Ngo-Pat Elder, July 8, 2019

Imiklamo yokulwa nomlilo esetshenziselwa ezisekelweni zomoya yizempi zase-US kukhona izinhlelo zamanzi ezinobuthi kulo lonke elaseJalimane. I-spray spray, esetshenziselwa ukugubha umlilo okuvamile, yenziwe ngezinto ezibizwa ngokuthi i-Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances, noma i- PFAS. Ngezinhloso zokuqeqesha, amabutho aseMelika avela emlilweni omkhulu, aphefumulelwe umlilo futhi aqothule ngokusebenzisa lezi zitshalo zokuqhuma. Ngemuva kwaloko, ukuhlala kwe-foam kuvunyelwe ukugijima, kuhlambalaza inhlabathi, ukuthungula amanzi, amanzi angaphezulu, namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Ibutho lase-US lisisebenzisa futhi izinhlelo zokufafaza kuma-hangars ukwakha ungqimba lwe-foam ukuze ugqoke izindiza ezinkulu. Amasistimu avame ukuhlolwa angakwazi ukumboza i-hangar ye-2-acre ngezinyawo ezingu-17 zobumpofu obuyingozi emaminithini we-2. (.8 hectare ngamamitha angu-5.2 wephunga emaminithini we-2.)

Impilo ye-exposure kuya Per and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances kufaka phakathi ukuphuphuma kwesisu kaningi nezinye izinkinga ezinzima zokukhulelwa. Zingcolisa ubisi lwebele lomuntu futhi zigulisa izingane ezincelisa ibele. I-per and poly fluoroalkyls ifaka isandla ekulimaleni kwesibindi, umdlavuza wezinso, i-cholesterol ephezulu, ingozi eyandayo yesifo se-thyroid, kanye nomdlavuza wamasende, i-micro-penis, nokubalwa kwesidoda esiphansi kwabesilisa.

I-PFAS ayilokothi yehlise isithunzi kepha ilahla amafutha, uwoyela nomlilo kangcono kunanoma yini eyake yathuthukiswa. Umbutho wamasosha ubheka njengokubaluleke kakhulu isu labo lokulwa impi ngoba uzocisha umlilo ngokushesha.  

I-technologies ephawulekayo ngezinye izikhathi ibalekela ukulawula kwethu futhi ingabonakali ubuntu, indlela iPandora elahlekelwe ngayo ibhokisi lakhe. Lawa makhemikhali, nabanye abanjengawo, bebeka usongo olukhona kubantu. Ukulandela kuyisigodi sama-base aseMelika angcolisiwe kakhulu eMelika.

I-Ramstein Airbase, eJalimane

E-Ramstein, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba atholakale equkethe I-264 ug / l  (micrograms per litre) ye-PFAS. Yilokho izikhathi ze-2,640 ngenhla isethi yomngcele we-European Union, (EU). 

I-EU ibeke imigomo ye PFAS ngayinye ye-0.1 ug / L kanye ne-PFAS yonke ye-0.5 ug / L emanzini angaphansi komhlaba namanzi okuphuza. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-US Environmental Protection Agency ibeke izinga eliqinile kakhulu .07 ug / l emanzini okuphuza namanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Kodwa-ke, isilinganiso se-EPA sivolontiya kuphela ngenkathi amasosha namabhizinisi bengcolisa izinhlelo zamanzi ngaphesheya kwe-US ngezikhathi eziningana ngaphezu kwemingcele yokuzithandela. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ase-Alexandria, eLouisana eduze neNgilandi yase-England Air Force Base atholakale aqukethe i-10,900 ug / l ye-PFOS ne-PFOA. 

Ososayensi bezempilo beHarvard University bathi i-001 ug / l ye-PFAS emanzini ethu ingaba yingozi.

Ukugxila kwe-PFAS emfuleni waseGlan, ngaphansi komfula uMohrbach, amakhilomitha angu-11 ukusuka eRamstein, kwakuyizikhathi ze-538 ezingeni le-EU lithi liphephile.

I-Airbase Spangdahlem, eJalimane

Ngenhlanhla yenkathazo enamandla,
Njengebilesi-umhluzi no-bubble

- UWilliam Shakespeare, Ingoma Yabathakathi (Macbeth)

 

I-PFAS yalinganiselwa ku-3 ug / l eduze ne-Spangdahlem Airfield eMondeni ye-Märchenweiher. (I-Marchenweiher isho ukuthi "inganekwane" ngesiNgisi.) I-Fairy Tale Pond iphenduke yinto evulekile. Izinhlanzi zinobuthakathaka. Amanzi athandwayo okudoba manje avaliwe ngokubonisana neSGD Nord, iziphathimandla zokuphatha amanzi eRhineland-Palatinate. Lezi zimakhemikhali azisoze zonakalisa.

Lapho kuvula eSpangdahlem, ithululela i-PFAS. Amachibi okugcina amanzi emvula angcolile emoyeni ungena eLinsenbach Creek. 

