Ngo-Pat Elder, ngoMashi 24, 2020
Le yingxenye yochungechunge olunezingxenye eziyisikhombisa olugxile endaweni eyodwa yokungcoliswa komhlaba: Isiteshi Somoya SasePatuxent River Naval Air eMaryland, e-USA.
I-Navy ingcolise amanzi angaphansi komhlaba eMaryland's Patuxent (Pax) Isiteshi Somgwaqo Somoya wasemanzini asezingeni le-1,137.8 ngethililiyoni (ppt) le-per- ne-polyfluoroalkyl zvinhu (PFAS), ngokusho Umbiko oshicilelwe ngoJulayi owedlule yinkampani yobunjiniyela i-CH2M Hill.
UPax River wayejwayele ukusebenzisa igwebu elenza ifilimu elenza amanzi (i-AFFF) emisebenzini yokulwa nomlilo kanye nasezinhlelweni zokucindezela umlilo ezakhiweni kuyo yonke indawo. Amagwebu ayenama-carcinogens ayevunyelwe ukungena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba wesifunda. I-Navy iyazi ngomthelela obulalayo lezi zinto ezinayo empilweni yabantu kusukela ngawo-1970 kodwa yaqhubeka nokuzisebenzisa. Eminyakeni yakamuva, amagwebu angenawo ufulawa (3F) kuthuthukisiwe obekufakazelwe ukuthi kuyikho konke ukusebenza ngempumelelo njenge-AFFF. Zisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke jikelele.
Ama-PFAS ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo zomdlavuza futhi ayaziwa ebeka engcupheni impilo yokuzala komuntu. Ukungcola okwakusePax River kwakususiwe kwabophiko lwezokuvikela Umbiko kaMashi 2018 ezisekelweni nasemiphakathini ehlangene ne-PFAS.
A
Akukho mkhawulo njengamanje kokukhishwa kwe-PFAS yezempi noma yezimboni ngaphansi kwe-federal Clean Water Act noma i-federal Clean Air Act. Inhlangano Yezokuvikela Ezemvelo (i-EPA) ikhiphe isiluleko esingabophisiyo, esingesona somthetho ezifundazweni nakomasipala bezingxenye ezingama-70 trillion (ppt.) Emanzini okuphuza. Izinkampani zamasosha noma zamakhemikhali njengamanje azidingeki ukuthi zibike ukukhishwa kwePFAS nge-federal Toxic Release Inventory. Uma kungekho i-EPA esebenza kahle, amazwe ayishumi nanhlanu asungule imihlahlandlela okungenani umhlaziyi oyedwa we-PFAS okungenani endaweni eyodwa yezemvelo. Isibonelo, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba eSt. Mary's County ephakeme izikhathi ezingama-87 kunalokho okuvunyelwa yiNew Jersey. I-241,000 ppt emanzini angaphansi komhlaba eChesapeake Beach iphindwe izikhathi ezingama-18,538 okuvunyelwa yiNew Jersey. IMaryland ingemuva kwejika lokufunda nomthetho wamanje osalindile, I-HB 619, ezolawula ukusetshenziswa komphakathi kwegwebu lokulwa nomlilo, akunamabala ebusweni. Kufanele siphoqelele amazinga aphezulu wokungcola we I-1 ppt, yawo wonke ama-PFAS kuwo wonke amanzi okuphuza azimele nakahulumeni. Kumele futhi siqale ukuhlola zonke izinhlelo zomphakathi nemithombo yangasese. Abantu abahlala eduze kwezisekelo zamasosha efa ngenxa yokuvezwa yi-PFAS.
Indaba elandelayo ithwebula esikwaziyo emibikweni yonjiniyela ababili. Imininingwane eyodwa indawo yokulahlwa kwesigubhu seSayithi 34 etholakala cishe ngamamitha ayi-1,500 ukusuka empambanweni yomgwaqo uRt. 235 kanye neHermanville Rd. Omunye umbiko wamakhasi ayi-129 wokukhishwa kwe-PFAS ohlanganisa konke ukufakwa yi-CH2M Hill yango-07/01/18. (Umbiko we-CH2M HillNgemuva kwencazelo yalokhu kubhujiswa kwemvelo kunohlu lwemibuzo okufanele ibuzwe abaphathi bezempilo yomphakathi baseNavy naseMaryland ILexington Park Library ngoLwesibili, Mashi 3, 5:00 - 7:00 pm. Ama-PFAS ahlotshaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo zomdlavuza futhi ayaziwa ebeka engcupheni impilo yokuzala komuntu. Ukungcola okwakusePax River kwakususiwe kwabophiko lwezokuvikela Umbiko kaMashi 2018 ezisekelweni nasemiphakathini ehlangene ne-PFAS.
