NguTerry Crawford-Browne, February 19, 2018
Izijeziso ezimelene nobandlululo eNingizimu Afrika, ngokombono wombhali, ziwukuphela kwenkathi lapho unswinyo seluyifezile inhloso yalo. Baphinde baqhutshwa yizinhlangano zomphakathi hhayi ohulumeni.
Ngokuphambene, unswinyo lwaseMelika kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s ngokumelene neCuba, i-Iraq, i-Iran, iVenezuela, iZimbabwe, iNyakatho Korea kanye namanye amazwe amaningi kubonise ukwehluleka okubi. Okubi nakakhulu, baye babangela usizi olungenabulungiswa kubo kanye abantu okwakuhloswe ukuba babasize.
OwayenguNobhala Wezwe waseMelika uMadeleine Albright usadume kabi ngokuphawula kwakhe kuthelevishini ukuthi ukushona kwezingane eziyizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amahlanu zase-Iraq kwakuyinani okufanele likhokhelwe ekulandeleni unswinyo lwaseMelika kuhulumeni wase-Iraq kanye noSaddam Hussein. Izindleko zokwakha kabusha umonakalo owenziwe e-Iraq kusukela ngo-2003 zilinganiselwa ku-US $ 100 billion.
Okubuzwayo ukuthi ingabe unswinyo lukahulumeni wase-US empeleni luhloselwe ukufeza noma iyiphi injongo, noma kumane nje kuyisenzo “sokuzizwa kahle” okuhloselwe ukwanelisa izethameli zezepolitiki zasekhaya? Okubizwa ngokuthi "izijeziso ezihlakaniphile" - impahla eqandisiwe kanye nokubeka imingcele yokuhamba ezikhulwini zikahulumeni wangaphandle - nakho kubonakale kungasebenzi ngokuphelele.
Okwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika: Ukuduba kwezemidlalo kanye nokuduba izithelo ngokumelene neNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo esikhathini esiyiminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kusukela ngo-1960 kwaze kwaba ngu-1985 kwaqwashisa ngokuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo abantu eNingizimu Afrika, kodwa ngokuqinisekile akuzange kumwise uhulumeni wobandlululo. Ukuduba ukuhweba kugcwele izintuba. Kuhlala kukhona osomabhizinisi abathi, ngesaphulelo noma iprimiyamu, balungele ukuthatha ubungozi bokuduba ukuhweba ngokungafanele, okuhlanganisa nokuvinjelwa kwezikhali okuyimpoqo.
Nokho, imiphumela, kubantu abavamile ezweni elidubekile iwukuthi amaholo ezisebenzi ayanqanyulwa (noma ukulahlekelwa imisebenzi) ukuze kubonise isaphulelo sezimpahla ezithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe noma, ngokunye, ukuthi amanani ezimpahla ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe anyuswe yimali ekhokhwa kumthengisi wangaphandle elungiselelwe. ukwephula ukuduba.
“Ngokwenzuzo kazwelonke,” amabhange kanye/noma izikhungo zezentengiselwano zihlala zikulungele ukukhipha izincwadi zomgunyathi zezikweletu noma izitifiketi zokuzalwa ukuze kushaywe izinhloso zezinswinyo zohwebo. Njengesibonelo, iNedbank ngezinsuku zeRhodesian UDI kusukela ngo-1965 kwaze kwaba ngu-1990 yanikeza ama-akhawunti e-dummy kanye nezinkampani zangaphambili zenkampani engaphansi kweRhodesian, iRhobank.
Ngokufanayo, izitifiketi zabasebenzisi bokugcina maqondana nohwebo lwezikhali azifaneleki ephepheni- zibhalwa ngoba osopolitiki abakhohlakele bavuzwa kahle ngokukweqa izivumelwano zezikhali. Njengesinye isibonelo, umashiqela waseTogo, uGnassingbe Eyadema (1967-2005) wazuza kakhulu “ngedayimane legazi” lokuhweba ngezikhali, kanti indodana yakhe uFaure iqhubekile nokubusa selokhu kwashona uyise ngo-2005.
UMkhandlu Wezokuphepha WeNhlangano Yezizwe (UN) ngoNovemba 1977 wanquma ukuthi ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu eNingizimu Afrika kuyingozi ekuthuleni nasekuvikelekeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, futhi wabeka umthetho oyimpoqo wokuvinjelwa kwezikhali. Ngaleso sikhathi, lesi sinqumo sanconywa njengentuthuko enkulu kuma-20th idiplomacy yekhulunyaka.
