Isigaba Sokuphuma Kwamasosha Okubhujiswa Kwabantu

(Lesi yisigaba 26 se- World Beyond War iphepha elimhlophe I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War. Qhubeka esandulele | okulandelayo ingxenye.)

Izikhali zokubhujiswa okukhulu ziyimpendulo enamandla kakhulu kwi-War System, iqinisa ukusabalalisa kwayo futhi iqinisekise ukuthi izimpi ezenzekayo zinamandla okubhujiswa komhlaba. Izikhali zenuzi, amakhemikhali kanye nezilwane ezibonakalayo zikwazi ukubulala nokulimala abantu abaningi, ukubhubhisa imizi yonke ngisho nezifunda zonke ezinokubhujiswa okungaqondakali.

Izikhali zeNuclear

Njengamanje kunezivumelwano zokuvimbela izikhali zezinto eziphilayo nezamakhemikhali kodwa ayikho isivumelwano esivimbela izikhali zenuzi. I-1970 Isivumelwano Sokungabonakali (i-NPT) uhlinzekela ukuthi izikhali zenuzi eziyisihlanu ezaziwayo- i-US, iRussia, i-UK, iFrance neChina- kufanele benze imizamo emihle yokholo ekuqedeni izikhali zenuzi, kuyilapho bonke abasayina i-NPT bethembisa ukungazitholi izikhali zenuzi. Amazwe amathathu kuphela enqaba ukujoyina i-NPT— i-India, iPakistan ne-Israel — futhi athola izikhali zenuzi. INorth Korea, ithembele esivumelwaneni se-NPT sobuchwepheshe “obunokuthula” benuzi, yaphuma esivumelwaneni isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bayo “obunokuthula” ukuthuthukisa izinto eziyinqaba zamandla enuzi zokwenza amabhomu enuzi.^i-note9 Ngempela, yonke isitshalo samandla enyukliya ingumshini ongase ube yi-bomb.

Impi eyayilwa ngisho nenani elithi "elinganiselwe" lezikhali zenuzi lizobulala izigidi, lenze ubusika benyukliya futhi lwenze ukuntuleka kokudla emhlabeni wonke okuyoholela ekulameni kwezigidi. Uhlelo lonke lwamasu enyukliya lusekelwe esizindeni samanga, ngoba amakhompiyutha ekhompyutheni abonisa ukuthi kuphela amaphesenti amancane empi aphikisiwe angabangela ukuvinjelwa emhlabeni wonke kwezolimo iminyaka eyishumi-empeleni, isigwebo sokufa sezinhlobo zabantu. Futhi isimo samanje sibheke ekungeneni okukhulu nakakhulu kokunye ukuhluleka kokusebenza kwemishini noma ukuxhumana okuzoholela ezakhiweni zenuzi.

Ukukhululwa okukhulu kungacima konke ukuphila emhlabeni. Lezi zikhali zisongela ukuphepha kwabantu bonke ezindaweni zonke.^i-note10 Nakuba izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene zokulawulwa kwezikhali zenuzi phakathi kwe-US kanye ne-former Soviet Union zanciphisa inani lezinhlanzi zezikhali zenuzi (56,000 ngesikhathi esisodwa), kusekhona i-16,300 emhlabeni, kuphela i-1000 engekho e-US noma eRussia.^i-note11 Okubi nakakhulu, izivumelwano ezivunyelwe ukuba "zesikhathini samanje," ukucindezela ukudala isizukulwane esisha sezikhali kanye nezinhlelo zokulethwa kwezidingo, okwenziwa kuzo zonke izikhali zenuzi. Isilo se-nyukliya asizange siphume; akulutholi ngisho nasemuva emhumeni-kuphuma ezigidini zamaRandi ezivulekile futhi ezibiza ukuthi zingasetshenziswa kangcono kwenye indawo. Njengoba isingeniso soMthetho Wokuvivinya Isivivinyo Esiyinkimbinkimbi kangaka singasayinwe ku-1998, i-US iye yanyusa izivivinyo zayo ze-laboratory eziphezulu ze-laboratory zezikhali zenuzi, kanye nezivivinyo ezibucayi, ama-1,000 ezinyaweni ezingaphansi kwehlane e-Nevada indawo yokuhlolwa e-Western Shoshone land . I-US yenza izivivinyo ezinjalo ze-28 kuze kube yimanje, zishaya i-plutonium ngamakhemikhali, ngaphandle kokubangela ukwenziwa kwe-chain, ngakho-ke "okuncane kakhulu".^i-note12 Ngempela, ukuphathwa kuka-Obama okwamanje kusetshenziselwa izindleko zamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu ezayo ngezimpahla ezintsha zokuqhuma amabhomu kanye nezinhlelo zokudiliva-imikhosi, izindiza ezindiza ngaphansi komhlaba-kanye nezikhali zenuzi ezintsha.^i-note113