ISayithi 34 isengxenyeni eseningizimu yesiteshi futhi ithatha cishe amahektare angama-20 omhlaba osuliwe ngokwengxenye. Ngo-1996, kumbiwa ingxenye yegquma elisempumalanga yeSayithi 34. Lokhu kumbiwa kwembule iziqukathi eziningana zepulasitiki ezigqitshwe ngamalitha ama-5. Ngo-Okthoba 1997, kwenziwa isenzo sesikhashana sokususa e-Areas A nakwa-B. Kwakungalesi senzo sokususa lapho isitsha sepulasitiki esivubukulwe sasinelebula elingafundeki kancane elikhombisa ukuthi sine-ejenti yokucima umlilo, engahle ibe ne-PFAS.
Ngo-2015, uMbutho Wezempi Wempi wenza imishini yokumba kahle namanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukuze kutholakale ubukhona noma ukungabikho kwe-PFAS emanzini angaphansi komhlaba eSayithi 34. Ukuchazwa kwalokhu kwakususelwa ebufakazini obungokomlando besitsha esingcwatshiwe esatholakala eminyakeni engu-18 ngaphambili okungenzeka ukuthi sasiqukethe iPFAS. NgoJuni 2017, isampula yamanzi angaphansi komhlaba yaqedwa ukwenziwa ngamakhemikhali amathathu e-PFAS (PFOS, PFOA, ne-PFBS) emithonjeni emibili esanda kufakwa yokuqapha kanye nemithombo eyisishiyagalolunye ekhona yokuqapha konke etholakala endaweni engamahektare angama-20 ekhoneni eliseningizimu-ntshonalanga yesisekelo. I-PFOS ne-PFOA zitholwe kulo lonke isayithi lapho kugxilwe khona ngenhla kwe-USEPA Health Advisory Level yezingxenye ezingama-70 ngethriliyoni ngayinye ye-PFOS ne-PFOA kumasampuli ayisishiyagalolunye wamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. I-PFOS + PFOA itholakale ekugxileni kwe-1,138.8 ppt.
Leli zinga lokungcola kungenzeka libeke engcupheni impilo yabahlali abaphuza amanzi aqukethe i-PFAS. Labo abagaya amanzi ampompo futhi bahlala eduze nesisekelo basengozini enkulu. I-1,138.8 ppt yokungcola komoya wePFAS, nokho incane kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izisekelo zamanzi ezingcolile ze-Navy kanye namadolobhana azungeze izwe.
Ezinye izisekelo zamasosha asemanzini, njengesiteshi sase China Lake Naval Air Weapons eCalifornia, zingcolise amanzi asemhlabathini ezingxenyeni ezingama-8,000,000 ngethililiyoni ngalinye. EMaryland, esikhungweni sangaphambili sezikhali e-United States e-Annapolis, izinsiza zamanzi okuphuza zahlolwa ngo-2018 ukuthola izidumbu. Emithonjeni engama-54 kwayi-68, ukugxila kwePFOS / PFOA bekuyikho kutholakala ku-70,000 ppt. okuyizikhathi eziphindwe kayinkulungwane ukwelulekwa kwezempilo kwe-EPA. UMqondisi Wezemisebenzi Yomphakathi Wedolobha lase-Annapolis owengamele amanzi okuphuza uthe ubengajwayeleki nokungcola. Lokhu kungaba obunye bobugebengu obukhulu kakhulu obenziwe emlandweni wombuso, yize abantu bephuza ukubamba. Lokho kungenxa yokuthi abezindaba basendaweni bebengayifaki njalo le ndaba. ISayithi 1,000 isengxenyeni eseningizimu yesiteshi futhi ithatha cishe amahektare angama-34 omhlaba osuliwe ngokwengxenye. Ngo-20, kumbiwa ingxenye yegquma elisempumalanga yeSayithi 1996. Lokhu kumbiwa kwembule iziqukathi eziningana zepulasitiki ezingcwatshwe ngamalitha ama-34. Ngo-Okthoba 5, kwenziwa isenzo sesikhashana sokususa e-Areas A nakwa-B. Kwakungalesi senzo sokususa lapho isitsha sepulasitiki esivubukulwe sasinelebula elingafundeki kancane elikhombisa ukuthi sine-ejenti yokucima umlilo, engahle ibe ne-PFAS.
