I-Plutocrats for Peace: iNobel-Carnegie Model

NguDavid Swanson, Dec 10, 2014

“Fredrik othandekayo, ngoLwesihlanu olwedlule ngiye emcimbini obuhlelwe yi-Carnegie Corporation ngosuku lokugubha usuku lokuphela kweWWI. Kwangihlaba umxhwele ukuthi imibono ka-Andrew Carnegie, kanye nokupha kwakhe, yayifana kanjani neka-Alfred Nobel. Uyazi ukuthi bake bathintana yini? Konke okuhle, Peter [Weiss].

“Nansi imibuzo kaPetru: Kungani kufana? Ingabe uCarnegie noNobel bake baxhumana? Futhi lokhu kungokwami: Kungani ukuxhumana kuthakazelisa kangaka - futhi kunemiphumela? -Fredrik S. Heffermehl. "

Okungenhla kube isimemezelo somncintiswano at NobelWill.org ukuthi ngisanda kuwina ngalokhu okulandelayo:

Asazi, kodwa futhi ngeke sikushiye ngaphandle, umhlangano ubuso nobuso, noma ukushintshana kwezincwadi, phakathi kuka-Alfred Nobel no-Andrew Carnegie okungachaza ukuthi “imibono efana neka-Andrew Carnegie, kanye nokupha kwakhe, yayifana kangakanani neka-Alfred Nobel. .” Kodwa ukufana kuchazwa ngokwengxenye isiko langaleso sikhathi. Kwakungewona kuphela ama-tycoon axhasa ukuqedwa kwempi, kodwa ayecebe kakhulu. Kungase kuchazwe futhi yiqiniso lokuthi ithonya eliyinhloko kubo bobabili ekusizeni kwabo ukuthula kwakungumuntu oyedwa, owesifazane owahlangana nabo bobabili mathupha futhi eqinisweni wayengumngane osondelene kakhulu noNobel - uBertha von Suttner. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-philanthropy kaNobel yafika kuqala futhi ngokwayo yaba nomthelela kuCarnegie. Zombili zinikeza izibonelo ezinhle kwabacebe kakhulu banamuhla - abacebe kakhulu ukudlula ngisho noCarnegie, kodwa akekho kubo oye wafaka ngisho indibilishi ekuxhaseni ukuqedwa kwempi.* Banikeza nezibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza okugunyazwe ngokomthetho kwezikhungo zabo. ezidukele kude kangaka.

U-Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) no-Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) baphila enkathini enabantu abambalwa abacebe kakhulu kunanamuhla; futhi ngisho nengcebo kaCarnegie ayizange ifane naleyo yabacebe kakhulu namuhla. Kodwa banikela ngenani eliphezulu lengcebo yabo kunaleyo eyenziwe ngabacebile banamuhla. UCarnegie unikeze inani eliphakeme, elilungiselwe ukwenyuka kwamanani emali, kunabo bonke abantu baseMelika abathathu abaphilayo (Gates, Buffett, and Soros) kuze kube manje.

Akekho umuntu ku Forbes uhlu lwama-philanthropists aphezulu angama-50 akhona manje axhase umzamo wokuqeda impi. UNobel noCarnegie bawuxhasa kakhulu lowo msebenzi ngesikhathi besaphila, futhi bahlanganyela ekuwukhuthazeni ngaphandle kweminikelo yabo yezezimali. Ngaphambi kokuba bafe, bahlela ukubashiyela ifa elaliyoqhubeka nokuxhasa ngezimali imizamo yokunciphisa nokuqeda impi emhlabeni. Lawo mafa enze okuningi okuhle futhi anamandla okwenza okukhulu kakhulu, futhi aphumelele. Kodwa bobabili baye basinda enkathini engakholelwa kakhulu ekutheni kube khona ukuthula, futhi zombili izinhlangano ziye zaphambukela kude nomsebenzi eziwuhlosile, zashintsha izinkonzo zazo ukuze zihambisane nezikhathi, kunokuba zimelane nempi yesiko ngokunamathela emithethweni yazo yezomthetho neyokuziphatha. .

