Amaphoyisa Aya ngokuya Esho Izinhlekelele Zesimo Sezulu Lapho Efuna Izikhali Zezempi, Imibukiso Yemibhalo

Lapho abantu bendawo bezwa ukuthi ihhovisi lika-Johnson County, Iowa, likasheriff lithole imoto enkulu, engazweli emayini, uSheriff Lonny Pulkrabek waqinisekisa umphakathi owawungabaza ukuthi amaphoyisa azoyisebenzisa ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu ukuze asindise izakhamuzi esimweni esingavamile sombuso. izishingishane noma izikhukhula.

"Eqinisweni imoto yokuhlenga, yokutakula kanye neyokuthutha," i-Pulkrabek kusho ku-2014.

Kepha eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kusukela lapho, imoto - evela kumaPentagon kabi kakhulu 1033 Uhlelo ukuthi ukuhlomisa abomthetho bendawo ngezikhali, amagiya kanye nezimoto ezisale ezimpini zangaphandle zezwe - sekusetshenziswe cishe noma yini ngaphandle kwalokho.

Amaphoyisa ase-Iowa City, asebenzisa le moto kanye nehhovisi likasherifu, ayimisa eduze kwangonyaka odlule. imibhikisho yobulungiswa bobuhlanga, lapho izikhulu kuqhume isisi esikhalisa unyembezi kubabhikishi abanokuthula ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuhlakazeka. Futhi kulo Meyi, izakhamuzi zathukuthelela amaphoyisa washayela umshini wempi wangaphambili endaweni enabantu abaningi abaNsundu ukunikeza izincwadi zokuboshwa.

Ukuthukuthela kugqugquzele amalungu omkhandlu wase-Iowa kuleli hlobo ukuthi afune ukuthi isifunda sibuyisele imoto ePentagon.

"Yimoto eyenzelwe izimo zempi, futhi ngokubona kwami, akuyona eyalapha," ilungu lomkhandlu wedolobha u-Janice Weiner utshele i-HuffPost.

IHhovisi likaJohnson County Sheriff akusona ukuphela kwesikhungo somthetho esingasho isimo sezulu esingavamile njengesizathu sokuthi sidinga i-hardware evela kwezempi. Ngonyaka odlule, iCongress yenza izinguquko ezincane kuHlelo lwe-1033 ukunikeza ukufinyelela kwezimoto zezikhali kuqala emaphoyiseni kanye neminyango yosherifu abathi izidinga ezimeni eziphuthumayo ezihlobene nezinhlekelele, i-HuffPost ifundile - ngokuhlolwa okumbalwa kokuthi izimoto zihamba kanjani. ekugcineni esetshenziswa.

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nokuqhuma kwenani lamaphoyisa neminyango yosherifu ecaphuna iziphepho eziyingozi, iziphepho zeqhwa, futhi ikakhulukazi izikhukhula ukuze bachaze ukuthi kungani kufanele bathole imoto yezikhali.

I-HuffPost itholwe ngokukhethekile amakhulu ezicelo zezimoto ezihlomile ukuthi izinhlangano zendawo zabhalela uMnyango Wezokuvikela ngo-2017 no-2018. Futhi ngokungafani neminyaka embalwa ngaphambili, lapho cishe azikho izinhlaka zokuphoqelela umthetho ekhuluma ngezinhlekelele zemvelo, kwakukhona izinhlaka cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezazicela usizo lokulungela izinhlekelele.

Kunezizathu ezimbalwa zokuphendula okuguqukayo kwabomthetho. Ezweni lonke, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kubhebhethekisa izinhlekelele ezibhubhisayo neziyingozi kakhulu. I-US ayizange itshale imali ekulungiseleleni izinhlekelele ezinkulu, okuphoqa ohulumeni basekhaya kanye nabezomthetho ukuthi balungiselele izinhlekelele ― futhi bazikhokhele - ikakhulukazi bebodwa.

