Uhlobo Olusha Lwempi Kungenzeka Lukhiqize Indlela Entsha Yokuphazamiseka Kwengqondo
By Pratap Chatterjee, TomDispatch
Impi yase-US yonkana ingxenye enkulu ye-Greater Middle East kanye nezingxenye ze-Afrika isenkingeni hhayi ngoba izakhamuzi ziyafa noma uhlu oluhlosiwe lwaleyo mpi noma ilungelo lokuyilwa cishe noma yikuphi emhlabeni kubuzwa eWashington. Kukhona okuyisisekelo kakhulu okusengcupheni: abashayeli bezindiza bezindiza bayeka ngezinombolo ezirekhodiwe.
Cishe kunabashayeli bezindiza abanjalo abayi-1,000, abaziwa kwezohwebo ngokuthi “ama-18Xs,” asebenzela i-US Air Force namuhla. Abanye abashayeli bezindiza abangu-180 baphothula minyaka yonke e- Uhlelo lokuqeqesha lokho kuthatha cishe unyaka ukuqeda ezisekelweni ze-Holloman ne-Randolph Air Force, ngokulandelana, eNew Mexico nase-Texas. Njengoba kwenzeka, kulezo zinyanga ezingu-12, cishe abashayeli bezindiza abaqeqeshiwe abangu-240 niyeke futhi i-Air Force iyahluleka ukuchaza lesi sigameko. (Uhlelo olwaziwa kangcono lwe-US Central Intelligence Agency lwe-drone assassination nalo ukundiza ngabashayeli bezindiza be-Air Force ababolekiwe ukuze benze lo msebenzi oyimfihlo.)
NgoJanuwari 4, 2015, the Daily Beast kwembule okwangaphakathi okungabhalwanga yisikhathi memo ku-Air Force Chief of Staff General uMark Welsh ovela kuGeneral Herbert "Hawk" Carlisle ethi "ukwanda kokuphuma kwamanzi kuzolimaza ukulungela kanye nekhono lokulwa lebhizinisi le-MQ-1/9 [Predator and Reaper] iminyaka ezayo" futhi wengeza ngokuthi “wayekhathazeke kakhulu.” Ezinsukwini eziyishumi nanye kamuva, udaba lwathola inkokhiso ephezulu esithangamini esikhethekile sezinga eliphezulu mayelana nesimo sombutho wasemoyeni. Unobhala we-Air Force uDeborah Lee James ujoyine i-Welsh ukuze akhulume nalolu daba. "Lokhu kungamandla angaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu - ukucindezeleka okukhulu okuvela kulokho okuyijubane elingapheli lokusebenza," yena. utshele abezindaba.
Ngokombono, abashayeli bezindiza ze-drone banempilo ephansi. Ngokungafani namasosha asemsebenzini “ezindaweni zempi,” angaqhubeka ehlala nemikhaya yawo lapha e-United States. Azikho izimpungushe ezinodaka noma izindlu zasogwadule ezikhungethwe isivunguvungu ezisengozini yokuhlaselwa yizitha zazo. Kunalokho, lawa ma-techno-warriors amasha ukuya emsebenzini njenganoma yiziphi izisebenzi zasehhovisi futhi uhlale phambi kwezikrini zekhompyutha eziphethe izinti zokujabula, udlala lokho abantu abaningi abangakubheka njengomdlalo wevidiyo okhazinyulisiwe.
Ngokuvamile “bandiza” ohambweni e-Afghanistan nase-Iraq lapho benikezwe umsebenzi wokuqoqa izithombe nokuphakelwa kwevidiyo, kanye nokubukela amasosha ase-US ephansi. Abambalwa abakhethiwe banikezwe umsebenzi wokubulala i-CIA ePakistan, eSomalia, noma eYemen lapho beyalelwe ukuthi babulale "izinto ezihlosiwe zenani eliphakeme" esibhakabhakeni. Ezinyangeni ezedlule, abanye balaba bashayeli bezindiza nabo babambe iqhaza empini entsha emngceleni waseSyria nase-Iraq, beqhuba. iziteleka ezibulalayo kumasosha e-ISIL.