E-Naval Research Laboratory, eChesapeake Beach Detachment, i-Navy ayikaze ihlole amanzi emigwaqo yabantu abahlala ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1,000 1968 kusuka emgodini oshisiwe owasetshenziswa kusukela ngo-XNUMX. UMnyango Wezempilo eMaryland, uthe incike eNavy Navy. ukuvikela impilo yeMarylanders kulokhu.
Dlulisela ku-11:50 kulokhu Idokhumenti ye-NBC News. Yize iWashington Post, iBaltimore Sun, kanye neSt. Mary's Enterprise beyidlulisa le ndaba, i-NBC yacabanga ukuthi ukungcoliswa ePax River - nokwenqaba kweNavy kanye nezikhulu zezempilo zendawo ukuhlola imithombo emphakathini kwakuyizindaba. Futhi-ke, ucela lo mbuzo - lowo ozowubuza ngoMashi 3rd - kungani iNavy ikhipha imininingwane ngokungcola kwePFAS ePax River ekhoneni elilodwa nje elikude lesisekelo?
I-AFFF yayisetshenziswa lapho Isiza 41, i-Fire Fighting Burn Pad kusuka ngo-1972 kuya ku-1991 ngokuqeqeshwa okujwayelekile. Amapayipi athatha uphethiloli weJet ophelelwe yisikhathi noma uwoyela wokumosha kwi-fuselage endala ebekwe emgodini ka-200 x 200-ft kuphedi likakhonkolo. Kushe imililo emikhulu kwathi i-AFFF yavunyelwa ukuba ingene phansi ingene emiseleni nakumapayipi amanzi azungezile. Inani elingaziwa legwebu le-AFFF ladedelwa phansi.
Ukuzivocavoca ngomlilo okufanayo kwezinye izisekelo kuye kwaziwa njengokulahla Amamitha angu-40,000 kwama-carcinogen angene emvelweni. Inani legwebu kungenzeka lilinganise inani elincanyana elitholakala eSizeni 34, kepha asazi ngokuqinisekile. Ngokungafani nezinye izikhungo, iPax River ayikhombanga izinga lokungcola kwePFAS kulezi zindawo.
KuSayithi 14, i-Old Fire Fighting Burn Pad, i-AFFF ibisetshenziswa kusuka ngo-1970 kuya ekuqaleni kwawo-1980. Imililo yayibaswa emapayipini kakhonkolo noma emigodini kusetshenziswa uphethiloli. Inani elingaziwa legwebu le-AFFF lisetshenziselwe ukucisha amalangabi futhi lavunyelwa ukuba lingene emhlabathini likhishele emiseleni nakumadreyini azungeze amanzi esiphepho.
The Umbiko we-CH2M Hill imininingwane izindawo ezi-16 ezihlukene lapho i-AFFF ivunyelwe khona ukungena emhlabathini kusukela ngo-1970. eziyisishiyagalolunye zalezi zikhethwe njengezindawo eziseqhulwini. Kuchazwe kafushane lapha:
I-Hangar 110 Test Pilot School Izindiza Zendiza: Ngo-Ephreli 2015, okuqukethwe kwetangi elingamalitha angama-2,200 e-AFFF egxila kohlelo lokucindezela kukhishwe ngenxa yokwehluleka kwemishini. Akekho owabona ukukhishwa futhi indlela yokuhamba ayikacaci, kepha ukugxila kwe-AFFF kwakubonakala ngokusobala kukhonkolo bese kucwaswa endaweni eseduze esitebhisini / yendlela ehamba phakathi nendawo phakathi kwe-hangar.
Amaloli Okuphahlazeka Izinsiza Zansuku zonke Indawo Yokuhlola Esebenzayo I-Taxiway Alpha-Taxiway: Amaloli Okuphahlazeka avela eBldg. Abangu-103 basebenzise le ndawo ekuhloleni nsuku zonke imishini yokufafaza ye-AFFF kanye nokuvumelana kwegwebu. Igwebu le-AFFF lavunyelwa ukuba lingene phansi lingene emiseleni nakumadreyini azungezile. Inani legwebu le-AFFF elikhishiwe alaziwa.
