Indlela uMnyango Wezobulungiswa waseMelika Owenza Ukuhlukunyezwa Kuhlonishwa, Ubulala Abangenacala nabamacala abo
Ulimi lwezombangazwe lungasetshenziswa, uGeorge Orwell uthe ku-1946, "ukwenza amanga azwakale eqinisile futhi ehloniphekile, ebonisa ukuqina emoyeni omsulwa." Ukuze kulungiswe uhlelo lwayo lokubulala umhlaba jikelele, ukuphatha kuka-Obama kwadingeka kwasulwa amagama angaphezu kwamaphuzu abo okuphulwa kwemvelo. Isibonelo, noma yimuphi umfana wesilisa we-14 noma owedlule otholakale efile endaweni yesiteleka se-drone "olwa" ngaphandle uma kukhona ukuhlakanipha okucacile okufakazela ukuthi unecala. Sitshelwa nokuthi isiqiniseko somthethosisekelo "senqubo efanele" asisho ukuthi uhulumeni kufanele aqale ukubulawa ngecala. Ngicabanga ukuthi leli gama elilodwa lihlehlisiwe kakhulu futhi laphutha lezi zinsuku, ekupheleni kwezinhle kakhulu, igama elithi "eliseduze."
Yisiphi isongo "esiseduze"? Uhulumeni wethu ususebenzise isikhathi eside ukuzimisela komphakathi waseMelika ukusekela imali emidlalweni yezempi futhi ukwamukela ukulimala kwabantu abahlala emaphandleni kanye nokuqeda izinhlelo zasemakhaya ekhaya, lapho utshele lezi zimpendulo ezidingekayo ukuze ziphikise izinsongo ezinjalo. Uhulumeni uye wandisa kakhulu incazelo yegama elithi "eliseduze." Le ncazelo entsha ibalulekile ohlelweni lwe-drone yase-US, olwenzelwe ukuphanga amandla ebulalayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ihlinzeka ngombono wezomthetho nokuziphatha wokuqothulwa kwabantu abade kakhulu abangabe besengozini yangempela kithi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-drones elawulwa ngokudelekile njengoba i-United States 'isikhali esithandwayo' empini yayo "ngokubhebhetheka" kukhula ngokweqile eminyakeni yamuva, kuphakamisa imibuzo eminingi ephazamisayo. Ukuzikhandla kwamabhomu angu-500 amaphilisi kanye nemicibisholo yesiGreki, iPredator ne-Reaper drones akuyona imishini eqondile yokuhlinza impi eyadunyiswa nguMengameli Obama "ngokubhekiselele ekusebenzeni kwethu kulabo abafuna ukusibulala hhayi abantu abafihla phakathi kwabo." kuvunywa kabanzi ukuthi iningi lalabo ababulewe ekuhlaselweni kwe-drone akulindelekile, izisulu zokubambisana. Ukufa kwezinhloso ezihlosiwe ze-drones nokuthi zikhethwa kanjani akufanele kube nzima.