Ngayinye yalezi ukulwa nokujikeleza emoyeni ihlanganisa ama-drones amathathu kuya kwamane, ngokuvamile i-Hellfire-missile-armed Predators kanye nama-Reapers akhiwe yi-Southern California's General Atomics, futhi ngayinye ithatha eziningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Abasebenzi be-180 ukundiza. Ngaphandle kwabashayeli bezindiza, kukhona abasebenzisa amakhamera, ochwepheshe bezobunhloli nezokuxhumana, kanye nabasebenzi bokulungisa. (Amapatroli amasha e-Global Hawk adinga abasebenzi abasekelayo abangaba ngu-400.)
I-Air Force okwamanje ingaphansi kwemiyalo kubasebenzi abangu-65 balaba "abajikeleza emoyeni" abavamile ubusuku nemini kanye nokusekela i-Global Response Force lapho kubizelwa ohambweni oluphuthumayo lwezempi kanye nokusiza abantu. Kukho konke lokhu, kufanele kube nabashayeli bezindiza abaqeqeshiwe abayi-1,700. Esikhundleni salokho, ebhekene nezinga elikhulayo lokuyeka ukufunda elisanda kwehlisa lesi sibalo ngaphansi kwe-1,000, i-Air Force kuye kwadingeka ukuthi icindezele abashayeli bezindiza abathwala impahla kanye namajethi kanye nama-reservists ukuba babe abashayeli bezindiza ze-drone ngokushesha ukuze bahambisane nesifiso esikhulu sePentagon sesikhathi sangempela. ama-video feeds avela emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Air Force ichaza ukuhamba kwalaba bashayeli be-drone ngamagama alula. Bahamba ngoba besebenza kakhulu. Nabo abashayeli bezindiza bathi kuyichilo ukudelelwa ozakwabo basemoyeni njengezakhamuzi ezisezingeni lesibili. Abanye baphinde baphumela obala bathi ukwesabeka kwempi, okubonwa eduze ezikrinini zevidiyo, usuku nosuku, kuletha inguqulo engakaze ibonwe, yebanga elide ye-post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD).
Kepha kungenzeka yini ukuthi uhlobo olusha lwempi - ngesilawuli kude - luphinde luveze uhlobo olusha, olungakabhalwanga, lobunzima obungokwengqondo? Abanye babize impi ye-drone ngokuthi "impi yamagwala” (umbono wokuthi, ngokusho imibiko kusuka phakathi kwabahlukumezekile ezindaweni ezifana neYemen nePakistan, isekelwa yizisulu zayo). Kungenzeka yini ukuthi lo muzwa wabiwa ngisho nabashayeli bezindiza ze-drone ngokwabo, ukuthi umuzwa wehlazo ekulweni ngemuva kwesikrini izinkulungwane zamamayela ukusuka endleleni eyingozi unomthelela ongalindelekile wezazi zokusebenza kwengqondo ezinomusa ezingakaze zibone ngaphambili?
Ukubulala Eduze futhi Personal From Kude
Akungabazeki ukuthi abashayeli bezindiza ze-drone ukucasuka ngendlela abanye abashayeli bezindiza be-Air Force abababona ngayo njengezakhamuzi ezisezingeni lesibili. “Kunzima ukusebenza ebusuku ubuka abangani bakho benza izinto ezinhle ensimini kuyilapho ujikela esibhakabhakeni,” kusho umqeqeshi we-drone ogama lakhe linguRyan. umama Jones umagazini. Uthi ozakwabo bazibiza “ngesizukulwane esilahlekile.”
"Wonke umuntu ucabanga ukuthi lonke uhlelo noma abantu abalulandelayo bayihlaya, ukuthi singamaqhawe egeyimu yevidiyo, ukuthi singamaqhawe eNintendo," uBrandon Bryant, owayengumqhubi wekhamera ye-drone owayesebenza eNellis Air Force Base, utsheleIntando yeningi Manje.