Ukucabanga okuvamile kwe-War System kuphikisa ngokuthi izikhali zenuzi zivimbela impi – lokho okubizwa ngemfundiso ye- "Ukubhujiswa okuqinisekisiwe kokubili" ("MAD"). Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi azange zisetshenziswe kusukela ku-1945, akunangqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi i-MAD bekuyisizathu. Njengoba UDaniel Ellsberg uye wabonisa, wonke umongameli wase-US kusukela kuTruman uye wasebenzisa izikhali zenuzi njengosongo kwezinye izizwe ukuze abenze ukuthi i-US ikwazi ukuthola indlela yayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfundiso enjalo ivela ekukholweni okubonakalayo ekuqondiseni abaholi bezombusazwe esimweni esibucayi, kuze kube nini nanini. I-MAD ayiqinisekisi ukuphepha ngokukhishwa kwengozi yalezi zikhali ezinamandla noma isiteleka sesizwe esiphambene nokucabanga ukuthi sihlaselwa noma isiteleka sokuqala sokuqala. Eqinisweni, izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlelo zokulethwa kwempi ye-nyukliya zakhiwe futhi zakhiwe ngenhloso yokugcina-i I-Missile ye-Cruise (okuyinto ehamba ngaphansi radar) kanye Ukufakela phansi umsila, ukuhlasela okusheshayo, i-missile esekelwe phambili. Izingxoxo ezimbi zenzeke ngesikhathi seMpi Yomshoshaphansi mayelana nokufaneleka koMkhankaso "Omkhulu, Owenqabela Ukuqala" lapho i-US izoqala khona ukuhlaselwa kwezikhali zenuzi eSoviet Union ukuze ikhubaza ikhono layo lokuqalisa izikhali zenuzi ngokuqeda umyalo nokulawula, ukuqala ne-Kremlin. Abanye abahlaziyi babhala ngokuthi "ukunqoba" impi yenuzi lapho kuzobulawa khona amashumi ambalwa nje kuphela, cishe zonke izakhamuzi.^i-note14 Izikhali zenuzi ziziphethe kabi futhi zihlambalaza.

Ngisho noma ingasetshenzisiwe ngamabomu, kube khona izigameko eziningi lapho izikhali zenuzi ezithwala izindiza ziye zaphahlazeka phansi, ngenhlanhla nje kuphela ukuhlwitha ezinye i-plutonium emhlabathini, kodwa hhayi ukuhamba.^i-note15 Ku-2007, imicibisholo eyisithupha yase-United States ethwala impi yamandla enyukliya iphuma ngokungaqondakali esuka eNyakatho Dakota iya eLouaana kanye nezibhamu zenuzi ezilahlekile azizange zitholwe ngamahora we-36.^i-note16 Kube khona imibiko yokudakwa nokusebenza kabi ngamaservememen athunyelwe ema-silos angaphansi komhlaba abhekene nokuqaliswa kwezikhali zamandla enyukliya e-US ebekwe ngokuqapha izinwele bese ekhomba emadolobheni aseRussia.^i-note17 I-US neRussia ngayinye inezinkulungwane zezikhali zenuzi ezibekiwe futhi zilungele ukuxoshwa komunye nomunye. Isiphephelo sezulu saseNorway saseNorway sashiya-inkambo phezu kweRussia futhi cishe sithathwe ekuhlaselweni okungenayo kuze kufike ngomzuzu wokugcina lapho kukhishwa isichazamazwi.^{i-note18i-note19}

