I-athikili ephawulekayo ivela ku- June 2014 inkinga ye I-American Journal of Health Public. (Futhi iyatholakala njenge-PDF yamahhala lapha.)
Ababhali, ongoti kwezempilo yomphakathi, bafakwe ohlwini nazo zonke iziqinisekiso zabo zemfundo: UWilliam H. Wiist, DHSc, MPH, MS, Kathy Barker, PhD, Neil Arya, MD, Jon Rohde, MD, Martin Donohoe, MD, Shelley White, PhD, MPH, Pauline Lubens, MPH, Geraldine Gorman, RN, PhD, kanye no-Amy Hagopian, PhD.
Amanye amaphuzu avelele kanye namazwana:
“Ngo-2009 I-American Public Health Association (APHA) igunyaze isitatimende senqubomgomo, ‘Iqhaza Labasebenzi Bezempilo Yomphakathi, Izifundiswa, Nabameli Ngokuphathelene Nezingxabano Nezikhali.’ . . . Ngokuphendula inqubomgomo ye-APHA, ngo-2011, iqembu elisebenzayo Lokufundisa Ukuvimbela Okuyisisekelo Kwempi, elihlanganisa ababhali balesi sihloko, lakhula . . . .”
“Kusukela kwaphela iMpi Yezwe II, kube nezimpi ezingama-248 ezihlomile ezindaweni eziyi-153 emhlabeni jikelele. I-United States yethule imisebenzi yamasosha aphesheya kwezilwandle angama-201 phakathi kokuphela kweMpi Yezwe II nango-2001, futhi kusukela lapho, abanye, kubandakanya i-Afghanistan ne-Iraq. Phakathi nekhulu lama-20, ukufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezingu-190 kwakungase kuhlobene ngokuqondile nangendlela engaqondile nempi - okwakudlula lokhu emakhulwini amane eminyaka adlule. ”
Lawa maqiniso, abhalwe phansi esihlokweni, awusizo kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili lapho kubhekwa inkambiso yamanje yezemfundo e-United States yokumemezela ukufa kwempi. Ngokuhlela kabusha izimpi eziningi njengezinye izinto, ukunciphisa inani lokufa, nokubuka ukufa njengenani labantu bomhlaba kunokuba kube ngenani labantu bendawo noma njengezinombolo eziphelele, ababhali abahlukahlukene bazamile ukusho ukuthi impi iyashabalala. Yebo, impi ingashabalala futhi kufanele iphele, kodwa lokho kungenzeka kuphela uma sithola idrayivu nezinsiza zokukwenza kwenzeke.
"Inani lokufa kwezakhamuzi kanye nezindlela zokuhlukanisa ukufa kwabantu njengezakhamuzi kuyaphikiswana ngakho, kodwa ukufa kwezimpi zomphakathi kuhlanganisa i-85% kuya ku-90% yabantu abalimala ngenxa yempi, cishe ne-10 izakhamuzi ezifela wonke amasosha abulawe empini. Inani lokufa (ikakhulukazi izakhamuzi) elibangelwa impi yakamuva e-Iraq liyaphikiswa, ngezilinganiso ze-124,000 kuya ku-655,000 kuya kwezigidi ezingu-thana, futhi ekugcineni iningi lakamuva lihlala cishe esigidini. Izakhamizi zihloselwe ukufa kanye nodlame locansi kwezinye izingxabano zamanje. Amaphesenti angu-90 kuya kwangu-110% ezisulu zamabhomu agqitshwayo atshalwe kusukela ngo-1960 emazweni angu-70 kwakungabantu abavamile.”
Lokhu, nakho, kubalulekile, njengoba ukuzivikela okuphezulu kwempi kungukuthi kufanele kusetshenziselwe ukuvimbela into embi kakhulu, ebizwa ngokuthi i-genocide. Akukhona nje ukuthi impi ikhiqiza ukubulawa kwabantu kunokukuvimba, kodwa umehluko phakathi kwempi nokuqothulwa kohlanga muhle kakhulu. I-athikili iqhubeka ibalula eminye yemiphumela yempi yezempilo, engizocaphuna kuyo amaphuzu avelele:
“I-World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on the Social Determinants of Health yaveza ukuthi impi ithinta impilo yezingane, iholela ekufudukeni nasekufudukeni, futhi inciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo. Ukushona kwezingane nomama, amanani okugonywa, imiphumela yokuzalwa, nezinga lamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle kubi kakhulu ezindaweni ezingqubuzanayo. Impi ibe negalelo ekuvimbeleni ukuqedwa kovendle, ingase yenze kube lula ukusabalala kwe-HIV/AIDS, futhi yehlise ukutholakala kochwepheshe bezempilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhomu agqitshwayo adala imiphumela engokwengqondo nengokwenyama, futhi abeka engcupheni ukulondeka kokudla ngokwenza umhlaba wokulima ube yize. . . .