Impela, akukho lutho lwesibili mayelana ne-tempo yomsebenzi wempilo ye-drone. Abashayeli bezindiza bangena amahora angama-900-1,800 ngonyaka uma kuqhathaniswa nenani eliphakeme lamahora angama-300 ngonyaka kubashayeli bezindiza abajwayelekile be-Air Force. Futhi ijubane alihlehli. "Umuntu ojwayelekile owenza lo msebenzi eminyakeni eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalombili edlule usebenze izinsuku eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa ngesonto, amahora ayishumi nambili ngosuku," uGeneral Welsh. utshele NPR muva nje. "Futhi lelo khefu losuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ekupheleni kwalo akusona isikhathi esanele sokunakekela lowo mndeni nempilo yakho yonke."
Abashayeli bezindiza bavuma ngenhliziyo yonke. “Kufana nokuthi isilinganiso sezinga lokushisa kwenjini yakho sisebenza ngaphansi nje kwendawo ebomvu kudeshibhodi yemoto yakho, kodwa esikhundleni sokwehlisa ijubane futhi udambise ukucindezeleka enjinini, ubeka i-pedal phansi,” omunye umshayeli we-drone. utshele I-Air Force Times. “Udela injini ukuze iqhume ijubane ngaphandle kokucabangela umonakalo odalekile.”
I-Air Force iqhamuke "nesixazululo" sesikhashana. Ihlela ukunikeza abashayeli bezindiza abanolwazi ukukhushulwa kwansuku zonke okungaba ngu-$50. Nokho, kunenkinga eyodwa: njengoba abashayeli bezindiza abaningi kangaka beshiya insiza ngaphambi kwesikhathi, abambalwa kuphela abanolwazi lweminyaka eyanele ukuze bafanelekele le bhonasi. Eqinisweni, i-Air Force uyavuma ukuthi abayi-10 kuphela kubo abazokwazi ukuthola enye imali kulo nyaka, okuwubufakazi obushaqisayo bamazinga ashaqisayo okushintshana kwemisebenzi phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza abanjalo.
Ama-18X amaningi athi imisebenzi yawo iqinile futhi ingaphambili kakhulu futhi yomuntu siqu kunaleyo yabashayeli bezindiza abahle kakhulu. “[A] Umsebenzisi we-Predator uhileleke kakhulu kulokho okwenzekayo kunomshayeli wakho ovamile we-jetfighter ogijima ngokushesha, noma abashayeli bakho bezindiza i-B-52, B-1, B-2, abangasoze bayibona inhloso yabo,” uLieutenant. UColonel Bruce Black, owayengumshayeli wendiza eyi-drone ye-Air Force uthi. “Umshayeli we-Predator ubebuka [abantu] abaqondisayo, ubazi eduze, uyazi ukuthi bakuphi, futhi uyazi ukuthi yini ebazungezile.”
Abanye bathi impi ye-drone ibashayele onqenqemeni. “Bangaki abesifazane nezingane oke wababona beshiswa umcibisholo wesiHogo somlilo? Mangaki amadoda owabonile egaqa ebaleni, ezama ukufika enkomponi eseduze ukuze athole usizo kuyilapho ephuma igazi emilenzeni enqunyiwe?” U-Heather Linebaugh, owayengumhlaziyi wezithombe ze-drone, wabhala ku Guardian. "Lapho uchayeka kukho kaningi kuba njengevidiyo encane, egxilile ekhanda lakho, iphindaphinda njalo, ibangele ubuhlungu obungokwengqondo nokuhlupheka abantu abaningi ngethemba lokuthi ngeke bakuzwe."