I-Air Show Fire - Indawo Yokulwa Nendawo Yokukhombisa I-Airfield South yasetshenziselwa imiboniso yokulwa nomlilo ngesikhathi semibukiso yomoya eqala ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960 yaphela ekuqaleni kwawo-1970. Igwebu le-AFFF lasetshenziswa kwaze kwaba ngu-1973. Imililo yadalwa ngokulahla uphethiloli eduze kwe-fuselage ukulingisa indawo yangempela yokuphahlazeka. Ama-carcinogen akhishelwa emiseleni nakumapayipi amanzi ezungeze; inani legwebu le-AFFF elikhishiwe alaziwa.
Isakhiwo 103: I-Air Operations Fire Station Fire Station 1 - Ukuhlolwa kwemishini yansuku zonke nokuhlolwa kwe-foam spray kanye nokuchitheka nokuvuza kokugxila kwe-AFFF kungenzeka kwenzeke lapha. Inani elingaziwa legwebu le-AFFF likhishiwe
Isakhiwo 2385: Isikhungo Sokugcina Izinto Eziyingozi (i-HAZMART): Ukukhishwa okuningi kwe-AFFF ukugxila ohlelweni lokucindezela esakhiweni kuholele ekutheni kube namalitha angama-80 wezinto ezikhishwe zingena emvelweni.
I-Hangar 2133: I-Joint Strike Fighter: Ukukhishwa okuningi kwe-AFFF ngo-2002, 2005, nango-2010 kwenzeke ohlelweni lokucindezela ku-hangar. Okungenani isigameko esisodwa (usuku olungaziwa) lonke uhlelo luhambe ngokungazi. Inani elifanele lokugxila kwe-AFFF nogwebu alaziwa.
Lezi zinhlelo zokucindezela ukufafaza ziyakwazi ukumboza i-hangar engu-2 acre ngezinyawo eziyi-17 zethambo le-carcinogenic ngemizuzu emi-2.
A
Ngesikhathi somcimbi wango-2010, inani elingaziwa le Foam ye-AFFF langena emgodini wokukhucululwa kwendle oholela esikhungweni se-METCOM nge-bypass valve yomhlukanisi wamafutha / amanzi. I-METCOM bekufanele ivimbe ukuhamba kwamanzi okuhambisa indle futhi ibhekane ne-AFFF eyenziwe kabusha kuyo yonke imigwaqo yokulwa. Lokhu kwehlule indawo yokwelashwa futhi kungadala izinkinga eziningi okuxoxwe ngazo ngezansi.
A
I-AFFF iphinde yaxoshwa ngaphandle kwe-hangar yayiswa endaweni enotshani eningizimu-mpumalanga yephinifa likakhonkolo. Okungenani amahlandla amabili i-AFFF ingabonakala yehla ngomsele wesiphepho oholela emseleni wokuhambisa amanzi eduze neHangar 115 neSayithi 55.
I-Hangar 2835: i-hangar yesikhashana enohlelo lokucindezela i-AFFF. Kube nokukhishwa okuningana kogwebu lwe-AFFF kusuka ngo-2012 kuya ku-2015 ngenxa yokuchitheka, ukuqhekeka kwemishini lapho kubanda, nokusebenza kohlelo ngokungazi.
Okunye ukukhishwa:
- Isakhiwo 1669: Amalitha angama-500 anqunyelwe emgodini wezindlu zangasese we-METCOM.
- I-Hangar 2805 iHhovisi likaMongameli: Kwakhishwa amalitha angama-400 emhlabathini.
- Izindawo ezingama-215 kanye no-217 Wokuhlola Injini - Ukukhishwa okungaziwa kusuka ngo-1970.
- Ukwakha i-102 Owabe Isiteshi Somlilo 2 - Inani elingaziwa lokukhishwa.
- Ukwakha i-840 - I-Skeet Range, i-Aircraft Crash Site - Inani le-AFFF lisetshenziswe lingaziwa.
Amanzi Waphezulu
Yize i-Air Force ishicilela njalo imiphumela yokuhlaziya ye-PFAS emanzini angaphezulu - imiphumela ehlala emazingeni aphezulu ngokumangazayo eminyakeni engama-30 ngemuva kokuvalwa kwesisekelo - iNavy ngokuvamile yenqaba ukwenza kanjalo. Ukubandakanyeka komphakathi nabezindaba kweminye imiphakathi, noma kunjalo, kudale ukuthi uMbutho Wezasolwandle uzibophezele ekuhloleni amazinga okungcoliswa emanzini angaphezulu kwesisekelo. Akunjalo eSt. Mary's, lapho umphakathi nabezindaba bebengakhathazeki ngezinga lezinto ezibanga umdlavuza emizileni yamanzi yasendaweni.