“Cishe izikhali zenuzi eziyi-17,300 zisatshalaliswe okungenani emazweni ayi-9 (okubandakanya ama-warheads e-4300 US kanye neRussia, eziningi zazo ezingaqalwa futhi zifinyelele imigomo yazo phakathi nemizuzu engama-45). Ngisho nokwethulwa komcibisholo ngengozi kungaholela enhlekeleleni enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke emlandweni orekhodiwe.
"Naphezu kwemiphumela eminingi yezempilo yempi, azikho izimali zesibonelelo ezivela kuCenters for Disease Control and Prevention noma iNational Institutes of Health enikelwe ekuvimbeleni impi, futhi izikole eziningi zempilo yomphakathi azifaki ukuvinjelwa kwempi ezweni. ikharikhulamu.”
Manje, Lapho igebe elikhulu emphakathini wethu engibheja ukuthi abafundi abaningi bebengaliqapheli, naphezu kokunengqondo kwalo okuphelele nokubaluleka okusobala! Kungani ochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi kufanele basebenze ukuvimbela impi? Ababhali bayachaza:
“Ochwepheshe bezempilo yomphakathi bakufanelekele ngokukhethekile ukubamba iqhaza ekuvimbeleni impi ngenxa yamakhono abo esayensi yezifo eziwumshayabhuqe; ukuhlonza izinto eziyingozi nezivikelayo; ukuhlela, ukuthuthukisa, ukuqapha, nokuhlola amasu okuvimbela; ukuphathwa kwezinhlelo namasevisi; ukuhlaziywa nokuthuthukiswa kwenqubomgomo; ukuhlolwa kwemvelo kanye nokulungiswa; kanye nokumela impilo. Abanye abasebenzi bezempilo yomphakathi banolwazi ngemiphumela yempi kusukela ekuchayekeni komuntu siqu ezingxabanweni ezinodlame noma ekusebenzeni neziguli kanye nemiphakathi ezimeni zokungqubuzana kwezikhali. Impilo yomphakathi futhi ihlinzeka ngendawo efanayo lapho iziyalo eziningi zizimisele ukuhlangana ukuze zakhe imifelandawonye ukuze kuvinjelwe impi. Izwi lezempilo yomphakathi livame ukuzwakala njengamandla okusiza umphakathi. Ngokuqoqwa okuvamile nokubuyekezwa kwezinkomba zezempilo impilo yomphakathi inganikeza izexwayiso zangaphambi kwesikhathi zengcuphe yezingxabano ezinodlame. Impilo yomphakathi ingabuye ichaze imiphumela yezempilo yempi, ihlele ingxoxo ngezimpi kanye noxhaso lwazo. . . futhi adalule impi evame ukuholela ezingxabanweni futhi evuse intshiseko yomphakathi ngempi.”
Mayelana nalokho kwezempi. Kwenzenjani?
"Impi iwukunwetshwa ngamabomu kwezinhloso zempi kanye nesizathu sokubumba isiko, ezombusazwe, kanye nezomnotho zokuphila kwabantu ukuze impi kanye nokulungiselela impi kube yinto evamile, futhi ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwezikhungo zempi eziqinile zibekwe phambili. Ibutho lezempi liwukuthembela ngokweqile emandleni ezempi aqinile kanye nosongo lokuphoqelelwa njengendlela esemthethweni yokuphishekela imigomo yenqubomgomo ebudlelwaneni obunzima bamazwe ngamazwe. Ikhazimulisa amaqhawe, inikeze ukwethembeka okuqinile kwezempi njengesiqiniseko esikhulu senkululeko nokuphepha, futhi ihlonipha ukuziphatha kwezempi kanye nezimiso zokuziphatha njengokungaphezu kokugxekwa. I-Militarism igqugquzela umphakathi ukuthi wamukele imibono yezempi, ukuziphatha, izinganekwane, nolimi njengolwalo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi impi ihlotshaniswa kahle ne-conservatism, ubuzwe, inkolo, ukushisekela izwe, kanye nobuntu obunegunya, futhi ihlobene kabi nokuhlonipha inkululeko yomphakathi, ukubekezelela ukuphikiswa, izimiso zentando yeningi, ukuzwelana nenhlalakahle kwabahluphekile nabampofu, kanye nosizo lwangaphandle. ezizweni ezimpofu. Ibutho lezempi libeka phansi ezinye izithakazelo zomphakathi, okuhlanganisa nezempilo, ezithakazelweni zamasosha. "
Futhi ingabe i-United States iyahlushwa?
“Umbutho wezempi uhlanganiswe ezicini eziningi zempilo e-United States futhi, njengoba uhlaka lwezempi lwaqedwa, lwenza izimfuno ezimbalwa ezisobala zomphakathi ngaphandle kwezindleko zoxhaso lwabakhokhi bentela. Ukusho kwayo, ubukhulu, kanye nencazelo yayo akusabonakali engxenyeni enkulu yezakhamuzi, ngokuqaphela okuncane kwezindleko zomuntu noma isithombe esibi esinamanye amazwe. Ibutho lezempi liye labizwa ngokuthi 'isifo sengqondo,' okwenza kube lula ukungenelela kwabantu abaningi. . . .