Nokho njenge isihloko seDaily Maverick ngenzuzo yobandlululo (kuhlanganise nezitolimende ezixhunywe ezidlule eziyi-19) ezanyatheliswa ngo-December 15, 2017 amaphuzu avelele, ohulumeni base-US, British, China, Israel, French kanye nabanye, kuhlangene nezinhlobonhlobo zamakhohlakali, babezimisele ukweqa umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ukuze basekele uhulumeni wobandlululo kanye/ noma ukuzuza ngokuthengiselana okungekho emthethweni.
Izindleko ezinkulu zezikhali, okuhlanganisa nezikhali zenuzi - kanye nemali ekhokhwayo engaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-US $ 25 esetshenziselwe ukweqa unswinyo lukawoyela - ngo-1985 kwaholela enkingeni yezezimali, futhi iNingizimu Afrika yahluleka ukukhokha isikweletu sayo sangaphandle sama-US $ 25 billion ngoSepthemba ngalowo nyaka. . INingizimu Afrika yayikwazi ukuzimela ngaphandle kukawoyela, futhi ithatha ngokuthi, njengomkhiqizi omkhulu wegolide emhlabeni, kwakungenakungeneka. Nokho, izwe lalisethubeni lokubhekana nempi yombango kanye nokuchitheka kwegazi lobuhlanga okwakungenzeka.
Ukusakazwa kwethelevishini emhlabeni wonke ngezibhelu zombango kwavusa ukucasuka kwamazwe ngamazwe ngohlelo lobandlululo, futhi phakathi kwamaMelika azwakalisa umkhankaso wamalungelo abantu. Izikweletu ezingaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezikweletu zaseNingizimu Afrika zibe zesikhashana futhi ngaleyo ndlela zikwazi ukukhokhwa ungakapheli unyaka owodwa, yingakho inkinga yezikweletu zangaphandle kwaba inkinga yokungena kwemali esikhundleni sokuqothuka kwangempela.
Zonke izikhali zempi, kuhlanganise nalezo zikhali zenuzi, zabonakala zingenamsebenzi wokuvikela uhlelo lobandlululo
Ukuphendula ingcindezi yomphakathi, i-Chase Manhattan Bank ngoJulayi yamisa “isikweletu ” ngokumemezela ukuthi angeke siyivuselele i-US$500 million yemali mboleko enayo eNingizimu Afrika. Kwalandela amanye amabhange ase-US, kodwa imali ebolekiwe ehlanganisiwe efinyelela ngaphezudlwana kwezigidigidi ezimbili zamadola aseMelika yadlula leyo yeBarclays Bank, okuyibhange elikhulu kunawo wonke. Ikomiti elihlela kabusha izinhlelo, usihlalo walo nguDkt Fritz Leutwiler waseSwitzerland, lasungulwa ukuze lihlele kabusha izikweletu.
I-Divestment iyimpendulo eyingqayizivele yaseMelika uma kubhekwa indima yezimali zempesheni ku-New York Stock Exchange, kanye nobushoshovu babanikazi bamasheya. Ukwenza isibonelo, i-Mobil Oil, i-General Motors kanye ne-IBM bahoxile eNingizimu Afrika ngaphansi kwengcindezi yabanikazi bamasheya baseMelika, kodwa bathengisa izinkampani zabo ezingaphansi kwazo zaseNingizimu Afrika “ngamanani omlilo” ku-Anglo-American Corporation nezinye izinkampani ezazihlomula kakhulu ohlelweni lobandlululo.
“Ukuma kwezikweletu” kwanikeza uMkhandlu Wamasonto waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nezinye izishoshovu zomphakathi ithuba lokwethula umkhankaso wezigwebo zamabhange zamazwe ngamazwe eNhlanganweni Yezizwe Ezihlangene ngoMfumfu 1985. Kwakuyisicelo kubabhange bamazwe ngamazwe [ngangaleso sikhathi] uMbhishobhi uDesmond Tutu kanye UDkt Beyers Naude ucela amabhange abambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokuhlela kabusha ukuthi:-
“Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu zaseNingizimu Afrika kufanele kube nombandela wokuthi lo mbuso okhona manje ususukile, futhi esikhundleni sawo kuthathwe uhulumeni osabela ezidingweni zabo bonke abantu baseNingizimu Afrika.”
