I-Photo Essay: I-Military i-Poisoning Groundwater's Groundwater

Ngo-Pat Elder, uJanuwari 20, 2019

I-PFAS itholakala emanzini okuphuza eduze ne-Battle Creek National Guard Base.

I-America ibhekene nenye yezinkinga zempilo zomphakathi kakhulu emlandweni wayo kuze kube sekugcineni abantu abayizigidi ezingu-110  okungahle kuvezwe emanzini okuphuza abonakele ngePer and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, noma PFAS. Umthombo omkhulu wokungcola kwamakhemikhali uvela ku-foam owenza amafilimu (AFFF) asetshenziselwa ukuqeqeshwa komlilo ngezikhathi ezithile ezisekelweni zempi. Ibutho lempi livumela ukuthi izinhlayiya zingene emanzini angaphansi ukuze zingcolise imiphakathi engomakhelwane esebenzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba emithonjeni yabo nasemanzini omasipala kamasipala.  

IPentagon ayithathi cala futhi iyenqaba ukukhokhela ukuhlanza ukungcoliswa okudalile. UColonel Colonel Andrew Wiesen, uMqondisi Wezokuvimbela Imithi we-DOD weHhovisi Lezempilo uthi ukungcoliswa kungumsebenzi we-EPA. "Asilwenzi ucwaningo oluyinhloko kule ndawo," utshele i- I-Marine Corps Times. "I-EPA ibhekene nalokhu," esho. "I-DoD ayizange ibuke ngokuzimela izinkampani futhi ingenayo" ucwaningo olwengeziwe kulokhu, mayelana nemiphumela yezempilo ye-PFOS / PFOA, okungenani njengoba ngiyazi. "

Okwamanje, i-Air Force ngeke ukubuyisela imiphakathi emithathu yaseColorado ngemali esetshenzisiwe iphendula ukungcoliswa kwamanzi okubangelwa igwebu lokulwa nomlilo elinobuthi. I-AFFF phambilini ibisetshenziswa ePeterson Air Force Base, okungenzeka ukuthi ishiye amadolobha ithebhu engama- $ 11 million. UMbutho Wezomoya uthi eminye imithombo kungenzeka ibe nomthelela ekungcoleni kwe-aquifer, yize kungekho noyedwa okhonjwe.

Kunamakhemikhali angaphezu kwe-3,000 ayingozi. Amabili okufa kakhulu yiPerfluoro Octane Sulfonate (PFOS) nePerlulu Octanoic Acid (PFOA). Ziwusizo kakhulu ekuqedeni umlilo omkhulu oshisayo we-petroleum.

I-PFOS ne-PFOA zaziwa njengamakhemikhali “angunaphakade” ngoba azilulazi ngokwemvelo emvelweni. Amagatsha ezempi asezinhlelweni zokushintshela kwamanye kancane kancane elibulalayo imilenze yokulwa nomlilo.

I-EPA iqhubeka ivumela ukungcola okufayo kwe-PFAS ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngenkathi Ososayensi baseHarvard bathi i-1 ingxenye ye-trillion (ppt) kungenzeka ibe yingozi empilweni yabantu.

Umkhawulo we-Lifetime Health Advisory (LHA) ohlangene we-EPA womabili amakhemikhali yi-70 ppt ngenkathi i-Agency ye-Toxic Substances and Registry Registry (ATSDR) ibeke amazinga amanzi okuphuza okuphila ngaso sonke isikhathi kwe-11 ppt ye-PFOA ne-7 ppt ye-PFOS.

Indaba elandelako yesithombe izama ukuhlanganisa imihlangano ye-AFFF yesikhombimkhosi esisekelweni sezempi namazinga aphakeme angaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba onobuhlungu emiphakathini eseduze.  

Inani le-PFOS / PFOA ukungcola emithonjeni yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuthathwe kulokhu Umbiko we-DOD. Imibiko eyenziwe yi-DOD kulo mbiko ifakiwe.