I-Spangdahlem Airfield yokwelashwa kwe-sewer plant utholwe ukuthi unayo  I-PFAS efinyelela ku-31.4 μg / l. Ukuze uqhathanise, umbuso waseMaine usanda kubeka imingcele ye-PFAS endle yendle eya ku-2.5 ug / l ye-PFOA ne-5.2 ug / l ye-PFOS, yize abezemvelo bethi imithethonqubo ibuthakathaka kayishumi kunalokho obekufanele ibe yikho.  

I-EPA ayiyilawuli i-PFAS kudoti wendle. Uma bekwenza, amasosha abengaba senkingeni enkulu, okungenani e-US Lawa makhemikhali abulalayo athuthwa evela ezindaweni zokwelapha kulo lonke elaseJalimane nase-US futhi asakazeka emasimini asepulazini. Lokhu kubangela ukufaka ubuthi emasimini nasezitshalweni lapho kusetshenziswa khona udaka lwe-carcinogenic. Umkhiqizo wepulazi laseJalimane ungcolisiwe.

Umasipala waseWittlich-Land, eduze ne-US / NATO Airbase Spangdahlem, wafaka isimangalo kuhulumeni waseGerman ekuqaleni kuka-2019 ngezindleko zokususa nokulahla udoti wendle ongcolile nePFAS. Izinto ezibulalayo azinakusatshalaliswa emasimini ngoba zibulala izitshalo, izilwane namanzi. Esikhundleni salokho, kushisiwe, okubiza ngokweqile futhi kungenzeka elibhubhisa empilweni yabantu kanye nemvelo

I-Wittlich-Land ayivunyelwe ukusola isosha lase-US. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuxosha uhulumeni waseJalimane ngokulimala. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, uhulumeni waseJalimane, okhokhela ukuhlanzwa kokungcola iminyaka, uyeke ukwenza kanjalo, eshiya idolobha ngethebhu.

I-Airbase Bitburg, eJalimane

Kusukela ngo-1952 kwaze kwaba ngu-1994, iBitburg Air Base yayiyisizinda somoya sangaphambili se-NATO. Kwakuyikhaya le-United States Air Force's 36th Tactical Fighter Wing. I-PFAS yayisetshenziswa njalo kumagwebu okulwa nomlilo. 

EBitburg, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asanda kukhonjiswa ukuthi aqukethe i-PFAS emazingeni aphakeme ngokumangazayo we-108 μg / l futhi amanzi angaphezulu eduze kwesikhumulo sezindiza ayene-19.1 ug / l ye-PFAS. Amanzi angaphansi komhlaba eBitburg angcoliswe ngokuphindwe kayinkulungwane kunamazinga e-EU. 

Lokhu kukhishwa kwe-PFAS kukholwa yiziningi ukuthi yiyona imbangela ehamba phambili ye-autism ne-asthma ezinganeni. Ithinta ukukhulelwa kokuqala futhi inomthelela ekunakekeleni ukukhathazeka kwesifo. I-99% yethu manje inezinga elithile lamakhemikhali emizimbeni yethu. 

IBitburg ingcolisa imigwaqo yasendaweni ngalezi zinto ezinobuthi, kakhulu kunaseSpangdahlem noma eRamstein. Ukugxila kwePFAS kuze kufike ku-5 ug / l kwatholakala emifuleni iPaffenbach, Thalsgraben naseBrückengraben, okuyizindawo ezidumile zokudoba. I-5 ug / l iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-7,700 kunomkhawulo we-EU. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlanzi kuhlotshaniswa namazinga akhuphukile e-PFAS phakathi kwabantu baseJalimane. 

EBitburg, evala iminyaka eyi-25 eyedlule, uhulumeni waseJalimane "ngokomthetho" unesibopho sokubhujiswa kwemvelo okubangelwa amaMelika. Uhulumeni waseJalimane ulindele ukuthi i-US ikhokhe izindleko ezihambisana nayo asebenzayo Amaphoyisa ase-US, ngokusho kwephephandaba Volksfreund.

Ezingxenyeni ezithile zeJalimane, i-asparagus iyasuswa ochungechungeni lokudla ngenxa yomthamo wayo wokugxilisa i-PFAS. I-Asparagus inekhono elimangalisayo lokumunca i-PFAS emanzini angcolile kanye / noma emhlabathini. Abathengi kufanele baqaphele ukuthenga izinto ezinjenge-asparagus, ama-strawberry, no-ulethisi ngoba imvamisa ziqukethe amazinga aphezulu ePFAS. Okwamanje, izinhlelo zikahulumeni waseJalimane ezilinganisa amazinga e-PFAS emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yezolimo ziye zasebenza ukugcina imikhiqizo eminingi engcolile ingafinyeleli emakethe.