Okuthakazelisayo nokubalulekile mayelana nokufana phakathi kukaNobel noCarnegie izinga ububele babo bokuthula obungumkhiqizo wesikhathi sabo. Bobabili bahlanganyela ekulweleni ukuthula, kodwa bobabili bathanda ukuqedwa kwempi ngaphambi kokuba bahlanganyele kangaka. Lowo mbono wawuvame kakhulu eminyakeni yabo kunamanje. I-Philanthropy yokuthula nayo yayivame kakhulu, nakuba ngokuvamile yayingekho ngesilinganiso esifanayo nomphumela owawuphethwe nguNobel noCarnegie.

Okuthakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi imiphumela yalokho okwenziwa uNobel noCarnegie kusazonqunywa, ngezenzo abantu abaphilayo abazenzayo ukuze bafeze isithembiso seNobel Peace Prize kanye neCarnegie Endowment for International Peace, kanye nangezenzo esizenzayo. ukulandela i-ajenda yokuthula ngaphandle kwalezo zikhungo, futhi mhlawumbe nangama-philanthropists amanje angathola izindlela zokulingisa lezi zibonelo ezedlule. Ngo-2010, uWarren Buffett kanye noBill kanye noMelinda Gates bakhuthaza osozigidigidi ukuthi banikele ngengxenye yomcebo wabo (hhayi kuze kufike ezingeni likaNobel-Carnegie, kodwa kusabalulekile). UBuffett uchaze amasignesha okuqala osozigidigidi abangu-81 esibambiso sabo ngokuthi “81 Gospels of Wealth,” ehlonipha “IVangeli Lengcebo,” isihloko nencwadi kaCarnegie.

Kungaba nzima ukufakazela ukuthi uCarnegie noNobel abazange babhalelane. Lapha sibhekene nababhali ababili bezincwadi abakhuthele esikhathini sokubhala izincwadi, namadoda amabili izincwadi zawo esiwaziyo ashabalala emlandweni ngamanani amakhulu. Kodwa ngifunde inqwaba yezincwadi zomlando wabo bobabili kanye nabangane ababefana ngazo. Ezinye zalezi zincwadi zibhekisela kuwo womabili la madoda ngendlela yokuthi ukube umbhali wayazi ukuthi ake ahlangana noma abhalelana nawo ngabe kukhulunywe ngawo. Kodwa lo mbuzo ungase ube inhlanzi ebomvu. Uma uNobel noCarnegie behlangana, ngokusobala kwakungebanzi futhi ngokuqinisekile akukhona okwakubenza bafane ngezimo zengqondo ngokuthula nokuphana. UNobel wayeyimodeli kaCarnegie, njengoba ububele bakhe bokuthula bandulela uCarnegie ngesikhathi. Womabili la madoda akhuthazwa ngabameli abafanayo bokuthula, okubaluleke kakhulu uBertha von Suttner. Womabili la madoda ayengavamile, kodwa womabili ayephila esikhathini lapho inqubekelaphambili yezimali ekuqedeni izimpi kwakuyinto eyenziwayo, ngokungafani nanamuhla lapho kuyinto engenziwanga - ngisho nayiKomidi likaNobel noma iCarnegie Endowment for. Ukuthula Kwamazwe Ngamazwe.

