Kusukela I-Peace Science Digest, Juni 28, i-2020
Isikweletu sezithombe: isithombe se-United Nations
Lokhu kuhlaziywa kufingqa futhi kuveze ucwaningo olulandelayo: UBelgioioso, M., Di Salvatore, J., & Pinckney, J. (2020). Ukudidekile ngombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: Umphumela wokugcinwa kokuthula kwe-UN emibhikishweni engenabudlova emazweni angemuva kwempi yombango. Izifundo Zamazwe Ngamazwe Ngekota. https://doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa015
Izinkulumo zokukhuluma
Ezimweni zangemva kwempi yombango:
- Amazwe anemisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula ye-UN anemibhikisho engenampilo eminingi kunamazwe angenabagcini bezokuthula be-UN, ikakhulukazi uma lawo misebenzi yokugcina ukuthula ibandakanya namaphoyisa e-UN (UNPOL).
- Lapho abagcina ukuthula be-UNPOL bevela emazweni anezikolo eziphakeme zomphakathi, amathuba okuthi umbhikisho ongahloniphi emazweni asezimpini zombango unge-60%.
- Lapho abagcina ukuthula be-UNPOL bevela emazweni anezikolo eziphansi zomphakathi, kungenzeka ukuthi ukubikezela kombhikisho ongahlukumezeki emazweni empi yangemva kwempi kungama-30%.
- Ngenxa yokuthi abagcina ukuthula be-UNPOL basebenzisana ngqo nezakhamizi, futhi baqeqeshe futhi babambisane namaphoyisa asezweni, kukhona “ukungafani kwezinkambiso nemikhuba evikela ukungahambi kahle kwezepolitiki” - okwenza labo abasebenza ngokuthula babe nokubaluleka kokubhikisha okukhulu kunomthelela kulokhu.
Isifinyezo
Ucwaningo oluningi olukhona ngokugcina ukuthula kwe-UN lugxila ezinqubweni zokuthula eziphezulu njengezivumelwano zezepolitiki noma izinguquko zezikhungo. Lezi zinqubo zodwa azikwazi ukukala ukungena ngaphakathi kwezindlela zentando yeningi noma amashifu amasiko enza ukuthi ukubuyela empini kungacatshangwe. Ukulinganisa imiphumela eyakha ukuthula 'ye-UN ngokuthula, ababhali bagxila engxenyeni ebalulekile yokubandakanyeka komphakathi-ukungqubuzana kwezepolitiki ezingekho emthethweni-futhi babuze, "ingabe ukuthula okugcina ukuthula kwenza ukuxabana kwezepolitiki okungekho emthethweni emazweni empi yangemva kwempi?"
Ukuphendula lo mbuzo, bathuthukisa i-database entsha ebandakanya amazwe angama-70 aqhamuka ezimpini zombango phakathi kuka-1990 no-2011 nezivivinyo zenani lemibhikisho engahambisani nalawo mazwe abhekana nayo. Njengesilinganiso sokulondolozwa, i-datha ayizifaki izehlakalo lapho imibhikisho iholele khona kubhebhethekile nodlame oluyenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo. Le datha ifaka nokuhlukahluka okufana nokuthi izwe liphethwe yini umsebenzi wokugcina ukuthula we-UN, inani lalabo abagcina ukuthula, kanye nenqaku lomphakathi livela ezweni lokugcina abasebenza ukuthula. Le nombolo yomphakathi itholakala kusibonakaliso se-Varieties of Democracy on a civil iqhaza iqhaza emphakathini. Le nkomba ibheka ukuthi izinhlangano zomphakathi ezibandakanyeke kanjani (njengamaqembu entshisakalo, izinyunyana zabasebenzi, noma amaqembu okuvikela, njl.) Empilweni yomphakathi. Kubandakanya imibuzo mayelana, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ngabe bahlolwa ngabenzi bezinqubomgomo noma bangaki abantu ababandakanyeka emphakathini.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi amazwe asemva kwempi yombango ngemisebenzi yokugcina ukuthula ye-UN anemibhikisho engenampilo kakhulu kunamazwe angenabagcini bokuthula. Ubukhulu bemishini abubonakali bunendaba. Isibalo somphakathi wezwe esivela ezweni labo abasebenza ngokuthula kuphela samaphoyisa e-UN (UNPOL) kodwa hhayi ezinye izinhlobo zabagcini bokuthula. Ukubeka lokho ezinombolweni,
- Ukuba khona kwabagcini bokuthula be-UN, kungakhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwabantu abasebenza ngokuthula, kwandisa amathuba okuthi umbhikisho ongahlosiwe ufike ku-40%, uma uqhathanisa no-27% lapho kungekho khona ukuthula kwe-UN.