I-Airfield yase-NATO yangaphambili i-Hahn, eJalimane

Inkundla yezindiza yaseHahn ibihlale i-US Air Force's 50 Fighter Wing kusuka ngonyaka we-1951 kuya kowe-1993. Isiza sikhona njengamanje esikhumulweni sezindiza iHahn-Frankfurt. Njengezinye izisekelo, izitsha zokugcina amanzi emvula beziyindawo yokuthutha ye-PFAS kusuka ekufakweni kuya emphakathini. Umfula iBrühlbach eduze kwaseHahn wawunenani eliphakeme cishe le-9.3 μg / l le-PFAS. Lokhu kuyabulala. Amanani aphakeme ngokumangazayo ngoba indawo yamanzi eWackenbach Creek iqala cishe nge-100 m yomgodi wangaphambili wokuqeqesha umlilo. Izibalo ezithe xaxa zihlelekile. Ngamanzi angaphezulu, i-EU ithi amazinga e-PFAS akufanele adlule i-0.00065 ug / L. I-9.3 ug / l iphindwe izikhathi eziyi-14,000.  

I-Büchel Airfield, eJalimane

Kuphenyo lwe-2015 ku-PFAS lwenziwa eBüchel Airbase. Ama-sampuli wamanzi athathwe emanzini okugcina amanzi emvula nasemanzini azungezile. I-PFOS itholakala ku-1.2 μg / l. 

I-Zweibrücken Air Base

I-Zweibrücken yayiyisisekelo sezindiza se-NATO esivela ku-1950 kuya ku-1991. Ihlala i-86th Tactical Fighter Wing. Itholakala nge-35 yamamayela we-SSW we-Kaiserslautern. Isayithi manje likhonza njengezikhumulo zezindiza eZweibrücken.

Amanzi aseduze eduze nesikhumulo sezindiza atholakale enesisindo se-8.1 μg / L ye-PFAS. Okumangalisa kakhulu, i-PFAS yatholakala emanzini okuphuza angomakhelwane izinhlelo zokuzithengisa ezingeni eliphakeme le-6.9 μg / l. I-EPA's Lifetime Health Advisory for water drinking is .07 ug / l ngakho amanzi okuphuza aseduze Zweibrücken watholakala ukuthi cishe izikhathi eziyikhulu lelo nani. Noma kunjalo, izakhamuzi zendawo zithi iseluleko se-EPA sokuphuza amanzi sinamandla ngokweqile. Ngakho-ke, izintambo ezibuthakathaka, eziningi ziphoqelela imingcele ephansi kakhulu. 

EGeorge Air Force Base eCalifornia, airmen yabesifazane baxwayiswa ku-1980, "Ungakhulelwa" ngenkathi ngisebenza lapho ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokuphuphuma kwezisu. Bangaphezu kuka-300 abesifazane abasanda kuxhuma kuFacebook, bexoxa izindaba zokuphuphunyelwa yizisu, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa phakathi kwezingane zabo nezibeletho. Baphuze amanzi. UMbutho Wezomoya usanda kuhlola amanzi wathola i-PFAS inyuke ngo-5.4 ug / l. Kubi kakhulu Zweibrücken namuhla. Izinto azikaze ziphele.

Ngokusho kombiko we-Bundestag (18 / 5905) izakhiwo ezinhlanu zase-United States kuphela eJalimane zikhonjwe nge-PFAS ukungcola:

• I-Airfield yase-US i-Ramstein (i-NATO) 
• I-airfield yase-US uKatterbach 
• US Airfield Spangdahlem (NATO) 
• Indawo yokuqeqeshwa yasezempi yase-US Grafenwoehr 
• I-US Airfield Geilenkirchen (i-NATO)

Izakhiwo ezimbili "zisolakala" ze-PFAS:

• I-US Airfield Illesheim
• I-Airfield yase-US Echterdingen 

Ngokusho kwe-Bundestag, (18 / 5905), "Amabutho ahlomile angaphandle abhekene nokungcoliswa kwendalo abhekene nakho futhi ayaphoqeleka ukuthi aphenye futhi aqede ngabo ngezindleko zabo." Ngalesi sikhathi, i-US ibingakenzi lutho ekuhlanzeni ukungcoliswa okubangelwe yikho. 

Izivumelwano zase-US - zaseJalimane ikhwelo lokunquma inani lokuthuthuka okwenziwe abaseMelika ezweni - kukhishwe ukonakala kwemvelo okuholele lapho kudluliswa izisekelo.

Izinkinga ezimbili ezinkulu ziholele kulesi sivumelwano esijwayelekile. Okokuqala, lezi zinhlangano zombili azibonakali zivumelana ngezindinganiso maqondana nokuhlanzwa, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokungcola kwama-aquifers. Ngokuvamile, abaseMelika bebengakhathazeki kakhulu. Okwesibili, akekho noyedwa owabheka umthelela owonakalisayo wePer and Poly Fluoroalkyl Substances ezinhlelweni zamanzi.  

Kuzo zonke izinkulumo ze-Bundestag ze-PFAS ezingcolile ezivela emazweni ase-US / NATO, uhulumeni wesifundazwe waseJalimane uthi "awunalo ulwazi oluqondile" mayelana nokulimala kwemvelo ezindaweni ezingezona impahla, kodwa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba namanzi angcolile angcoliswa yi-PFAS angahamba amakhilomitha amaningi ngaphandle ezisekelweni zaseMelika.