“Kwakwethusa ukwazi ukuthi kulula kangakanani. Ngazizwa njengegwala ngoba ngangiphakathi nendawo emhlabeni futhi umfana wayengazi nokuthi ngikhona,” kusho uBryant utshele Umsakazo we-KNPR eNevada. “Ngazizwa sengathi ngihlushwa ibutho labafile. Impilo yami yomzimba yayingasekho, impilo yami yengqondo yayiwohlokile. Ngangisezinhlungwini kangangokuthi ngangilungele ukudla inhlamvu mina.”
Abashayeli bezindiza abaningi, nokho, bayayivikela indima yabo ekubulaweni okuhlosiwe. “Asibabulali abantu ngoba sifuna ukuzithokozisa. Kungaba okufanayo ukube singabafana abaphansi,” umlawuli wemishini uJanet Atkins utshele UChris Woods weBureau of Investigative Journalism. “Kufanele ufike [esitheni] ngandlela thize kungenjalo nonke nizokufa.”
Abanye abafana noBruce Black bayaziqhenya ngomsebenzi wabo. "Ngangidubula emasontweni amabili ngifikile futhi ngasindisa amakhulu abantu, kuhlanganise nama-Iraqi nama-Afghanis," yena. utshele iphephandaba lakubo eNew Mexico. “Sasiye sehlele eBuffalo Wild Wings, siphuze ubhiya kanye nezinkulumo. Kwakuyi-surreal. Akuthathanga isikhathi eside ukuthi ubone ukuthi umsebenzi ubaluleke kangakanani. Inani elilethwa uhlelo lwezikhali ekulweni alibonakali uze ufike lapho. Abantu bakuthola kunzima ngezinye izikhathi ukukubona lokho.”
Ukulinganisa Ukucindezeleka Komshayeli
Pho umuntu ukholwa bani? UJanet Atkins noBruce Black, abathi abashayeli bezindiza ze-drone bangamaqhawe asebenze ngokweqile? Noma uBrandon Bryant noHeather Linebaugh, abathi ukubulawa okuqondiswe kude kubabangele izinkinga zempilo yengqondo?
Izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zezempi ziye zacelwa ukuba ziphenye lesi sigameko. Ithimba lochwepheshe bezengqondo eSikoleni se-Aerospace Medicine e-Wright-Patterson Air Force Base e-Ohio lishicilele uchungechunge lwezifundo mayelana nokucindezeleka komshayeli we-drone. Eyodwa Ucwaningo lwe-2011 baphetha ngokuthi cishe ingxenye yabo “yayinengcindezi enkulu yokusebenza.” Inani liphinde labonisa “ukucindezeleka komtholampilo” - okungukuthi, ukukhathazeka, ukucindezeleka, noma ingcindezi enzima ngokwanele ukubathinta ezimpilweni zabo.
UWayne Chappelle, umbhali oholayo kweziningi zalezi zifundo, nokho uphetha ngokuthi inkinga ikakhulukazi yindaba yokusebenza ngokweqile okubangelwa ukushoda okungapheli kwabashayeli bezindiza. Ucwaningo lwakhe lubonakala lubonisa ukuthi amazinga okucindezeleka kwangemva kokuhlukumezeka empeleni aphansi phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza ze-drone kunabantu abaningi. Abanye, nokho, umbuzo lezi zinombolo. UJean Otto noBryant Webber be-Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center kanye ne-Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, baxwayisa ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwemibiko yokucindezeleka kungase “kubonise ukubikelwa okungafanele kokukhathazeka kwabashayeli bezindiza ngenxa yemiphumela esongela umsebenzi [ngokwengqondo]. health], [oku]hlanganisa ukususwa esimweni sokundiza, ukulahlekelwa inkokhelo yendiza, nokuncipha kokuncintisana ukuze kukhushulwe esikhundleni.”
Ukubona Konke, Ukuphuthelwa Okusobala
Into eyodwa icacile: abashayeli bezindiza abagcini nje ukubulala "abantu ababi" futhi bayakwazi ngoba, njengoba u-Black ebonisa, babona konke okwenzekayo ngaphambi, ngesikhathi, nangemva kwesiteleka se-drone.