Umuntu angabala ukufana nokungafani okuyikhulu phakathi kukaNobel noCarnegie. Okunye ukufana okungenzeka kube nokuthinteka okuncane lapha kufaka phakathi lokhu. Womabili la madoda ayethuthele ebusheni bawo, uNobel esuka eSweden waya eRussia eneminyaka engu-9, uCarnegie wasuka eScotland waya e-United States eneminyaka engu-12. Bobabili babegula. Bobabili babenemfundo encane ehlelekile (hhayi njengevelakancane ngaleso sikhathi). Bobabili babengama-bachelor esikhathi eside, uNobel impilo yonke, noCarnegie eminyakeni yakhe yama-50. Bobabili babengabahambi impilo yonke, abantu bezizwe ngezizwe, futhi (ikakhulukazi abakwaNobel) bebodwa. UCarnegie wabhala izincwadi zokuhamba. Bobabili babengababhali bezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlobo eziningi abazithakaselayo nolwazi. UNobel wabhala izinkondlo. UCarnegie wenza ubuntatheli, waze waphawula ngamandla okubika kwezindaba ukuthi “iDynamite iwumdlalo wezingane uma iqhathaniswa nabezindaba.” I-Dynamite yayingenye yezinto ezisungulwe nguNobel, futhi iphinde ibe umkhiqizo othile owake wazama ukuqhumisa indlu kaCarnegie (into eyodwa isazi-mlando engiyibuzile yabhekisela kuyo njengokuxhumana okuseduze phakathi kwamadoda amabili). Bobabili babeyingxenye kodwa hhayi ikakhulukazi abazuzi bempi. Zombili zaziyinkimbinkimbi, ziphikisana, futhi ngokwezinga elithile zazigcwele umuzwa wecala. UNobel wazama ukulungisa indlela yakhe yokwenza izikhali ngomcabango wokuthi izikhali ezeqisayo zingathonya abantu ukuba bayeke impi (umbono ovamile phakathi nenkathi yezizwe zenuzi ezilwa futhi zilahlekelwa izimpi eziningi). UCarnegie wasebenzisa amabutho ukuze acindezele amalungelo abasebenzi, wayethole ikhefu lakhe eshayela uhulumeni wase-US phakathi neMpi Yombango Yase-US, futhi wazuza ngeMpi Yezwe I.

Impikiswano yokuthi labo abacebile bayokwazi kangcono ukuthi benzeni ngengcebo yabo eqoqiwe empeleni isekelwa izibonelo zikaNobel noCarnegie, nakuba bebhekene nalokhu - yiqiniso - amacala akhethekile esikhundleni somthetho. Kunzima kakhulu ukuphikisana nenhloso evamile yalokho abakwenzile ngemali yabo, futhi isabelo uCarnegie asishiya ngemuva kwe-Endowment for Peace siyinto yesibonelo sokuziphatha esibeka noma yimuphi uprofesa wokuziphatha ehlazweni. Imali kaCarnegie yayizosetshenziselwa ukuqeda impi, njengesikhungo esibi kakhulu esikhona. Kodwa uma impi isiqediwe, i-Endowment iwukunquma ukuthi yisiphi isikhungo esibi kakhulu esilandelayo, futhi iqale ukusebenza ukuqeda lokho noma ukudala isikhungo esisha esizokwenza okuhle kakhulu. (Ingabe lokhu akukhona lokho noma yimuphi umuntu olungile okufanele azibandakanye kukho, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukhokhelwe noma cha?) Nasi lesi siqephu esihlobene:

“Lapho izizwe eziphucuzekile zingena ezivumelwaneni ezinjengalezi eziqanjwe igama noma impi zilahlwa njengehlazo kubantu abaphucuzekile, njengoba impi yomuntu siqu (dueling) kanye nomuntu othengisa nokuthenga (ubugqila) alahliwe ngaphakathi kwemingcele ebanzi yohlanga lwethu olukhuluma isiNgisi, abaphathiswa. ngizocela ukuthi sicabangele ukuthi yikuphi okubi noma ububi obulandelayo obusehlisa isithunzi, ukuxoshwa kwakho - noma isiphi isici esisha esiphakamisayo noma izakhi uma zethulwa noma zigqugquzelwa, noma zombili zihlangene - ezingaqhubekisela phambili inqubekelaphambili, ukuphakama kanye nenjabulo yomuntu, nokunye ikhulu leminyaka kuya ekhulwini elingapheli, abaphathiswa bami benkathi ngayinye bayonquma ukuthi bangamsiza kanjani umuntu kangcono ohambeni olukhuphukayo luye ezigabeni eziphakeme neziphakeme zentuthuko ngokungaphezi, ngoba manje siyazi ukuthi njengomthetho wobuntu bakhe umuntu wadalwa enesifiso futhi amandla okuthuthuka, okungenzeka, okungenamkhawulo ekupheleleni ngisho nalapha kulokhu kuphila emhlabeni.”