Kepha isizathu esikhulu kungaba ukuthi uMnyango Wezokuvikela nawo usuqalile ukunaka amaphoyisa endawo nabasizi ukuze benze into enkulu ngendima yabo ekuphenduleni izinhlekelele. Phakathi neminyaka embalwa edlule, emafomini amaphoyisa kanye nosherifu okufanele bawahambise ukuze baqinisekise izicelo zabo zezimoto ezihlomile, i-Pentagon yaqala ukuklelisa izinhlekelele zemvelo njengesibonelo sokuziphendulela. (Uhlelo lwe-1033 lwakhiwa ngo-1996.)

Ama-ejensi wendawo akubambe ngokulangazela lokhu kunengqondo. Emibhalweni etholwe yi-HuffPost, ithimba lamaphoyisa kanye neminyango yosherifu eduze kwaseGulf Coast, ukusuka eFlorida kuya eGeorgia kuya eLouisiana, likhulume ngesizini yesiphepho esidumile ezifundazweni zabo, kuyilapho iminyango yamaphoyisa aseNew Jersey ikhumbula ukungakwazi kwabo ukusebenza ngemva kweSuperstorm Sandy yango-2012.

"Izinsiza zethu zashesha zakhungatheka futhi ukungakwazi ukuphendula ngezimoto ezanele zokuhlenga amanzi kwakhinyabeza kakhulu umsebenzi wokuhlenga," kusho isikhulu samaphoyisa saseLacey Township, idolobhana elisePine Barrens eNew Jersey, e-New Jersey, esicelweni sokuvuselelwa. wahlomisa uHumvee ngo-2018. (Licelwa ukuthi liphawule, isekela lalelilokishi lithe alikhumbuli ngalesi sicelo.)

Kwathi ngonyaka odlule, iCongress yenza ushintsho kuHlelo lwe-1033 olwalukhokhela izikhuthazi zokuxhumanisa izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu nehardware yempi. Ku- umthethosivivinywa wonyaka wokusetshenziswa kwemali yokuvikela, ICongress yayala i-Pentagon ukuthi ibeke phambili kakhulu "izicelo ezicela izimoto ezisetshenziselwa ukulungela izimo eziphuthumayo ezihlobene nezinhlekelele, njengezimoto zokuhlenga amanzi aphezulu."

Ongoti bokulungela izinhlekelele abakhulume ne-HuffPost bawushaye indiva umqondo wokukhukhula kwezwe ngezimoto zezempi ezengeziwe ngaphansi kosizo lokulungiselela ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu.

Abanye baphawule ukuthi amaphoyisa akhululekile ukusebenzisa izimpahla zamasosha ezivela ePentagon kodwa-ke afuna ngoba akekho noyedwa obekwe icala lokuqinisekisa ukuthi abomthetho bayayisebenzisa kuphela ekuphenduleni izinhlekelele. Abanye baveze ukuthi empeleni amaphoyisa anesibopho sokuvikela umphakathi uma kwenzeka inhlekelele yesimo sezulu - futhi izimoto zamasosha azenzi lutho ukusiza amaphoyisa ukuthi alungiselele leyo ndima.

"Ngingakuqinisekisa ukuthi ayikho kule minyango yamaphoyisa ebeka isimo sezulu noma isimo sezulu esibi kakhulu enezinhlelo zokuphathwa kwezimo eziphuthumayo ukuyisebenzisa [ngaleyo ndlela]," kusho uLeigh Anderson, ongumcwaningi nomcwaningi mabhuku waseChicago State University owengamele iminyango yamaphoyisa e-Illinois naseMissouri.

Sekuyiminyaka, ukuqeqeshwa kwamaphoyisa ezweni lonke kugcizelele amaqhinga ahlaselayo, afana nokuzijwayeza ukuhlasela kwe-SWAT kanye nezivivinyo zokudubula ezisebenzayo. Amaphoyisa asezikhundleni eziningi ahlelwe kabi ngomsebenzi wokuhlenga, kusho u-Anderson, njengoba ubuholi bugxile ekuqongeleleni imishini efanele.

"Uma kukhulunywa ngezinhlekelele zemvelo, amaphoyisa awakulungele noma yini eyenzekayo ngaphandle kwezigameko ezijwayelekile zomnyango wamaphoyisa," kusho yena.

Omunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezwe wukuvuselela ingqalasizinda - ukwakha izindawo ezingagcwali kanye nemigwaqo engahambi kahle kwasekuqaleni - ukuze imiphakathi ikwazi ukumelana nezinhlekelele zemvelo ezandayo, kusho uRune Storesund, umqondisi omkhulu wenhlangano. IYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, Isikhungo saseBerkeley Sokulawulwa Kwengozi Yenhlekelele.

Izwe liyiyekisile indima yokubhekana nezinhlekelele eminyangweni yamaphoyisa engazilungiselele kahle esikhundleni sokuthuthukisa amakhono aphelele okuphendula, ukuntuleka kokulungela okuzoba yingozi kakhulu njengoba ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kubhebhethekisa izikhukhula ezimbi kakhulu, imililo, amakhaza, amaza okushisa neziphepho. Uhulumeni wesifundazwe angaqondisa imali ejwayelekile yokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda nokwengamela, aqinise ukuhlela ukuphepha esikhundleni sokumane athumele amaloli ahlomile.

“Nginenkinga yokucabanga ukuthi lezi zimoto zamasosha zihlobana kanjani ngqo nemicimbi ehlobene nesimo sezulu,” kusho uStoresund.

Akukhona ukuthi izimoto zamasosha ngeke zibe yize ngesikhathi sezinhlekelele zemvelo. Amaphoyisa anomthwalo wemfanelo wokuphepha komphakathi uma isimo sezulu sibi kakhulu. Bavamise ukuthweswa icala lokukhipha abantu lapho kuqala isiphepho noma umlilo, ukubuyisa abantu abasele, kanye nokugcina ukuthula ezindaweni zezinhlekelele. Esimeni esibucayi esinjalo, ukukhanga kweloli elenziwe ukumelana namabhomu asemgwaqweni kusobala. Izimoto eziningi ezingangenwa ukuqhuma, njengezimoto ezivikelwe ezimayini ezingavimbeki, noma ama-MRAP, zingashayela phezu kwezihlahla eziwile, zimelane nomoya onamandla, zijike amamitha ambalwa amanzi futhi ziqhubeke zihamba ngesivinini esilinganiselwe uma amathayi azo ebhobokile.

Kodwa umphumela osobala wokunikeza amaphoyisa amathuluzi empi ngaphansi kwesandla sokulungiselela izinhlekelele zemvelo ukuthi amaphoyisa akhululekile ukuwasebenzisela kuyingozi kakhulu izinhloso.

Igiya lempi elengeziwe elenziwa yiPentagon emaphoyiseni endawo liye labhebhethekisa ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwamaqhinga e-SWAT acekela phansi, njengokuvala iminyango nokusebenzisa ama-ejenti amakhemikhali, ukwenza umsebenzi wamaphoyisa njengenjwayelo njengokunikeza izimvume nokufuna izidakamizwa.

Izimpahla zezempi seziphenduke inkundla emibhikishweni yomphakathi. Ngendlela ehlekisayo, abomthetho banakho ngisho nezimoto ezisetshenziswa ezempi ukuhlukumeza abantu ababhikishela ukubhujiswa kwesimo sezulu, njengokuhlaselwa kwango-2016 eStanding Rock, eNyakatho Dakota, kubabhikishi bamapayipi aboMdabu baseMelika.

Ezicelweni ezitholwe yi-HuffPost, ama-ejensi amaningi avumile ukuthi azosebenzisa izimoto zamasosha kokubili ukuhlenga izinhlekelele kanye neminye, imisebenzi elimaza kakhulu.

Northwoods, Missouri, eyacela imoto yezikhali ukuze emaphoyiseni ababhikishi beBlack Lives Matter ngo-2017, njenge-HuffPost kubika ngo-Agasti, esicelweni salo ukuthi izophinde isebenzise le moto ukubhekana nezikhukhula, izishingishane neziphepho zeqhwa. Ukube inqubomgomo yamanje yayikhona ngaleso sikhathi, i-Pentagon ngabe ilandele ngokushesha indawo efana neNorthwoods ukuthola imoto.