- Ukuba khona kwezikhulu ze-UNPOL ezivela emazweni anophiko oluphansi lomphakathi kuphumela ekuphikeni okungu-30% okucatshangwe ukuthi kungahle kube nombhikisho ongahlukumezeki.
- Ukuba khona kweziphathimandla ze-UNPOL ezivela emazweni anezinga eliphakeme lomphakathi kuphumela ekuthini kungenzeka kube nomphumela wokungabikhona kombhikisho ongahlose u-60%.
Ukuchaza ukuthi le miphumela isho ukuthini esimweni sokugcina ukuthula kwe-UN kanye "nokwakha phansi" ukuthula, ababhali bahlakulela ukuthambekela komqondo okubona ukubhikisha okungahloniphi njengophawu lwentuthuko yangaphakathi yenqubo yentando yeningi. Ukuthi lemibhikisho ihlala ingekho emaphathini nayo ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi emazweni wangemva kwempi yombango lapho ukusetshenziswa kobudlova njengenkulumo yezepolitiki futhi njengendlela yokuthola izinhloso zezepolitiki kuyinto ejwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhungo ezintsha zezepolitiki kulawa mazwe zivame ukwehluleka, ngakho-ke amandla ezwe lokubhekana nalezi zinselelo ngokungadabukeki kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukuthula. Ababhali basho ukuthi abasebenza ngokuthula be-UN, ikakhulukazi amaphoyisa e-UN (UNPOL), bahlinzeka ngokuphepha nokuthi ukuba khona kwabo kukhuthaza "izinkambiso zokubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki okungenabudlova." Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma impi yangemva kwempi yombango iyakwazi ukuxhasa imibhikisho engaphikisi, lapho-ke izakhamuzi zayo nohulumeni banezimiso zentando yeningi zangaphakathi.
Ngokugxila ebukhoneni bamaphoyisa e-UN (UNPOL), ababhali bakhomba indlela enkulu lapho lezi zindlela zentando yeningi zisetshenziselwa khona ukugcina ukuthula emazweni azibambela kuwo. Amaphoyisa e-UNPOL aqeqesha futhi asebenzisane namaphoyisa kuzwelonke, ebanikeza ukuxhumana ngqo ngqo nemiphakathi kanye nekhono lokuthonya amaphoyisa kazwelonke ukuhlonipha umbhikisho onganenzondo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi oqinile womphakathi[1] kusemqoka ekuhleleni imibhikisho engaphikisi. Ngenkathi amazwe aqhamuka ezimpini zombango kungenzeka ukuthi enze buthaka umphakathi, amandla omphakathi wokubamba iqhaza ngokugcwele kwinqubo yezepolitiki yangemva kwempi amele indlela engezansi yokwakha ukuthula. Ngakho-ke, ukuzibandakanya kweziphathimandla ze-UNPOL kwezenhlalo yomphakathi (noma ngabe lezo zikhulu zivela emazweni anomphakathi oqinile noma cha) kunomthelela ekuxhaseni kwazo amandla okusekela imibhikisho engahambisani namazwe lapho zifakwa khona. Ngamanye amagama, uma izikhulu ze-UNPOL zivela emazweni anemiphakathi eqinile, zingavikela kakhulu ilungelo lokubhikisha okungezona ezinobudlova futhi “zenze kube nzima ukucindezelwa okukhohlakele kohulumeni abakhathazekile ngokulahlwa ngamazwe.”