Nali isiqephu esibalulekile esivela entandweni ka-Alfred Nobel, edale imiklomelo emihlanu ehlanganisa:

"ingxenye eyodwa kumuntu oyobe enze umsebenzi omningi noma ongcono kakhulu wobuzalwane phakathi kwezizwe, ukuqedwa noma ukuncishiswa kwamabutho amile kanye nokubamba nokukhuthaza izingqungquthela zokuthula."

Bobabili uNobel noCarnegie bathola indlela yabo yokuphikisa impi ngokusebenzisa isiko elijwayelekile elibazungezile. UNobel wayengumlandeli kaPercy Bysshe Shelley. Umbono kaCarnegie ocashunwe ngenhla ngenqubekelaphambili ekunqobeni ubugqila, ukulwa, kanye nobunye ububi - ngempi okufanele yengezwe ohlwini - ingatholakala kuma-abolitionists asekuqaleni ase-US (wobugqila nempi) njengoCharles Sumner. UCarnegie wayengu-anti-imperialist ngo-1898. UNobel waqala waphakamisa umqondo wokuqeda impi kuBertha von Suttner, hhayi ngenye indlela. Kodwa kwaba ukukhulumela okungapheli kuka-von Suttner nabanye okwashukumisela la madoda amabili ukuba ahlanganyele njengoba enza kulokho okwakuphezulu kakhulu, okuhloniphekile, kungasho umbutho wokuthula wasebukhosini owaqhubekela phambili ngokuqashwa kwama-VIP kanye nokubanjwa kwezingqungquthela. nezikhulu zikahulumeni eziphakeme, ngokumelene namamashi, imibhikisho, noma imibhikisho yezixuku ezingaziwa. U-Bertha von Suttner wancenga uNobel kuqala kwase kuba uCarnegie ukuthi amxhase ngemali, abambisene bakhe, kanye nenhlangano yonkana.

Bobabili uNobel noCarnegie babezibheka njengamaqhawe futhi babuka umhlaba ngaleyo lens. UNobel usungule umklomelo womholi oyedwa, nakuba ungazange unikezwe ngendlela ehlosiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi (ngezinye izikhathi uye kubantu abangaphezu koyedwa noma enhlanganweni). UCarnegie ngokufanayo wadala i-Hero Fund ukuxhasa, nokwenza umhlaba wazi, amaqhawe okuthula, hhayi impi.

Womabili la madoda, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ashiya iziyalezo ezisemthethweni zokuqhubeka nokusebenzisa imali yawo ngokuthula. Bobabili babehlose ukushiya ifa emhlabeni, hhayi nje emindenini yabo siqu, uNobel ayengenalo. Kuzo zombili lezi zimo imiyalelo iye yashaywa indiva kakhulu. Umklomelo Wokuthula KaNobel, kanye nemininingwane emibhalweni kaFredrik Heffermehl, uklonyeliswe kwabaningi abangahambisani nezimfuneko, kuhlanganise nabathile abaye bathanda impi. ICarnegie Endowment for International Peace iwuchithile obala umsebenzi wayo wokuqeda impi, yadlulela kwamanye amaphrojekthi amaningi, futhi yaphinde yazihlukanisa njengethangi lokucabanga.

Kubantu abaningi okungenzeka ukuthi baklonyeliswa ngendondo yeNobel Peace Prize kodwa abakaze - uhlu oluvame ukuqala ngo-Mohandas Gandhi - oyedwa owaqokwa ngo-1913 kwakungu-Andrew Carnegie, kanti owawina ngo-1912 kwakungu-Elihu Root kaCarnegie. Kunjalo, umngane ofanayo kaNobel noCarnegie, uBertha von Suttner wathola umklomelo ngo-1905 njengoba kwenza u-Alfred Fried ayehambisana naye ngo-1911. U-Nicholas Murray Butler wathola umklomelo ngo-1931 ngomsebenzi wakhe eCarnegie Endowment, eyayihlanganisa nokunxenxa iKellogg- I-Briand Pact ka-1928. UFrank Kellogg wathola umklomelo ngo-1929, futhi u-Aristide Briand wayesewutholile ngo-1926. Lapho uMongameli wase-United States uTheodore Roosevelt ethola umklomelo ngo-1906 ngu-Andrew Carnegie owamncenga ukuba athathe uhambo oluya eNorway ukuze awamukele. Kunokuxhumana okuningi kwalolu hlobo konke okwenzeka ngemuva kokushona kukaNobel.