Eqinisweni, kuphela okulotshiweyo okuningiliziwe yomsebenzi wangempela wokuqapha i-Air Force kanye nokubulawa okuhlosiwe okuzodedelwa esidlangalaleni kukubonisa kahle kakhulu lokhu. Izingodo zaqopha ingxoxo engenzi lutho ngoFebhuwari 21, 2010, phakathi kwabashayeli bezindiza ezikhumulweni zezindiza e-Creech Air Force base-Nevada bexhumanisa nabahlaziyi bevidiyo endlunkulu ye-Air Force ekhethekile e-Okaloosa, eFlorida, kanye nabashayeli bezindiza be-Air Force endaweni esemaphandleni yesifundazwe sase-Daikondi maphakathi. I-Afghanistan. Ngalolo suku, kwabonakala izimoto ezintathu zihamba phambili ngaphambi kokuntwela kokusa zithwele abantu abangaba yishumi nambili ngayinye. Lisebenza ngaphansi kwenkolelo eyiphutha yokuthi leli qembu "lalingamavukela-mbuso" ukuze libulale amasosha aseduze ase-US emishini, ithimba le-drone lanquma ukuhlasela.
Isilawuli: "Sikholwa ukuthi singaba nomkhuzi we-Taliban osezingeni eliphezulu."
Umsebenzisi wekhamera: "Yebo, babize isikhali esingaba khona kowesilisa oseminyakeni yezempi ebekwe ngemuva elolini."
Umxhumanisi wezobunhloli: "U-Screener uthe okungenani ingane eyodwa eduze ne-SUV."
Isilawuli: “Bullshit! Kuphi? Angicabangi ukuthi banazo izingane kuleli hora. Ngiyazi ukuthi banethunzi, kodwa woza!”
Umsebenzisi wekhamera “Okumnandi [okuchazayo]! Hhawu! Hola imoto lapho ubaleka futhi ulethe ama-helos!”
Ngemva kwesikhashana, abashayeli bezindiza ezinophephela emhlane e-Kiowa behla badubula imicibisholo ye-Hellfire emotweni.
Isilawuli: “Bheka lesi. Ishaywe kahle. I-toast encane! Ifile lelo loli!”
Phakathi nemizuzu engu-20, ngemva kokuba abasindile ekuhlaselweni sebezinikele, umbhalo waqopha imizwa ecwilayo yabashayeli bezindiza ze-drone njengoba bebona abesifazane nezingane ku-convoy futhi abakwazanga ukuthola ubufakazi obubonakalayo bezikhali.
Uphenyo lwangokwasemuva lwathola ukuthi akekho noyedwa kwababulewe obengumuntu ojwayelekile nje. "Ubuchwepheshe ngezinye izikhathi bungakunika umuzwa wokulondeka okungamanga wokuthi ukwazi ukubona yonke into, ukuthi uzwe yonke into, wazi yonke into," kusho uMajor General James Poss, owengamele uphenyo ngalesi sigameko, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. utshele the Los Angeles Times.
Yebo, izikhulu zokuphatha u-Obama zithi izigameko ezinjalo azivamile. NgoJuni 2011, ngenkathi uMqondisi we-CIA uJohn Brennan esengumeluleki we-White House wokulwa nobuphekula, wakhuluma ngodaba lokufa kwabantu ezitelekeni ze-drone futhi wenza lokhu kwaba nesibindi. Faka isicelo: “Cishe onyakeni odlule, akukaze kube khona nesibambiso esisodwa sokufa, ngenxa yobuchule obukhethekile, ukunemba kwamakhono esikwazile ukuwathuthukisa.”
Isimangalo sakhe nezinye ezisemthethweni ezifana naso, ngokuzithoba, ziyi-hyperbolic. “Awusoze Ufe Kabili,” a umbiko omusha nguJennifer Gibson we-Reprieve, inhlangano elwela amalungelo abantu ezinze eBrithani, uphendula lo mbuzo ngokushesha ngokubonisa ukuthi amadoda athile e-White House “asohlwini lokubulala” lwabasolwa abangamaphekula okufanele bakhishwe “‘afe’ izikhathi ezingaba kasikhombisa.”