IKit Carson County, indawo yaseColorado ehlaselwe yisiphepho lapho isikhulu samaphoyisa sacela khona i-MRAP ukuthi izohlenga abashayeli ezikhukhuleni nesichotho, ithe ivamise ukusebenzisa le moto ukunikeza izincwadi ezigunyaza ukusesha okuhlobene nezidakamizwa. Isikhulu samaphoyisa aseMalden, eMissouri, okuyibutho elincane lamaphoyisa ayi-14, siphawule ukuthi lesi sifunda singesinye sezindawo ezihlaselwe kakhulu yizikhukhula eziyingqophamlando ngo-2017. kanye nokugasela izidakamizwa.

Engxoxweni abe nayo ne-HuffPost, u-Brad Kunkel, umphathi wesifunda sase-Johnson County, e-Iowa, manje uthi lesi sifunda sicabange ukusetshenziswa okuningi kwe-MRAP ngaphandle nje kwezokuhlenga ezinhlekeleleni, nakuba ethe umnyango uyisebenzisele ukuhlenga izikhukhula.

Ukwenza ukuthi amaphoyisa abe nesibopho sokubhekana nezinhlekelele kusho ukuthi ukusabela ezinhlekeleleni kungahambisana nezenzo zamaphoyisa ezihlukumezayo. Amadolobha amaningi aseNew Jersey acela izimoto ezihlomile, okuhlanganisa nalezo ezigcizelele ukuthi zizosetshenziswa njengezimoto eziphendula inhlekelele, ahlongoza ukukhokhela ukugcinwa kwezimoto. izimali ezithathwe ekuthathweni kwempahla. Nakuba iNew Jersey isanda kuwunqanda lo mkhuba, umthetho wezwe ngaleso sikhathi wawuvumela amaphoyisa ukuthi axhase ukusebenza ngokuthatha ukheshi nezinto ezibalulekile kubantu abasolwa kodwa abangalahlwa amacala obugebengu.

Phakathi nezinhlekelele ezedlule, amaphoyisa aye balimala futhi wabulawa abantu abasole ukuthi bayaphanga. Esimweni esidume kakhulu, amaphoyisa aseNew Orleans wadubula ama-AK-47 ezakhamuzini ezibalekela ukucekelwa phansi kweSiphepho uKatrina, zabe sezizama ukukufihla. Uphenyo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lwasola isigameko esibulale uMnyango isiko lenkohlakalo elidlangile.

Futhi ngesikhathi lapho ingxenye enkulu yomphakathi icasulwa ukungajeziswa kwamaphoyisa, izinhlekelele zesimo sezulu zinikeza incazelo enobungane mayelana nempi yamaphoyisa.

Ezinye izikhungo zomthetho zisebenzise isimo sezulu esibi njengencazelo yokugcina lapho umphakathi uphikisa ngokusobala ukusetshenziswa kwamaphoyisa kwezimoto zamasosha zangaphambili. Ngekwindla edlule, amaphoyisa aseNew London, e-Connecticut, athole i-Cougar engazweli emayini ngohlelo lwe-1033 lwe izimo zokuthunjwa kanye nokuzivocavoca kokudubula okusebenzayo. Ngemuva kokuthi abantu bendawo kanye nomkhandlu wedolobha benqabile ukuthi kugcinwe imoto, amaphoyisa bakha ingxabano yabo yokugcina eduze kwesidingo semoto yokuhlenga ngesikhathi seziphepho neziphepho zeqhwa.

Ku-Weiner, oyilungu lomkhandlu weDolobha lase-Iowa, imoto esesifundeni sakhe inikeza isikhumbuzo esimnyama sesikhathi sakhe esebenza ehhovisi lenxusa laseMelika eTurkey ngeminyaka yawo-1990s phakathi nombango wezwe wamavukelambuso amaKurdish.

“Ngibone izimoto eziningi ezihlomile emigwaqweni,” kusho yena. “Umoya wokwethusela hhayi umoya engiwufunayo edolobheni lami.”