U-Bertha von Suttner, umama wenhlangano yokuqeda impi, waba ngumuntu omkhulu emhlabeni wonke ngokushicilelwa kwenoveli yakhe. Beka phansi izikhali zakho ngo-1889. Angicabangi ukuthi kwakuwukuzotha okungamanga kodwa ukuhlola okunembile lapho ethi impumelelo yencwadi yakhe ibangelwe umuzwa osusakazekile kakade. “Ngicabanga ukuthi uma incwadi enenjongo iphumelela, le mpumelelo ayincikile emthelela enawo emoyeni wezikhathi kodwa ngenye indlela,” kusho yena. Eqinisweni, kokubili kunjalo ngempela. Incwadi yakhe yangena emuzweni okhulayo futhi yayandisa ngendlela emangalisayo. Kungashiwo okufanayo nge-philanthropy (ngempela ukuthanda abantu) kaNobel noCarnegie awakhuthaza.

Kodwa izinhlelo ezinhle kakhulu zingahluleka. UBertha von Suttner wamelana noyedwa wabaqokwe kuqala ukuthola umklomelo wokuthula, uHenri Dunant “njengomxazululi wempi,” kwathi lapho ewuthola, wakhuthaza umbono wokuthi uhlonishwe ngokusekela ukuqedwa kwempi esikhundleni somsebenzi wakhe. neRed Cross. Ku 1905 1906, njengoba kuphawuliwe, umklomelo wanikezwa umshicileli wezempi uTeddy Roosevelt, kwathi ngonyaka owalandela waya kuLouis Renault, okwenza u-von Suttner asho ukuthi “ngisho nempi ingawuthola umklomelo.” Ekugcineni abantu abafana noHenry Kissinger noBarack Obama bazongena ohlwini lwabazohlonishwa. Umklomelo owawuhloselwe ukuxhasa umsebenzi wokuhoxiswa kwamasosha wanikezwa ngo-2012 ku-European Union, obungaxhasa ukukhishwa kwezempi kalula ngokusebenzisa imali encane ekuthengeni izikhali.

Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi ifa likaCarnegie liphume futhi. Ngo-1917 i-Endowment for Peace yasekela ukubandakanyeka kwe-US eMpini Yezwe I. Ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili, i-Endowment yabeka umshisekeli ophambili uJohn Foster Dulles ebhodini layo kanye no-Dwight D. Eisenhower. Isikhungo esifanayo ebesisekele i-Kellogg-Briand Pact, evala zonke izimpi, seseka i-UN Charter egunyaza izimpi ezivikela noma ezigunyazwe yi-UN.

Njengoba ukunganakwa kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ngeminyaka yawo-1970 kanye nawo-1980 kusize ekudaleni isimo sezulu esibucayi, ukunganakwa kwezinhloso zikaNobel noCarnegie kanye nemiyalelo yezomthetho ekuqaleni namaphakathi nekhulunyaka lamashumi amabili kwasiza ekudaleni umhlaba wanamuhla lapho impi yase-US kanye ne-NATO yamukeleka kakhulu kulabo abasesikhundleni. amandla.

UJessica T. Mathews, uMongameli wamanje we-Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, uyabhala: “I-Carnegie Endowment for International Peace iyisikhungo esidala kunazo zonke sezindaba zamazwe ngamazwe e-United States. Yasungulwa u-Andrew Carnegie ngesipho samaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-10, umthetho-sisekelo wawo 'kwakuwukusheshisa ukuqedwa kwempi, okuyisici esibi kunazo zonke empucukweni yethu.' Nakuba lowo mgomo wawuhlale ungafinyeleleki, iCarnegie Endowment ihlale ithembekile emsebenzini wokugqugquzela ukusebenzelana okunokuthula.”

Okungukuthi, ngenkathi ngigxeka ngaphandle kokuphikisa umsebenzi wami odingekayo njengento engenakwenzeka, ngihlale ngithembekile kulowo msebenzi.