UGibson uyanezela, “Sithole amagama angu-41 amadoda abonakala ezuze okungenakwenzeka. Lokhu kuphakamisa umbuzo onzima. Kuwo wonke umzamo ongaphumelelanga wokubulala indoda esohlwini lokubulala, owayegcwalisa isikhwama somzimba esikhundleni sakhe?” Eqinisweni, i-Reprieve yathola ukuthi, ngokulandela lezo “zikhonzi” ezingama-41 izikhathi eziningi, abantu abalinganiselwa ku-1,147 babulawa ePakistan ngama-drones. Okuvamile kwakungumholi wamanje we-al-Qaeda, u-Ayman al-Zawahiri. Ezitelekeni ezimbili ezimelene “naye” eminyakeni edlule, ngokuvumelana ne Reprieve, izingane ezingama-76 kanye nabantu abadala abangama-29 bashonile, kodwa hhayi u-al-Zawahiri.
Ukushiya i-Cubicle
Emuva e-United States, inhlanganisela yezinga eliphansi embuthweni wezempi, ukusebenza ngokweqile, kanye nokuhlukumezeka kwengqondo kubonakala kubakhathaza kakhulu abashayeli bezindiza ze-drone. Phakathi neMpi YaseVietnam, amasosha ayehla, abalekele eCanada, noma “frag” — bulala — izikhulu zabo. Kodwa wenzani uma usunayo ngempi yakho, kodwa isiteshi sakho sempi siyi-cubicle e-Nevada futhi isikhali sakho siyikhibhodi?
Kungenzeka yini ukuthi, njengezisulu zabo ePakistan naseYemen abathi bayahlanya ngenxa yokuduma kwe-drones phezulu kanye nokwesaba ukufa okungazelelwe ngaphandle kwesixwayiso, abashayeli bezindiza ze-drone, nabo, babalekela ebusuku ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka ? Kusukela ngeMpi Yombango e-US, impi yazo zonke izinhlobo zesimanje ikhiqize ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo okunikezwe amalebula ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa nalokho namuhla esikubiza nge-PTSD. Ngandlela-thile, kungamangaza uma uhlobo olusha ngokuphelele lwempi lungavezi uhlobo olusha lokuphazamiseka.
Okwamanje asikazi ukuthi lokhu kungase kube yini, kodwa kuyingozi kakhulu ngohlobo lwempi i-White House neWashington eziziqhenya ngayo - ekhangiswe kahle, ebukekayo, entsha, erobhothi, enganangozi, ukungqubuzana okunembayo manje okubusa impi yobushokobezi. Ngempela uma abashayeli bezindiza ngokwabo beyeka ukubulawa kwedeskithophu, ingabe le ndlela entsha yempi ingasinda?
UPratap Chatterjee ungumqondisi omkhulu weCorpWatch. Ungumbhali we Ibutho likaHalliburton: Indlela Inkampani Yamafutha YaseTexas Exhumeke Kahle Yaguqula Ngayo Indlela IMelika Eyenza Ngayo Impi futhi I-Iraq, Inc. Incwadi yakhe elandelayo, I-Verax, inoveli eyingcaca mayelana nabenzi bempimpi nokubhekwa kwabantu abaningi ngokuhlanganyela ngu-Khalil Bendib, izoshicilelwa yi-Metropolitan Books ngo-2016.
Landela TomDispatch ku-Twitter futhi ujoyine nathi Facebook. Bheka iDispatch Book entsha, kaRebecca Solnit Amadoda Chaza Izinto Ngami, nencwadi yakamuva kaTom Engelhardt, I-Shadow Government: Ukuqapha, Impi Yezimfihlo, ne-Global Security State ezweni elilodwa elinamandla.
Copyright 2015 Pratap Chatterjee