Njengesinyathelo sokugcina esingenalo udlame sokunqanda impi yombango, isikhalazo, sasakazwa kuKhongolose wase-US, futhi safakwa emigomeni yoMthetho Wokulwa Nobandlululo Ophelele. UMengameli uRonald Reagan uwuvotele umthethosivivinywa, kodwa ukuvota kwakhe kwachithwa yiSigele saseMelika ngo-Okthoba 1986.
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezikweletu zaseNingizimu Afrika kube umzila wokufinyelela ohlelweni lokukhokha lwamabhange aphakathi kwe-New York, okuwudaba olubucayi kakhulu ngenxa yendima yedola laseMelika njengemali yokukhokhelana ezihwebeni zokuhwebelana ngemali yangaphandle. Ngaphandle kokufinyelela kumabhange amakhulu ayisikhombisa aseNew York, iNingizimu Afrika ibingeke ikwazi ukwenza inkokhelo ngokuthenga kwamanye amazwe noma ukwamukela inkokhelo yokuthumela ngaphandle.
Ngokubheka ithonya lika-Archbishop Tutu, amasonto ase-US acindezela amabhange aseNew York ukuba akhethe phakathi kwebhizinisi lamabhange laseNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo noma ibhizinisi lesikhwama sempesheni lamahlelo awo. Ngenkathi u-David Dinkins eba yiMeya yeDolobha laseNew York, umasipala wengeza ukukhetha phakathi kweNingizimu Afrika noma ama-akhawunti okuhola eDolobha.
Inhloso yomkhankaso wezijeziso zamabhange wamazwe ngamazwe wamenyezelwa ngokuphindaphindiwe:
- Ukuphela kwesimo esiphuthumayo
- Ukukhululwa kweziboshwa zezombusazwe
- Ukunqanyulwa kwezinhlangano zezepolitiki
- Ukuchithwa komthetho wobandlululo, kanye
- Izingxoxo zoMthethosisekelo maqondana neNingizimu Afrika engacwasi ngokwebala, yentando yeningi futhi ebumbene.
Ngakho-ke kube nomdlalo wokugcina olinganisekayo, nesu lokuphuma. Isikhathi sasiyinhlanhla. IMpi Yomshoshaphansi yayisiya ngasemaphethelweni, futhi uhulumeni wobandlululo wayengasakwazi ukusho “usongo lwamakhomanisi” ekunxuseni kwawo uhulumeni wase-US. Umongameli uGeorge Bush walandela uReagan ngo-1989 futhi wahlangana nabaholi bebandla ngoMeyi ngalowo nyaka, lapho amemezela khona ukuthi kwamthusa okwenzeka eNingizimu Afrika futhi wanikeza ukwesekwa kwakhe.
Abaholi besiKhongolose base bevele becubungula umthetho ngo-1990 wokuvala izintuba ku-C-AAA kanye nokwenqabela konke ukuhwebelana kwezezimali eNingizimu Afrika e-US. Ngenxa yendima yedola laseMelika, lokhu bekuzophinde kube nomthelela ekuhwebeni kwezwe lesithathu namazwe afana neJalimane noma iJapan. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene yabeka uJuni 1990 njengomnqamulajuqu wokuqeda uhlelo lobandlululo.
Uhulumeni wamaNgisi ngaphansi kukaNkk Margaret Thatcher wazama - kodwa wehluleka - ukubhuntshisa lezi zinhlelo ngokumemezela ngo-Okthoba 1989 ukuthi yena ngokubambisana neBhange Lombuso laseNingizimu Afrika welule iNingizimu Afrika isikweletu sangaphandle kwaze kwaba ngu-1993.
Kulandela uMashi Wokuthula waseKapa ngoSepthemba 1989 owawuholwa ngu-Archbishop Tutu, Usekela-Nobhala Wombuso wase-US Wezindaba Zase-Afrika, u-Henk Cohen wakhipha isimemezelo sokuthi uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika ahambisane nemibandela yokuqala emithathu yomkhankaso wezigwebo zamabhange ngoFebhuwari. 1990.
Ngaphandle kokubhikisha kukahulumeni wobandlululo, lokho kwaba isizinda sesimemezelo sikaMongameli FW de Klerk mhla zi-2 kuNhlolanja 1990, ukukhululwa kukaNelson Mandela ezinsukwini eziyisishiyagalolunye kamuva, kanye nokuqala kwezingxoxo zomthethosisekelo zokuqeda uhlelo lobandlululo. UMandela ngokwakhe wavuma ukuthi ukuduba ubandlululo kwaphuma kubamabhange baseMelika, ethi:
"Bake basiza phambilini ekuxhaseni ngezimali izwe laseNingizimu Afrika eligcwele impi, kodwa manje bavele bahoxisa izikweletu zabo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali."