Cha. Akusebenzi kanjalo. Nakhu UPeter van den Dungen:

“Inhlangano yokuthula yaba nemiphumela emihle kakhulu emashumini amabili eminyaka andulela iMpi Yezwe I lapho i-ajenda yayo ifinyelela emazingeni aphezulu kahulumeni njengoba kwabonakala, ngokwesibonelo, Ezingqungqutheleni Zokuthula ZaseHague zango-1899 nango-1907. Umphumela oqondile walezi zingqungquthela ezingakaze zibonwe - ezalandela. isikhalazo (1898) sikaTsar Nicholas II sokumisa umjaho wezikhali, futhi esikhundleni sempi ngokulamula okunokuthula - kwaba ukwakhiwa kweSigodlo Sokuthula esavula iminyango yayo ngo-1913, futhi eyagubha iminyaka eyikhulu yayo ngo-August 2013. Kusukela ngo-1946, vele iyisihlalo seNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe ye-UN. Umhlaba ukweleta iSigodlo Sokuthula ngenxa yomusa ka-Andrew Carnegie, i-Scottish-American steel tycoon owaba yingqalabutho yezobuntu besimanje futhi owayephikisana nempi ngentshiseko. Ngokungafani nabanye abantu, uye wanikela ngokukhululekile izikhungo ezizinikele ekuphishekeleni ukuthula komhlaba, eziningi zazo ezisekhona nanamuhla.

“Nakuba iSigodlo Sokuthula, esihlala iNkantolo Yobulungisa Yamazwe Ngamazwe, siqapha umsebenzi wayo omkhulu wokubuyisela impi ngobulungiswa, ifa likaCarnegie lokuthula kakhulu, iCarnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), iyifulathele ngokusobala inkolelo yomsunguli wayo ukuqedwa kwempi, ngaleyo ndlela kuncisha inhlangano yokuthula izinsiza ezidingeka kakhulu. Lokhu kungase kuchaze ngokwengxenye ukuthi kungani leyo nhlangano ingakhulanga ibe inhlangano yabantu abaningi engafaka ingcindezi ephumelelayo kohulumeni. Ngikholwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukuthi sicabange ngalokhu isikhashana. Ngo-1910 uCarnegie, owayeyisishoshovu sokuthula esidume kakhulu eMelika, futhi eyindoda ecebe kakhulu emhlabeni, wanikeza isisekelo sakhe sokuthula ngezigidi eziyishumi zamaRandi. Emalini yanamuhla, lena ilingana no-$10 billion. Cabanga ukuthi inhlangano yokuthula - okungukuthi, inhlangano yokuqeda impi - engayenza namuhla uma ikwazi ukufinyelela kulolo hlobo lwemali, noma ingxenye encane yayo. Ngeshwa, ngenkathi uCarnegie ethanda ukukhulumela nobushoshovu, abaphathiswa be-Peace Endowment bathanda ucwaningo. Kusukela ngo-3.5, maphakathi neMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, omunye wabaphathiswa waze waphakamisa ukuthi igama lesikhungo kufanele liguqulwe libe yiCarnegie Endowment for International Justice.”

Anginaso isiqiniseko sokuthi kukhona osomnotho ababili ababala inani le-inflation ngendlela efanayo. Ukuthi amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-3.5 iyinombolo elungile noma cha, imiyalo yobukhulu obukhulu kunanoma yini exhasa ukuthula namuhla. Futhi i-$ 10 million yayiyingxenye encane yalokho uCarnegie akufaka ekuthuleni ngoxhaso lwezimali zama-trust, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo e-DC naseCosta Rica kanye naseHague, kanye noxhaso lwezishoshovu nezinhlangano ngabanye iminyaka neminyaka. Ukucabanga ukuthula kunzima kwabanye abantu, mhlawumbe kithi sonke. Mhlawumbe ukucabanga ngomuntu ocebile otshala imali ngokuthula kungaba isinyathelo esibheke endleleni efanele. Mhlawumbe kuzosiza ukucabanga kwethu ukwazi ukuthi sekwenzekile ngaphambili.

*Ngezinye izibalo abanye babaphangi bokuqala, empeleni, babecebile kunabanye bethu bamanje.