi kokubhekana naleyo nkinga yokuziphatha okuhle, kungakuhle ukuthi ubuze ukuthi empeleni bakhona yini abesifazane wayefuna ukuqalisa ngamadoda angama-240-pound linesmen. Njengoba kunengqondo ukubuza noma yimuphi umuntu wesifazane - noma owesilisa - ukuthi ngabe ufuna ukudubula izinhlamvu, amabhomu, nemicibisholo kubantu angabazi abalwa nobunzima bokuphila kwesinye isizwe esikude, esikhungethwe yimpi.
Ukuze kuzuze ukulingana ngokobulili, ake siqede ukubhaliswa kokubhaliswa kwe- kokubili abesifazane futhi amadoda. ICongress kufanele ibe nezwi ezinqumweni zempi nokuthula. Embusweni wentando yeningi, abantu kumele bahlale bekhululekile ukunquma ukuthi bayathanda yini ukuxhasa impi noma cha. Uma kwenqaba ngokwanele: akukho mpi.
Qeda okusalungiswa
Kunomkhankaso okhulayo wokuqeda okusalungiswa kwamasosha e-US - futhi bekungeke kube okokuqala. UMongameli uGerald R. Ford waqeda ukubhaliswa kokubhaliswa ngo-1975, kodwa uMongameli Jimmy Carter wasivuselela isidingo ngo-1980.
Manje, abathathu be-Oregon Congressmen - uRon Wyden, uPeter DeFazio no-Earl Blumenauer - bayabambisana Umthetho Wokuchithwa Kwezinsizakalo Zokukhetha we-2021 (HR 2509 no S. 1139), okuzoqeda uhlelo uDeFazio alubiza ngokuthi “i-bureaucracy engasasebenzi, emosha” ebiza abakhokhi bentela baseMelika ama- $ 25 million ngonyaka. Lesi senzo sokuchithwa sinabalandeli abaningi beRiphabhulikhi, kubandakanya uSenator Rand Paul kanye nabamele uThomas Massie waseKentucky noRodney Davis wase-Illinois.
Ukuqeda okusalungiswa nokubuyela embuthweni wamavolontiya kuzoqeda inkonzo ephoqelelwe - kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Okulandelayo? Qeda impi.