Ababhali baphetha ngokubukeza kafushane kwamacala lapho ukuthula kwe-UN emazweni empi yangemva kwempi yomphakathi kube nomthelela ekwakheni ukuthula phansi kanye nokususwa kwezindlela zentando yeningi. ENamibia, i-United Nations Transition Aidance Group ibizungeza futhi ivikele izakhamuzi ngesikhathi semihlangano yomphakathi futhi ikhombise ukungakhethi ekuphathweni kwezixuku ngesikhathi semibhikisho. Kwenzeka okufanayo naseLiberia lapho i-United Nations Mission eLiberia ibizoqapha khona imibhikisho enokuthula futhi ingenelele ukuze kuqubuke udlame, okubandakanya phakathi kwamaphoyisa kuzwelonke nababhikishi, ngesikhathi sokhetho lwango-2009. Lesi senzo, esivikela ilungelo lokubhikisha futhi siqinisekise ukuthi kwenzeka ngokungaziphathi kahle, sifaka imigomo ekubambeni iqhaza kwezepolitiki okungahlangene nakho okubalulekile ukuthula okuhle emazweni wangempi yangemva kwempi. Ababhali baphetha ngenothi lokukhathazeka ngomthwalo oshintshayo wokugcina ukuthula kwe-UN kusuka emazweni acebile anenhlalo yomphakathi eqinile ukuya emazweni ampofu anenhlalo yomphakathi engenamandla. Bacela abenzi bezinqubomgomo abakha imishini yokugcina ukuthula ye-UN ukuthi bakhumbule ukuqasha izisebenzi eziningi ezivela emazweni anemiphakathi eqinile.
Ukuzijwayeza Umkhuba
Inoveli yalesi sihloko igxila endimeni yamaphoyisa ekwakheni ukuthula inikeza indlela entsha yokucabanga ngokugcina ukuthula kwe-UN, ikakhulukazi njengendlela esezingeni eliphansi ngokusebenzisa isikhungo esigxile kwezinye izindlela ezisezingeni eliphakeme noma lesifundazwe. Ingxenye yokwakha ukuthula, ikakhulukazi emazweni empi yangemva kwempi yombango, ukwakha kabusha inkontileka yezenhlalo phakathi kukahulumeni nabantu ababehlukaniswe phakathi nempi yombango. Isivumelwano sokuthula sinokuqeda ngokusemthethweni ubutha, kepha umsebenzi omningi uyadingeka ukwenza abantu bakholelwe ngokweqiniso ukuthi bangabamba iqhaza empilweni yomphakathi kanye noshintsho lomthelela. Imibhikisho iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki-isebenza ukuqwashisa ngenkinga, ukuhlanganisa imifelandawonye yezepolitiki futhi inikeze ukwesekwa ngumphakathi. Ukuze uhulumeni aphendule ngobudlova kusho ukuthi uzoba nesivumelwano sokuhlangana esidlangalaleni.
Ngeke senze sengathi lolu hlaziyo, olugxile ezicini zokubhikisha namaphoyisa emazweni angaphandle, luyanqanyulwa esifiso sethu sokubika ngendlela eyakhayo isikhathi samanje e-US Ngabe ubuphoyisa bubukeka kanjani emphakathini ozibophezele wonke umuntu ukuphepha? Ingxoxo edingekayo ye I-Digest's Abahleli kanye nabanye ababheka ukubulawa kwamaphoyisa kukaGeorge Floyd, uBreonna Taylor, kanye nabanye abantu abamnyama baseMelika. Uma inhloso ebalulekile yamaphoyisa ukuhlinzeka ngezokuphepha, kuzofanela ukuthi ubuzwe: Amaphoyisa ahlinzeka ukuphepha kabani? Amaphoyisa aqhubeka kanjani nokunikeza lokho kuvikeleka? Isikhathi eside kakhulu e-United States, iphoyisa belisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokucindezela abamnyama, abomdabu, kanye nabanye abantu bemibala (BIPOC). Lo mlando wobuphoyisa ubhangqwe ngesiko eligxile ngokujulile lobukhulu abamhlophe, kubonakala ngokubandlulula ngokobuhlanga kutholakala kulo lonke uhlelo lokuqinisa umthetho kanye nezobulungiswa bobugebengu. Siphinde futhi sifakaze ngezinga lobudlova bamaphoyisa kubabhikishi abangahlukumezi-okuthi, ngokwethusa futhi kubabaze, kunikeza ubufakazi obengeziwe ngesidingo sokuguqula ngokuyisisekelo okushiwo ngamaphoyisa e-United States.