"I-United States inesibopho se-41% yezindleko zezempi emhlabeni wonke. Elandelayo enkulukazi ekusetshenzisweni kwemali yiShayina, ibalwa ku-8.2%; I-Russia, 4.1%; kanye ne-United Kingdom ne-France, womabili angu-3.6%. . . . Uma wonke ezempi . . . izindleko zifakiwe, izindleko zonyaka [zaseMelika] zibalelwa ku-$1 trillion . . . . Ngokombiko wesakhiwo sesisekelo se-DOD sonyaka wezimali ka-2012, 'I-DOD ilawula impahla yomhlaba wonke yezakhiwo ezingaphezu kuka-555,000 ezindaweni ezingaphezu kuka-5,000, ezihlanganisa amahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-28.' Amazwe ayi-700. . . .
“Ngo-2011 i-United States ikleliswe endaweni yokuqala ekuthengisweni kwezikhali ezijwayelekile emhlabeni wonke, okubalelwa ku-78% ($66 billion). I-Russia ibe isibili ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-4.8. . . .
“Ngo-2011-2012, izinkampani eziphezulu ezingu-7 zase-US ezikhiqiza izikhali nezinsiza zifaka imali engu-$9.8 million emikhankasweni yokhetho lukahulumeni. Izinkampani ezinhlanu kweziyi-10 eziphezulu kweziyishumi emhlabeni (3 US, 2 UK kanye ne-Europe) zachitha amaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-53 zinxenxa uhulumeni wase-US ngo-2011. . . .
“Umthombo oyinhloko wabafundi abasha uhlelo lwezikole zikahulumeni wase-US, lapho ukuqasha kugxile entsheni yasemakhaya kanye nempofu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwakha uhlaka olusebenzayo lobumpofu olungabonakali emindenini eminingi ephakathi nasezingeni eliphezulu. . . . Ngokuphikisana nesiginesha ye-United States ku-Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict contract, amasosha abuthela izingane ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme zikahulumeni, futhi akazisi abafundi noma abazali ngelungelo labo lokugodla imininingwane yokuxhumana yasekhaya. Ibhethri ye-Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery inikezwa ezikoleni zamabanga aphakeme zikahulumeni njengovivinyo lwekhono lomsebenzi futhi iyimpoqo ezikoleni eziningi zamabanga aphezulu, ngolwazi lokuxhumana lwabafundi ludluliselwa emasosheni, ngaphandle kwaseMaryland lapho isishayamthetho sezwe sagunyaza ukuthi izikole zingasakwazi ukuthumela ngokuzenzakalelayo ulwazi.”
Abameli bezempilo yomphakathi baphinde bakhale ngokuhwebelana ezinhlotsheni zocwaningo i-United States etshala kuzo:
“Izinsiza ezisetshenziswa amasosha . . . ucwaningo, ukukhiqizwa, kanye nezinsizakalo ziphambukisa ubuchwepheshe bomuntu kwezinye izidingo zomphakathi. I-DOD ingumxhasi omkhulu kakhulu wocwaningo nentuthuko kuhulumeni wobumbano. INational Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, kanye neCenters for Disease Control and Prevention babele imali enkulu ezinhlelweni ezinjenge-‘BioDefense.’ . . . Ukushoda kweminye imithombo yoxhaso kuqhuba abanye abacwaningi ukuthi baphishekele uxhaso lwezempi noma lwezokuphepha, futhi abanye bagcina sebengazweli ethonyeni lezempi. Enye inyuvesi ehamba phambili e-United Kingdom isanda kumemezela, nokho, izoqeda ukutshalwa kwezimali kwayo okungu-£1.2 million ku-. . . inkampani eyenza izingxenye zama-drones abulalayo aseMelika ngoba ithi ibhizinisi ‘lalingenalo isibopho emphakathini.’”
Ngisho nasosukwini lukaMongameli u-Eisenhower, impi yayigcwele yonke indawo: “Ithonya eliphelele - lezomnotho, lezombangazwe, ngisho nelingokomoya - lizwakala kuwo wonke amadolobha, kuzo zonke izikhungo zombuso, kuwo wonke amahhovisi kahulumeni wobumbano. Lesi sifo sisabalele:
“Izimiso zokuziphatha nezindlela zezempi ziye zafinyelela nasezinhlelweni zokugcinwa komthetho nezobulungiswa. . . .
“Ngokukhuthaza izixazululo zezempi ezinkingeni zezombangazwe nokuveza isenzo sezempi njengento engenakugwenywa, amasosha ngokuvamile athonya ukusakazwa kwezindaba, okubuye kudale ukwamukelwa komphakathi kwempi noma ukushisekela impi. . . .”
Ababhali bachaza izinhlelo eziqala ukusebenza ekuvimbeleni impi ngombono wezempilo yomphakathi, futhi baphetha ngezincomo ngalokho okufanele kwenziwe. Sibheke.