Lokho okuhloswe ngamabomu ngama-drones ngokuvamile kuvame ukungqubuzana, ngokuvamile kuvamile emazweni ama-US awakwazi ukulwa nawo ngezinye izikhathi abe izakhamizi zase-US. Ngokuvamile aba "bathathwa" ekushiseni kwempi noma ngenkathi benza izenzo ezinonya futhi kungenzeka ukuthi babulawe (noma ubani oseduze nabo) emshadweni, emngcwabeni, emsebenzini, behlala ensimini, behamba phansi umgwaqo omkhulu noma ujabulele ukudla nomndeni nabangane. Lokhu kubulawa kubalwa njengento engaphandle kokubulala kuphela ukuphikelela okunamandla ngabameli bakahulumeni ukuthi zonke lezi zihlukumezi zisongela impilo yethu nokuphepha lapha ekhaya e-US
NgoFebruwari 2013, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa eMelika wase-United States, "Ukuhlonishwa Kwe-Lethal Operation Eqondiswa Nesinye Isakhamuzi sase-United States Ophethe Umholi Omkhulu we-Al-Qaida noma i-Associated Force," yanyatheliswa yi-NBC News. Leli phepha libonisa ukulungiswa kwezomthetho ngokubulawa kwedone futhi kuchaza incazelo entsha neyinkimbinkimbi yegama elithi "eliseduze." "Okokuqala," kusho, "isimo sokuthi umholi osebenzayo usongela 'ukuhlasela' okudlwengulwa ngokumelene ne-United States ayidingi i-United States ukuba ibe nobufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukuhlaselwa okuqondile kwabantu base-US nezithakazelo kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo. "
Ngaphambi kokuba abameli boMnyango wezoBulungiswa bawuthole, incazelo yegama elithi "eliseduze" yayicacile ngokucacile. Izichazamazwi ezihlukahlukene zolimi lwesiNgisi ziyavumelana ukuthi igama elithi "eliseduze" lisho ngokucacile okuthile okucacile futhi okusheshayo, "okungahle kwenzeke nganoma yisiphi isikhathi," "esondela," "esilungele ukuqhubeka," "esondela," "silindele , "" Esongela, "" ezungeze ekhoneni. "Futhi akukho incazelo yezomthetho yegama elishiye igumbi lokungacabangi. Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe II, iNkantolo YaseNuremberg iphinde yaqinisekisa ukukhishwa kwe-19th ngekhulu lemithetho yomhlaba jikelele eyabhalwa nguDaniel Webster, owathi isidingo sokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuzivikela ngokuzivikela kumele kube "okusheshayo, okuphazamisayo, futhi kungashiyi indlela yokukhetha , futhi akukho mzuzu wokubambisana. "Lokho kwenzeka esikhathini esidlule. Manje, noma yikuphi okusongela esikhathini esizayo - nanoma yikuphi umuntu emhlabeni ongase abe nomunye - noma yikude kangakanani, anganelisa incazelo entsha. Ngokuphathelene noMnyango Wezobulungiswa, isongo "esiseduzane" manje noma ubani "owaziwayo ehhovisi likahulumeni wasezingeni eliphakeme lase-US" unquma ukuba njalo, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini owaziwa yilokho olusemthethweni kuphela, akumele kwenziwe umphakathi noma kubukezwe yiyiphi inkantolo.
Ububanzi bezincazelo zikahulumeni "eziseduze" bubulalayo ngobuningi bawo. Kakhulu nakakhulu ukuthi uMnyango Wezobulungiswa uzophinde uhlathulule igama ngokucophelela ukuthi ulahlwe futhi ubophe izakhamuzi ezihlala njalo nezomthetho ezisebenzela ukuvikela abangenacala ekulimazeni okwenziwe yizenzo zikahulumeni wase-US. Isibonelo ikakhulukazi esihlobene nendaba yokubulawa yi-drone yiyona "Creech 14."
Izishoshovu ze-14 zifaka i-Creech Air Force Base, ngo-Ephreli, i-2009
Ngemuva kwesenzo sokuqala sokumelana nokungapheleli kokusetshenziswa okubulalayo kwe-drones engalawuliwe nokude e-United States kwenzeke e-Creech Air Force Base e-Nevada emuva ngo-Ephreli, i-2009, kuthatha okungaphezu konyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-14 yethu isolwa ngobugebengu Isiphambeko sasinosuku lwethu enkantolo. Njengoba lokhu kwakuyithuba lokuqala labesishoshovu ukuba "bafake ama-drones ekuvivinyweni" ngesikhathi abantu abambalwa baseMelika bebazi ukuthi bekhona, sasikhuthele ikakhulukazi ekulungiseleleni icala lethu, ukuphikisana ngokucacile nangokucophelela, hhayi ukuze sizigcine ejele kodwa ngenxa yalabo abafayo nalabo abahlala besaba ama-drones. Ngokuqeqeshwa ngabameli abathile bezocwaningo, inhloso yethu kwakuwukuthi sizame futhi sibheke emthethweni womhlaba wonke wobuntu, ukunikeza ukuvikela okuqinile isidingo, ngisho nalapho sisazi ukuthi kuncane amathuba ukuthi inkantolo izozwa izimpikiswano zethu.