UMandela akazange awujabulele umehluko phakathi kwezimali ezibolekiwe kanye nohlelo lokukhokha lwamabhange ahlukene eNew York, kodwa ungqongqoshe wezeziMali waseNingizimu Afrika wavuma ukuthi “iNingizimu Afrika ayikwazi ukwenza amadola.” Ngaphandle kokufinyelela ohlelweni lokukhokha lwamabhange aphakathi kwe-New York, umnotho ubuzowa.
Kulandela izimemezelo zikahulumeni wobandlululo mhla zi-2 kuNhlolanja 1990, kwakungadingeki ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi iCongress yase-US iphishekele ukunqanyulwa okuphelele okuhlosiwe kokufinyelela kweNingizimu Afrika ohlelweni lwezezimali lwaseMelika. Nokho, leyo nketho yahlala ivulekile, uma kwenzeka izingxoxo phakathi kukahulumeni wobandlululo ne-African National Congress zingaphumeleli.
“Umbhalo wawusodongeni.” Esikhundleni sokubeka engcupheni ukucekelwa phansi komnotho nengqalasizinda yawo kanye nokuchitheka kwegazi lobuhlanga, uhulumeni wobandlululo wakhetha ukuxoxisana ukuze axazulule le nkinga futhi adlulele entandweni yeningi yomthethosisekelo. Lokhu kuvezwe esethulweni soMthethosisekelo othi:
Thina, abantu baseNingizimu Afrika.
Qaphela ukungabi nabulungiswa kwesikhathi sethu esidlule,
Sihloniphe labo abahlupheka ngenxa yobulungiswa nenkululeko ezweni lethu,
Sihloniphe labo abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu, kanye
Kholwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ngeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene ngokwehlukana kwethu.”
Njengoba unswinyo lwamabhange “selulinganise isikali” phakathi kwamaqembu womabili, izingxoxo zomthethosisekelo zaqhubeka phakathi kukahulumeni wobandlululo, i-ANC kanye nabanye ababemele ezombangazwe. Kwakukhona izithiyo eziningi, futhi kwaba ngasekupheleni kuka-1993 lapho uMandela anquma khona ukuthi ukuguqukela kuntando yeningi ekugcineni kwakungenakuhlehliswa, nokuthi unswinyo lwezezimali lungahoxiswa.
Uma kubhekwa impumelelo yezijeziso ekuqedeni ubandlululo, kwaba nentshisekelo enkulu iminyaka ethile ekujezisweni njengendlela yokuxazulula ezinye izingxabano zamazwe ngamazwe osekunesikhathi eside zikhona. Kube khona ukusetshenziswa kabi okusobala, kanye nokwehliswa kwesiqiniseko, kwezigwebo ezenziwa yi-US njengethuluzi lokugomela amandla ezempi aseMelika kanye nezezimali emhlabeni.
Lokhu kuboniswa unswinyo lwase-US ngokumelene ne-Iraq, Venezuela, Libya kanye ne-Iran, eyayifuna inkokhelo yokuthunyelwa kukawoyela kwamanye amazwe ngezinye zezimali kanye/noma igolide esikhundleni samadola aseMelika, bese kulandelwa “ukushintsha kombuso.”
Ubuchwepheshe bamabhange sebuthuthuke kakhulu kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu eyalandela kusukela emkhankasweni wezinswinyo zamabhange aseNingizimu Afrika. Indawo yokusizakala ayisekho eNew York, kodwa iseBrussels lapho ikomkhulu le-Society for Worldwide Inter-bank Financial Telecommunications (SWIFT) likomkhulu.
I-SWIFT empeleni iyikhompuyutha enkulu eqinisekisa imiyalelo yokukhokha yamabhange angaphezu kuka-11 000 emazweni angaphezu kuka-200. Ibhange ngalinye linekhodi ye-SWIFT, izinhlamvu zesihlanu nesithupha ezikhomba izwe lendawo.