I-1970 NPT yayizophelelwa yisikhathi ku-1995, futhi yanyuswa kuze kube phakade ngaleso sikhathi, ngokuhlinzekwa kwezinkomfa zokubuyekezwa ngonyaka emihlanu kanye nemihlangano yokulungiselela phakathi. Ukuze bathole ukuvumelana ngesandiso se-NPT, ohulumeni bathembisa ukubamba ingqungquthela yokuxoxisana ngezikhali zeMass Destruction Free Zone eMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kuzo zonke izingqungquthela zokubuyekezwa konyaka ezinhlanu, izithembiso ezintsha zanikezwa, njengokuzibophezela okungenasisekelo ekuqedeni ngokuphelele izikhali zenuzi, nangenxa "yezinyathelo" ezihlukahlukene okudingeka zithathwe ngezwe elingenasikhali, okungekho kulokho okuye kwaba khona ihlonishwe.^i-note20 A Umhlangano Wezikhali Zase-Nuclear, eyabhalwa ngumphakathi womphakathi nabososayensi, abameli kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bathathwa yi-UN^i-note21 okunikeze ukuthi, "onke amazwe angavunyelwa ukulandela noma ukubamba iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni, ekuhlolweni, ekhiqizeni, ekugcinweni kwezitoko, ekudluliseleni, ekusetshenzisweni nasengcupheni yokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi." Ihlinzeke ngazo zonke izinyathelo ezizodingeka ukubhubhisa impi nezinto zokugada ezingaphansi kokuphathwa kwamazwe okuqinisekisiwe.^i-note22

Ukuqothulwa koMbutho Wezombusazwe kanye nezikhali eziningi ezingekho zenukhilikhi, akukho okwezinyathelo ezihlongozwayo ezinkomfeni eziningi zokubuyekezwa kwe-NPT ezamukelwe. Ukulandela isinyathelo esibalulekile ngu- I-International Cross Cross ukuze kwaziwe imiphumela eyingozi yokusizakala kwezikhali zenuzi, umkhankaso omusha wokuxoxisana nesibambiso esilula ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwezikhali zenuzi wasungulwa e-Oslo ngo-2013, ngokulandela izinkomfa zaseNayarit, eMexico naseVienna ku-2014.^i-note23 Kukhona ukuvulwa kokuvula lezi zingxoxo emva kwengqungquthela yokubukeza i-2015 NPT, kwi-70th Anniversary yokubhujiswa okubi kweHiroshima noNagasaki. Emhlanganweni waseVienna, uhulumeni wase-Austria wamemezela isibambiso sokusebenzela ukuvinjelwa kwezikhali zenuzi, okuchazwe ngokuthi "ukuthatha izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokugcwalisa igebe elingokomthetho lokuvimbela nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi" kanye "nokubambisana nabo bonke abathintekayo ukuze bafeze lokhu umgomo. "^i-note24 Ukwengeza, iVatican yakhuluma kule ngqungquthela futhi ngokokuqala ngqá yamemezela ukuthi ukuvimbela kwezikhali zenuzi kungcolile futhi izikhali kufanele zivinjelwe.^i-note25 Isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa ngeke sigcizelele ingcindezi kuphela kwezikhali zenuzi, kepha ohulumeni bahlala ngaphansi kwe-ambulumu ye-nyukliya yase-United States, emazweni ase-NATO athembele kwizikhali zenuzi "zokuvimbela" kanye namazwe afana ne-Australia, eJapane naseNingizimu Korea.^i-note26 Ukwengeza, iziteshi zase-US eziphathelene ne-400 amabhomu aseNATO, eBelgium, eNetherlands, e-Italy, eJalimane naseTurkey, ezophinde ziphoqeleke ukuyeka "amalungiselelo okwabelana ngezikhali zenuzi" futhi zisayine isivumelwano sokuvinjelwa.^i-note27