Ukuzivikela okudingekayo, ukuthi umuntu akenzanga ubugebengu uma isenzo esingekho emthethweni senziwa ukuvimbela umonakalo omkhulu noma ubugebengu obuvela kulo, kuhlonishwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme njengengxenye yomthetho ovamile. Akuyona into engavamile noma ngisho nokuzivikela okungavamile. I-West's Encyclopedia of American Law ithi: "Isizathu sokuzivikela okudingekayo ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi, esimweni esithile, ukwephula ubuchwepheshe bomthetho kunenzuzo emphakathini kunokubambelela ngokuqinile emthethweni," kusho i-West's Encyclopedia of American Law. ngokuphumelelayo ezimweni ezibandakanya i-Trespass kumpahla ukugcina impilo yomuntu noma impahla yakhe. "Kungase kubonakale ukuthi lokhu kuvikela kungokwemvelo yeziphambeko ezincane ezifana nesiphambeko sethu esasolwa, okuhloswe ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kwamadrones empini ukuhlukunyezwa, ubugebengu bokuthula ukuthi iNkantolo YaseNuremburg ibizwa ngokuthi "ubugebengu obuphezulu emhlabeni wonke."
Kodwa-ke, empeleni, izinkantolo zase-US cishe azivumeli ukuzivikela okudingekayo kukhuliswe ezimweni ezinjengezethu. Iningi lethu lalingakaze lishayiswe lapho sifikela eNkantolo Yobulungisa eLas Vegas ngoSeptemba, 2010, kanti uMahluleli uJensen ubhekene ne-lockstep nabalingani bakhe bezomthetho. Uqhubekile ekuqaliseni icala lethu ukuthi wayengenalo. Wathi, "Qhubekani," esivumela ukuthi sibize ochwepheshe bethu bofakazi kodwa sasivimbela ngokuqinile ukubabuza noma yimiphi imibuzo ebalulekile. "Qonda, kuzothengiswa kuphela, ukuthi yiliphi ulwazi onalo, uma likhona, ngabe ukhona noma ngabe awukho ngaphansi. Asingena emithethweni yomhlaba wonke; lokho akuyona inkinga. Akuyona inkinga. Lokho uhulumeni akwenzayo okungalungile, akuyona inkinga. Udaba luyisiphambeko. "
Ummangalelwa wethu uSteve Kelly walandela imiyalelo yejaji wabe esebuza ubufakazi bethu bokuqala, owayekade engummeli we-US uJackson Ramsey Clark, mayelana nolwazi lwakhe lwama-transgression lokusebenza eMnyango Wezobulungiswa ngesikhathi sokuphatha kukaKennedy noJohnson. USteve uqondise ngokuqondile ubufakazi bokukhuluma "ngamacala okuphambanisa ... emisebenzini yezinsuku zokudla kwamadala lapho imithetho ethi akufanele uhlale ezintweni ezithile zokudla kwasemini" emzabalazweni wamalungelo omphakathi. URamsey Clark wavuma ukuthi labo ababoshiwe ngenxa yokwephula le mithetho babengenzanga ubugebengu. USteve waphoxisa inhlanhla enkantolo futhi wanikeza umdwebo we-classic wokuzivikela okudingekayo: "Isimo lapho kunesibonakaliso 'esingenasiphambeko' futhi kukhona umusi ophuma emnyango noma efasiteleni futhi umuntu uphezulu phezulu badinga usizo. Ukungena kuleso sakhiwo, ngombono wezobuchwepheshe wangempela, kungaba yisiphambeko. Ingabe kukhona okungenzeka, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bekungeke kube isiphambeko ukusiza lo muntu phezulu? "URamsey waphendula," Singaqiniseka kanjalo, akunjalo? Ukuze ingane ishise ekufeni noma into ethile, ngenxa yesibonakaliso sokuthi 'cha' sinomgomo omphakathi ompofu ukuwubeka ngomoya ophansi. Ubugebengu. "
IJaji Jensen ngalesi sikhathi kwacaca ngokuthakazelisayo. Isinqumo sakhe sokunciphisa ubufakazi besiphambeko, kodwa njengoba ukuthakazelisa kwakhe kwanda, ngakho-ke ukuchazwa kwakhe ngokulandelana kwakhe kwanda kakhulu. Ngaphandle kokuphikisana okuphindaphindiwe kweqembu lezokushushiswa, ijaji lavumela ubufakazi obulinganiselwe kodwa obunamandla obuvela kuRamsey nabanye abafakazi, uSt. Army Colonel owayengumhlalaphansi kanti owayengumaprofesa u-Ann Wright noLoyola Law School uProfesa Bill Quigley obeka icala lethu lesisulu njengesimo ukumisa ubugebengu obuyingozi.