Palestine: I-Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) Movement yasungulwa ngo-2005, futhi ilandelwa isipiliyoni saseNingizimu Afrika. Nakuba kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwengama-25 ukuthi unswinyo olubhekiswe eNingizimu Afrika yobandlululo lube nomthelela omkhulu, uhulumeni wakwa-Israel uya ngokuya evutha amalangabi nge-BDS, phakathi kokunye, eqokelwe uMklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel wezi-2018.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuklonyeliswa kwendondo yeNobel Peace Prize ka-1984 ku-Desmond Tutu kwanika umfutho omkhulu ekubambisaneni kwamazwe ngamazwe nenhlangano emelene nobandlululo. I-Norwegian Pension Fund, ephethe izimali ezingaphezu kuka-US$1 trillion, isifake ohlwini lwabangafanele inkampani enkulu yezikhali yakwa-Israel, i-Elbit Systems.
Ezinye izikhungo zaseScandinavia naseDutch zenze okufanayo. Izikhwama zempesheni zesonto e-US nazo ziyathembisana. AmaJuda aseMelika asemancane nathuthukayo aya ngokuya aziqhelelanisa nohulumeni wakwa-Israel ophiko lwesokudla, aze azwelane namaPalestine. Ohulumeni base-Europe ngo-2014 baxwayise izakhamizi zabo ngezingozi zedumela nezezimali zokuhwebelana kwebhizinisi nezindawo zokuhlala zakwa-Israel eWest Bank.
UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu we-UN ngoJanuwari 2018 uhlanganise uhlu lwezinkampani ezingaphezu kuka-200 zakwa-Israel nezaseMelika ezibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuqhubekiseni nasekuxhaseni ngezimali i-Occupation of Palestinian Territories ngokudelela Izivumelwano Ze-Geneva nezinye izisetshenziswa zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuphendula, uhulumeni wakwa-Israel uye wabele izimali eziningi nezinye izinsiza ezinhlelweni zomthetho - kokubili kwa-Israel nasemhlabeni wonke - ukwenza kube yicala umfutho we-BDS, nokungcolisa ukunyakaza njengokumelene namaSemite. Lokhu nokho, sekuvele kufakazela ukuthi akukhiqizi kahle, njengoba kuboniswa izingxabano namacala ezinkantolo e-US.
I-American Civil Liberties Union iphonsele inselelo ngempumelelo imizamo enjalo, isb. thuthukisa intuthuko yezepolitiki.
Izinhlamvu IL kukhodi ye-SWIFT zikhomba amabhange akwa-Israel. Ngokohlelo, kungaba indaba elula ukumisa ukuthengiselana nokusuka kuma-akhawunti e-IL. Lokhu kuzovimba ukukhokhelwa kwezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nokwamukela imali etholwayo yokuthekelisa kwa-Israel. Ubunzima intando yezepolitiki, kanye nomthelela we-lobby yakwa-Israel.
Isandulela nokusebenza kwezijeziso ze-SWIFT sezivele zasungulwa endabeni yase-Iran. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela e-US kanye ne-Israel, i-European Union iyalele ukuba i-SWIFT imise ukuthengiselana namabhange ase-Iranian ukuze icindezele uhulumeni wase-Iranian ukuthi axoxisane ngesivumelwano sezikhali zenuzi zase-Iranian sango-2015.
Manje sekuyavunywa ukuthi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “inqubo yokuthula” eyayixoshwe nguhulumeni wase-US kwakumane kuyisembozo sokwelula i-Occupation kanye nokuqhubekisela phambili ukuhlaliswa kwabantu bakwa-Israel “ngale komugqa oluhlaza.” Ithemba manje lezingxoxo ezintsha ngaphansi kweNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene phakathi kwePalestine ne-Israel inselele umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe ukuthi usize ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi izingxoxo ezinjalo ziyaphumelela.
Ngenhloso yokusiza lezo zingxoxo ngokulinganisa izikali, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi unswinyo lwe-SWIFT olubhekiswe kumabhange akwa-Israel luzohlasela izikhulu zezezimali nezombusazwe zakwa-Israel, ezinamandla okuthonya uhulumeni wakwa-Israel ukuthi ahambisane nemibandela emine ebekiwe, okuyilezi:
- Ukukhulula ngokushesha zonke iziboshwa zezombangazwe zasePalestine,
- Ukuqeda ukusebenza kwayo eWest Bank (kuhlanganise ne-East Jerusalem) kanye neGaza, nokuthi izodiliza “udonga lobandlululo,”
- Ukubona amalungelo ayisisekelo ama-Arab-Palestine okulingana ngokugcwele kwa-Israel-Palestine, kanye
- Ukuvuma ilungelo lokubuya kwamaPalestine.