IGoose Creek, iHarpers Creek, i-West Patuxent Basin, i-East Patuxent Basin, i-Supply Pond, iGardiner Pond, uMfula iPatuxent, kanye neChesapeake Bay zikhonjwe yiNavy njengezindikimba zamanzi ezingaphezulu ezingcoliswe yiPFAS. Yize kungashiwongo ngokuqondile kulo mbiko, iSt. Inigoes Creek, iSmith Creek, kanye neSt. Kumele sifune ukuthi izindlela zethu zamanzi eziyigugu zihlolwe la "makhemikhali angunaphakade."
The Umbiko we-CH2M Hill ithi amanzi aphansi komhlaba ayahamba ayotholakala emithanjeni yamanzi, kufaka phakathi amachibi, imifudlana, umfula iPatuxent kanye neChesapeake Bay. Ukugeleza kwamanzi asemanzini avela olwandle oluhamba olwandle olaphaya esiteshini ikakhulukazi maqondana noMfula iPatuxent kanye neChesapeake Bay futhi kude nezindawo zokuhlala namabhizinisi. Usebenzisa igama elithi “ikakhulu” kushiya amathuba okuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba nakho kungawela iHermanville Rd. kanye noRt. 235.
Umbiko uthi, "Umthelela ongaba khona wokukhishwa kwe-PFAS emanzini angaphezulu kungenzeka ukuthi uphansi ngemuva kwesikhathi eside kusukela ukukhishwa kanye nemithelela kulaba bezindaba kungaba nzima ukunquma." Lokhu kuphikiswa kalula. Umbuso waseMichigan ukhiphe umbandela wokuthatha inyamazane ngaseWurtsmith AFB eMichigan ngoba inyamazane ithathwa njengobuthi ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu ePFAS. Leso sisekelo savalwa ngo-1993. Izinyamazane ziphuza emifudlaneni egeleza isuka. Isiteshi Somoya SaseDallas savalwa ngo-1998, yize ukudla izinhlanzi ezinoshevu ezazibanjwa eduze kwenqatshelwe unomphela. I-PFAS yaziwa njengamakhemikhali angunaphakade. Abazihambeli bodwa - naphakade.
Lo mbiko uthi, "Isithambo sendawo yasendlini ixhumeke emanzini lapho kugcina kuphuma uMfula iPatuxent noma iChesapeake Bay. Uma imifula engajulile ithintwa yiPFAS, kucatshangwa ukuthi noma yikuphi ukuxhumana okuqondile kwama-receptors emzimbeni wamanzi angaphezulu komhlaba kuzoba okuncanyana ngenxa yokuxubana. "
Lokhu akuyona ukucabanga okuphephile. Okuncane “konke” okudingekayo ukufake ubuthi kubantu.
Umbiko wonjiniyela uthi i-AFFF ibikade ikhishelwa ohlelweni lokuthuthwa kwendle lokufuthwa kwendle. I-Hangar 2133, i-Building 1669, ne-Hangar 2905 wonke aqede amakhemikhali angapheli ohlelweni lokuthuthwa kwendle lokuthuthwa kwendle.
A
Udaka ulahlwa ngaphandle kwesiza ezindaweni ezingadalulwanga lapho ama-carcinogen angangena emanzini angaphansi komhlaba. I-EPA ayikayibeki imingcele ye-PFAS kudoti wendle, ovame ukusetshenziselwa izinkambu zepulazi, ukungcolisa izitshalo, nokunikeza indlela enamandla yokungeniswa kwabantu. I-St Mary's County Soil Conservation Service ilinganisela ukuthi kukhona cishe amahektare angama-50,000 50 wezitshalo eSt. Mary's County okucishe kube ngu-XNUMX% ofanele ukulahlwa kwendle. I-Marlay-Taylor Sanitary District Facility Plan ilinganisela ukuthi cishe 807 amathani kwe-sludge eyomile izokhiqizwa ngonyaka.
Pat Umdala a World BEYOND War Ilungu lebhodi nowayekade eyilungu le-Green Party kwi-US Congress. Uyagijima Mil MilPoisons.org.