Izikhali Zezikhali Neziphilayo

Izikhali zezinto eziphilayo zinezinyosi zemvelo ezibulalayo ezifana ne-Ebola, i-typhus, isikhukhumba, nezinye eziye zashintshwa ebhodini ukuthi zikhulu kakhulu ngakho-ke akukho-antidote. Ukusetshenziswa kwabo kungase kuqale isifo sezwe esingalawuleki. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukunamathela emibhalweni ekhona kakade eyakha ingxenye yeNdawo yokuPhepha yokuPhatha. I Umhlangano Wokuvimbela Ukuthuthukiswa, Ukukhiqizwa Nokugcinwa Kwezimpahla ze-Bacteriological (Biological) ne-Toxin Weapon kanye nokubhujiswa kwazo yavulwa ukuze isayinwe ku-1972 futhi yaqala ukusebenza ku-1975 ngaphansi kwe-United Nations. Iyakwenqabela isibonakaliso se-170 ekuthathweni noma ekuthuthukiseni noma ekuqongiseni lezi zikhali. Kodwa-ke, ayikho indlela yokuqinisekisa futhi idinga ukuqiniswa ngombuso wokuhlola inselelo oqinile (okungukuthi, noma yiliphi iHulumeni lingayinselela omunye ovumelene kusengaphambili ekuhlolweni.)

The Umhlangano Wokuvimbela Ukuthuthukiswa, Ukukhiqiza, Ukugcinwa Kwezitolo Nokusetshenziswa Kwezingubo Zamakhemikhali kanye nokubhujiswa kwazo ivimbela ukwakhiwa, ukukhiqizwa, ukutholwa, ukugcinwa, ukugcinwa, ukudluliswa noma ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamakhemikhali. Amazwe asayinayo avumile ukucekela phansi noma yiziphi izinqolobane zezikhali zamakhemikhali ezingabanjwa kanye nanoma yiziphi izakhiwo ezizikhiqizayo, kanye nanoma yiziphi izikhali zamakhemikhali abazishiya endaweni yamanye amazwe esikhathini esedlule kanye nokwenza inselelo yokuqinisekisa umbuso wamakhemikhali athile anobuthi kanye abangaphambi kwabo… ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amakhemikhali anjalo asetshenziselwa izinhloso ezingavunyelwe kuphela. Umhlangano waqala ukusebenza ngo-Ephreli 29, 1997. Yize inqwaba yezikhali zamakhemikhali zehliswe kakhulu, ukubhujiswa okuphelele kusewumgomo okude.^i-note28 Lesi sivumelwano senziwa ngokuphumelelayo ku-2014 njengoba iSiriya iphendulela izikhali zayo zamakhemikhali.

(Qhubeka kuya esandulele | okulandelayo ingxenye.)

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Okuthunyelwe okuhlobene

Bona ezinye izikhala ezihlobene “Ukuphepha Okusebenzisa Amandla”

Bona ithebula eligcwele lokuqukethwe I-Global Security System: I-Alternative to War