Nginelungelo lokwenza isitatimende sokuvala sommangalelwa, engagcina ngiphethe ngokuthi, "Siyi-14 yibo ababona umusi ovela endlini evuthayo futhi ngeke sigodwe isignali 'esingekho icala' ekuhambeni ezinganeni ezivuthayo. "
Ukubonga kwethu ijaji ngendlela engavamile yokuqaphela amaqiniso okwehlukile, sasisalindela lutho ngaphandle kokugwetshwa kanye nokugwetshwa ngokushesha. UJaji Jensen wasimangaza: "Ngicabanga ukuthi kungaphezu kwesilingo secala lesiphambeko. Kunezinkinga eziningi ezingathí sina ezisengozini lapha. Ngakho ngizoyithatha ngaphansi kwelulekwa futhi ngizokwenza isinqumo esibhaliwe. Futhi kungangithatha izinyanga ezimbili kuya kwezintathu ukwenza kanjalo, ngoba ngifuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngilungile kunoma yini engiyilawulayo. "
Lapho sibuyela eLas Vegas ngoJanuwari, i-2011, iJaji uJensen yafunda isinqumo sakhe ukuthi kwakuyisivivinyo secala lesiphambeko, emva kwakho konke futhi sinecala. Phakathi kwezimvume eziningana zokusilahla, ijaji lala lokho ayekubiza ngokuthi "izidingo zabaMvikeli" ngokusobala "ngoba" abaPhezulu behlulekile ukukhombisa ukuthi ukuphikisana kwabo kwakwenzelwe ukuvimbela ukulimala okusemnyango. "Uphuthele icala lethu ngokungabonisi inkantolo "enobufakazi bokuthi noma yimuphi umsebenzi wezempi ohilela ama-drones okwenziwa noma ozokwenziwa ngosuku lokuboshwa kukaMsindisi," kubonakala sengathi ukhohlwe ukuthi wasiyala ukuba singenise ubufakazi obunjalo, noma ngabe sasinalo.
Isinqumo sikaJaji Jensen sasixhaswe kakhulu yizibonelo ezishiwo ngaphambili, kuhlanganise nesinqumo sekhotho se-1991, iSov v Schoon, esithinta umbhikisho okuhloswe "ukugcina i-US tax dollars e-El Salvador" ehhovisi le-IRS eTucson. Kulo mbhikisho, i-Ninth Circuit yabusa, "okudingekayo okusemthethweni kwakungekho." Ngamanye amazwi, ngenxa yokuthi lesi sigameko siphikisana e-El Salvador, isiphambeko eTucson asinakufaneleka. Ngakho-ke, uJaji Jensen ucabange ukuthi, ukushisa izingane endlini e-Afghanistan ngeke kuxolele isiphambeko eNevada.