I-Peterson Air Force Base, i-Colorado

I-88,400 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD: Abanikazi bemithombo yangasese banikeze amayunithi we-under-sink (kitchen) reverse osmosis (RO). Amanzi asebhodleleni ahlinzekwa kubasebenzi basenxanxatheleni yezitolo. Izinhlelo ezi-flow-granular activated carbon (GAC) ezifakwe endaweni eyodwa (1) epaki lasekhaya elihambayo nendlu eyodwa (1) yepulazi. Isonto elilodwa lendawo lalixhunywe emanzini asedolobheni. Amanzi asebhodleleni ahlinzekwa ngamayunithi angama-52 kwenye ipaki lasekhaya elihambahambayo.

Ngo-Okthoba, i-2016 ngaphezulu Amamitha angu-150,000  amakhemikhali okushisa umlilo akhishwa kwi-Colorado Springs Utilities system system.

Eglin Air Force Base, eFlorida

I-280,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD: Kuqedwe ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuqala futhi kwathola ukuvumelana okusemthethweni kokutholakele. Uqale Ukuhlolwa Kwamasayithi okubanzi okuyisisekelo kwePFOS nePFOA.

I-Joint Base Langley-Eustis Virginia  

I-2,200,000 ppt PFOS + PFOA itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD:  Kuqedwe ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuqala futhi kwathola ukuvumelana okusemthethweni kokutholakele. Uqale Ukuhlolwa Kwamasayithi okubanzi okuyisisekelo kwePFOS nePFOA.

Ellsworth Air Force Base, eNingizimu Dakota

I-551,000 ppt PFOS + PFOA itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD:   Kuqediwe ukuhlolwa kokuQala okuPhathelene nokuQala / Ukuhlolwa Kwesiza kwePFOS nePFOA kutholwe ukuvumelana kokulawula kokutholakele. Uqale Uphenyo Lokulungisa endaweni eyayiqeqeshelwa ukucisha imililo futhi waqeda isigaba sokuqala somsebenzi wasenkampanini ehlobo lonyaka ka-2017. Waqala isizinda esibanzi sokuhlola indawo.

I-Fairchild Air Force Base, eWashington

I-5,700 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD:  Imithombo yokuphuza yangasese engama-43 kwengu-104, no-1 kwezingu-2 izinhlelo zomphakathi zomphakathi zeqe i-LHA eFairchild. Ukuxoxisana ne-MOU nomasipala wendawo; kungenzeka ufake ukuhlunga kwe-GAC ohlelweni lwamanzi lukahulumeni lwe-DW; I-ECD -ukunqunywa. Faka izinhlelo zokuhlunga izindlu ezindlini zokuhlala ezinemithombo yokuphuza yangasese ethintekile.

I-Travis Air Force Base, eCalifornia

I-40,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD: Kuqedwe ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuqala futhi kwathola ukuvumelana okusemthethweni kokutholakele. Uqale Ukuhlolwa Kwamasayithi okubanzi okuyisisekelo kwePFOS nePFOA.

I-Jacksonville Naval Air Station, eFlorida

I-1,397,120 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

I-DOD: Awekho Amazwana.

I-Eielson Air Force Base, e-Alaska

I-2,000,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD:  Iqedile ukuhlola okuQala kokuQala kokuQala begodu ithola ukuvumelana okuhambisanayo ekutholeni. Uqalise ukuhlolwa kweSayithi ngokubanzi kwe PFOS kanye nePPOA.

I-Channel Islands Air National Guard Base, eCalifornia

1,080,000 i-ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

I-DOD: Awekho Amazwana.

I-Beale Air Force Base, eCalifornia

I-200,000 ppt (PFOS + PFOA) itholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba.

Amazwana we-DOD:   Kuqedwe ukuhlolwa kokuqala kokuqala futhi kwathola ukuvumelana okusemthethweni kokutholakele. Uqale Ukuhlolwa Kwamasayithi okubanzi okuyisisekelo kwePFOS nePFOA.

I-Home Home Base-AF, i-Idaho

Isivivinyo sokuqhuma kobuciko e-Mountain Home AFB.

I-105 ppt ye-PFOS + PFOA itholwe emanzini okuphuza.

Amazwana we-DOD:   Isampuli samanzi nokuphuza kwenzeka. Amanzi ase-bottled athengwa njengendlela yokuphepha yesikhashana ngenkathi imithombo engcolisiwe ihlolwe, futhi kuthuthukiswe uhlelo.