amanothi:
I-9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-10. Bheka umbiko weNobel Peace Laureate Organisation International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War "Nuclear Famine: abantu abayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili abasengozini" (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-11. ibid (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-12. ibid (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-13. http://nnsa.energy.gov/mediaroom/pressreleases/pollux120612 (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
14. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/22/us/us-ramping-up-major-renewal-in-nuclear-arms.html?_r=0 (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-15. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/pub585.pdf (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_nuclear_accidents (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_United_States_Air_Force_nuclear_weapons_incident (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
18. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
19. http://cdn.defenseone.com/defenseone/interstitial.html?v=2.1.1&rf=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenseone.com%2Fideas%2F2014%2F11%2Flast-thing-us-needs-are-mobile-nuclear-missiles%2F98828%2F (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-20. Bheka futhi, u-Eric Schlosser, uMyalo nokuLawula: I-Nuclear Weapons, i-Accident yaseDamaseku, ne-Illusion of Safety; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Petrov (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-21. http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2005_04/LookingBack (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-22. http://www.inesap.org/book/securing-our-survival (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-23. Lezo zizwe ezinezikhali zenuzi ziyophoqeleka ukuba zibhubhise izikhali zenuzi ngezicucu zezigaba. Lezi zigaba ezinhlanu zizoqhubeka kanje: ukuthatha izixwayiso, ukukhipha izikhali ezivela ekuthumeleni, ukususa izimpi zenuzi ezivela emotweni yabo, ukukhubaza impi, ukukhipha kanye nokuhlukanisa 'imigodi' nokubeka izinto eziphathekayo ngaphansi kokulawula umhlaba wonke. Ngaphansi komhlangano wesimodeli, izimoto zokulethwa kwezidingo nazo kufanele zibhujiswe noma ziguqulwe zibe amandla enuzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-NWC ingavimbela ukukhiqizwa kwezikhali-izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezifakela phansi. I-States Parties izophinde isungule i-Agent for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons ezobekwa umsebenzi wokuqinisekisa, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambisana, ukwenza izinqumo, nokuhlinzeka isithangami sokubonisana nokubambisana phakathi kwazo zonke izifundazwe. I-Agency izoba neNgqungquthela Yezifunda Zombuso, uMkhandlu Ophezulu kanye noNobhala Wezobuchwepheshe. Ukumemezela kuzodingeka kuzo zonke izifundazwe amaqembu mayelana nazo zonke izikhali zenuzi, impahla, izikhungo, kanye nokuthutha izimoto eziphethe noma ukulawula kanye nezindawo zabo. "Ukuthobela: Ngaphansi kwe-model ye-2007 NWC," amaSifunda amaPhathi kumele athathe izinyathelo zomthetho ukuze ukuhlinzekela ukushushiswa kwabantu abenza ubugebengu nokuvikelwa kwabantu ababika ukwephulwa koMthetho. Izwe lizophinde lidingeke ukuba lisungule igunya likazwelonke elibhekele imisebenzi kazwelonke ekusebenzeni. Lo Mhlangano uzosebenzisa amalungelo nezibophezelo hhayi kuphela kuZwelonke Amaqembu kodwa nakuzo ngabanye nezinhlangano zomthetho. Izingxabano zomthetho phezu kwesivumelwano zingathunyelwa ku-ICJ [INkantolo Yomhlaba Yezobulungiswa] ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana kwamaZwe amaPhathi. I-Agency izoba nayo ikhono lokucela imibono eyeluleka evela ku-ICJ ngokuphikisana komthetho. Lo Mhlangano uzophinde uhlinzekele uchungechunge lwezimpendulo ezithweswa iziqu ezifakazela ubufakazi bokungahambisani nokuqala ngokubonisana, ukucaciswa, nokuxoxisana. Uma kunesidingo, amacala angathunyelwa eMkhandlwini Wenhlangano Yezizwe Ezivamile kanye noMkhandlu Wezokuphepha. "[Umthombo: Nuclear Threat Initiative, http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/proposed-nuclear-weapons-convention-nwc/ ] (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-24. www.icanw.org (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-25. https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/rebecca-johnson/austrian-pledge-to-ban-nuclear-weapons (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-26. http://www.paxchristi.net/sites/default/files/nuclearweaponstimeforabolitionfinal.pdf (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-27. https://www.armscontrol.org/act/2012_06/NATO_Sticks_With_Nuclear_Policy (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)
I-28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_sharing (buyela kusihloko esikhulu)