I-NBC ukuvuza koMnyango Wezobulungiswa Omhlophe ngeke kwenzeke eminye iminyaka emibili (kubiza ukukhishwa kobufakazi?) Futhi kuze kufike kuJaji Jensen wazi, incazelo yesichazamazwi "esiseduze" yayisasebenza. Noma kunjalo, ngabe sesivunyelwe ukufakaza ngaphesheya kwemigodi encane esethelwe icala, ngabe ngabe sibonise ukuthi ngobuchwepheshe obusha besathelayithi, isongo esibulalayo esasikhuluma kuso ngaso sonke isikhathi siseduze nanoma iyiphi incazelo ecacile yegama. Nakuba izisulu zobudlova be-drone ngosuku lokuboshwa kwethu zase zikude kakhulu e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq, lezo zenzo zobugebengu empeleni zenziwa yizimpi ezihlezi ezikrinini zekhompiyutha, zisebenzisana nezinkathi zangempela emigwaqeni engezansi, hhayi kuze kube manje konke okuvela lapho sabanjwa khona amaphoyisa ase-Air Force.
Uhulumeni akakholelwa ukuthi kudingeke ukuba "kube nobufakazi obucacile bokuthi ukuhlaselwa okuqondile kubantu base-US kanye nezithakazelo kuzokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo" ukuze kusungulwe usongo oluqhamukayo futhi kanjalo benze ukubulawa kwabantu okungekho emphakathini noma kuphi emhlabeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhamizi ezenza ukuyeka ukubulawa yi-drones, zidingeka ukuba zibe "nobufakazi" bokuthi noma yimiphi imisebenzi yempi ehilela ama-drones okwenziwa noma okuzoqhutshwa, "ukuze kulungiswe ukungena ngokweqile kumpahla kahulumeni. Isikhundla sikahulumeni ngalokhu asihambisani, nakakhulu. Ngisho nangemva kokushicilelwa kwe-White Paper, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa uyaqhubeka ukuvimbela abaphikisi abasolwa ngokuthi bangaboshwa ngesikhathi besabela ekusongweni kokuphila okungenacala, kanti izinkantolo zibophezela ngokuvumelana nale mpikiswano.
Ukuvikela isidingo akusho nje ukuthi izenzo ziphula umthetho. I-West's Encyclopedia of American Law ithi "kudingekile ukuthi" ukuzivikela okuqinisekiswe ngummeli wesibambiso noma womphakathi ukuthi akanakho ukukhetha kodwa ukuphula umthetho. "Njengoba uRamsey Clark efakaza enkantolo yaseLas Vegas eminyakeni emihlanu edlule," ukushiswa kwengane kubulawe ngenxa yokuthi akukho 'uphawu lweziphambeko' oluyoba ngumgomo omphakathi ompofu ukuwubeka ngobumnene. "Ngesikhathi sezingane ezivuthayo, izibonakaliso" ezingekho iziphambeko "zifakwe ezigodini ezivikela ubugebengu obubulawa nge-drones futhi ezinye izinsimbi zokuphazamisa azibambi futhi azilaleli ukulalela kwethu. Izinkantolo ezingaboni leli qiniso zivumela ukuthi zisetshenziswe njengezikhali zokuhlukunyezwa kukahulumeni.
UKathy Kelly no-Georgia Walker e-Whiteman Air Force Base Kube nokuhlolwa okungaphezulu okuningi kusukela ku-Creech 14 futhi okwamanje, ezinye izingane eziningi ziye zachithwa yizingcingo ezixoshiwe kusuka kuma-drones. NgoDisemba 10, Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke Wamalungelo Abantu, i-Georgia Walker noKathy Kelly bazoya eNkantolo yesiFunda yase-US eJefferson City, eMissouri, ngemuva kokuletha isikhalazo sabo kanye nesinkwa ku-Whiteman Air Force Base, enye inamba ekhulayo of stateside control control killer drone izikhungo.
Eminyakeni emibili eyedlule enkantolo efanayo enkantolo efanayo, uMahluleli Whitworth wenqaba ukuvikelwa okudingekayo nguRon Faust nami, ngemuva kwalokho sigwetshwe uRon eminyakeni emihlanu yokuhlolwa futhi wangithumela ejele izinyanga eziyisithupha. Kumele kube nethemba lokuthi uMahluleli Whitworth uzosebenzisa leli thuba lesibili ukuthi uKathy noGeorgia banikeze ngesibindi futhi bazikhandla ngokweqile kanye nokusebenza kwakhe.