Iningi lezingxoxo eziphathelene namaphoyisa e-United States zigxile ezimpini zamaphoyisa, kusukela ekwamukelweni kwengqondo “yempi” (ngokungafani nombono “wobuphathi” wobuphoyisa — bona i-Continued Read) ekudluliseleni imishini yempi. eminyangweni yamaphoyisa ngohlelo olungu-1033 loMthetho Wezokuvikela Ezokuvikela. Njengomphakathi, siqala ukubona ngeso lokhozi ukuthi ezinye izindlela zamaphoyisa ahlomile zingabukeka kanjani. Kunobufakazi obumangalisayo bokusebenza kwezindlela ezingekho empini nezingavikelekile zokuphepha okuvezwe ku I-Peace Science Digest. Isibonelo, ku Ukuhlola izindlela ezihlangene nezingaphephile zokugcina ukuthula, ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi "ukuthula okungeyona impi yabantu (i-UCP) ebambe iqhaza ngokuphumelelayo emisebenzini ehambisana nokugcina ukuthula, kukhombisa ukuthi ukugcina ukuthula akudingi ukuthi kube namasosha noma ukuba khona kwezikhali ukwenza umsebenzi wawo wokuvikela udlame kanye nokuvikela umphakathi." Yize ehlomile kakhulu, Amaphoyisa e-UN, ikakhulukazi ngokumbona kwawo iphoyisa elisuselwa emphakathini, namanje bamele indlela engazwisisekanga kakhulu yezokuphepha ngokuqhathanisa namanye amandla okugcina ukuthula e-UN, ikakhulukazi lawo anikezwe igunya elinamandla lokubandakanya izimpi zokulwa. Kepha, njengoba kucaca kakhulu e-US (ngisho nomphakathi wayo onenqubekela phambili nezindlela zentando yeningi), amaphoyisa ahlomile asengabeka engcupheni enkulu izingxenye ezinkulu zezakhamizi. Kungasiphi isikhathi lapho semukela khona ukuthi amaphoyisa ahlomile, esikhundleni sokuxhasa inkontileka yezenhlalo, ikakhulukazi angabasebenzi bokuhlakazeka kwayo? Lokhu kuvunywa kufanele kubuye kusenze siqhubekele phambili ekujezisweni kokukhululwa kwezindlela zokwamukelwa kwezindlela ezingenazo zonke izisetshenziswa zokuphepha — izindlela ezingacacisi ukuphepha komuntu oyedwa ngokuchitha omunye. [KC]
Kuyaqhubeka Ukufunda
USullivan, H. (2020, Juni 17). Kungani imibhikisho iphenduka enodlame? Ubudlelwano bomphakathi osobala (futhi hhayi ama-provocateurs). Udlame Lwezepolitiki Ekubukeni. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 22, 2020, kusuka https://politicalviolenceataglance.org/2020/06/17/why-do-protests-turn-violent-blame-state-society-relations-and-not-provocateurs/
Hunt, CT (2020, Februwari 13). Ukuvikelwa ngamaphoyisa: Indima evikela amaphoyisa ase-UN ekusebenzeni ngokuthula. I-International Peace Institute. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 11, 2020, kusuka https://www.ipinst.org/2020/02/protection-through-policing-un-peace-ops-paper
UDe Coning, C., noGelot, L. (2020, Meyi 29). Ukubeka abantu enkabeni yemisebenzi yokuthula ye-UN. I-International Peace Institute. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 26, 2020, kusuka https://theglobalobservatory.org/2020/05/placing-people-center-un-peace-operations/
NPR. (2020, Juni 4). Amaphoyisa aseMelika. USteffhline. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 26, 2020, kusuka https://www.npr.org/transcripts/869046127
USerhan, Y. (2020, Juni 10). Lokho umhlaba ongakufundisa iMelika ngamaphoyisa, I-Atlantic. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 11, 2020, kusuka https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/06/america-police-violence-germany-georgia-britain/612820/
Isayensi Nsuku Zonke. (2019, Februwari 26). Ubufakazi obuqhutshwa yidatha ekulweni kwephoyisa nomqaphi. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 12, 2020, kusuka https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/02/190226155011.htm
I-Peace Science Digest. (2018, Novemba 12). Ukuhlola izindlela ezihlomile nezingaphephile zokugcina ukuthula. Ibuyiselwe ngoJuni 15, 2020, kusuka https://peacesciencedigest.org/assessing-armed-and-unarmed-approaches-to-peacekeeping
Izinhlangano / Izinhlelo
Amaphoyisa eZizwe Ezihlangene: https://police.un.org/en
Amagama angukhiye: impi yangemva kwempi, ukuthula, ukuthula ukuthula, amaphoyisa, iZizwe Ezihlangene, impi yombango
[1] Ababhali bachaza imiphakathi ngokuthi "isigaba [esihlanganisa] izakhamizi ezihlelekile nezingahlelekile, kusuka kubalweli bamalungelo abantu kuya kwababhikishi abangenacala."
