Peter Kuznick ngokubaluleka kweSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi

By World BEYOND War, Okthoba 27, 2020

UPeter Kuznick uphendule le mibuzo elandelayo evela ku-Mohamed Elmaazi we-Sputnik Radio futhi wavuma ukuyivumela World BEYOND War shicilela umbhalo.

I-1) Kusho ukuthini ukuthi iHonduras kube yizwe lakamuva ukujoyina iSivumelwano se-UN Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi?

Lokhu kube yintuthuko emangalisayo futhi eyindida, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kokuthi i-US ibicindezela abasayine abangama-49 bangaphambilini ukuthi bahoxise ukuvunywa kwabo. Kuyafaneleka ukuthi iHonduras, “i-republic yobhanana” yasekuqaleni, yayisunduzela onqenqemeni – into emnandi yokukuhlukumeza nokuhlukumeza kwaseMelika.

2) Kungenzeka yini kube yisiphazamiso esithile ukugxila emazweni angenamandla enuzi?

Akunjalo Empeleni. Lesi sivumelwano simele izwi lokuziphatha lesintu. Kungenzeka kungabi nendlela yokuphoqelela indawo yonke, kepha ikubeka ngokusobala ukuthi abantu bakule planethi bayabenyanya ubuhlanya obulambele amandla, bokuqothula okusongela amandla enuzi ayisishiyagalolunye. Ukubaluleka okungokomfanekiso akukwazi ukweqiwa.

3) Kumanje kunesivumelwano ngeNuclear Non-Proliferation esaqala ukusebenza ngonyaka we-1970 futhi cishe cishe wonke amazwe emhlabeni asephathini. Ingabe i-NPT iphila ngokuvumelana nayo?

I-NPT isetshenziswe ngendlela emangalisayo ngamandla angewona amandla enuzi. Kuyamangaza ukuthi amazwe amaningi awahambanga ngendlela yenuzi. Umhlaba unenhlanhla yokuthi abanye abakwenzanga lokho kweqa ngesikhathi lapho, ngokusho kuka-El Baradei, okungenani amazwe angama-40 anekhono lobuchwepheshe lokwenza lokho. Labo abanecala lokwephula yilabo abasayine ekuqaleni — i-US, Russia, China, Britain, neFrance. Bayishaye indiva ngokuphelele i-Article 6, edinga ukuthi amazwe anezikhali zenuzi anciphise futhi aqede leyo mibhalo. Ingqikithi yezikhali zenuzi kungenzeka ukuthi yehliswe isuka ku-70,000 ehlanya ngokuphelele yaya ku-13,500 ehlanya kancane, kepha lokho kusenele ukuqeda impilo emhlabeni kaningi.

4) Uma kungenjalo, yisiphi esinye futhi isivumelwano, njengaleso iHonduras esanda kujoyina, sokuba sendaweni enjalo?

I-NPT ayenzanga ukuba nokutholwa, ukuthuthukiswa, ukuthuthwa kanye nokusongelwa ngokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi ngokungemthetho. Isivumelwano esisha senza futhi kucace ngokusobala. Lokhu ukugxuma okukhulu okungokomfanekiso. Yize ingeke ibeka icala labaholi bezikhali zenuzi eNkantolo Yamacala Obugebengu, izobabeka ingcindezi kubo yokulalela imizwa yomhlaba njengoba bekulokhu kunjalo ngezikhali zamakhemikhali, amabhomu agqitshwayo nezinye izivumelwano. Ukube i-US ibingenandaba nomphumela wale ngcindezi, kungani yenze umzamo onjalo wokuvimba ukuqinisekiswa kwesivumelwano? Njengoba u-Eisenhower noDulles bobabili basho ngesikhathi sama-1950s, kwakuyindlela yenuzi yomhlaba eyabavimba ekusebenziseni izikhali zenuzi kaningi. Ingcindezi yokuziphatha jikelele ingabamba abadlali ababi futhi kwesinye isikhathi ibaphoqe ukuthi babe ngabalingisi abahle.

Ngo-2002 abaphathi baseMelika uGeorge W Bush Jr bahoxa esivumelwaneni se-ABM. I-Trump Administration yahoxa eSivumelwaneni se-INF ngonyaka wezi-2019 futhi kunemibuzo yokuthi ngabe isivumelwano esisha se-START sizovuselelwa ngaphambi kokuba siphele ngo-2021. Kokubili izivumelwano ze-ABM ne-INF zasayinwa phakathi kwe-US neSoviet Union ukunciphisa ubungozi impi yenuzi.

5) Chaza imiphumela yokuhoxa kwe-US ezivumelwaneni ezibalulekile zokulawula inuzi ezifana ne-ABM kanye nesivumelwano se-INF.

Imiphumela yokuhoxa kwe-US eSivumelwaneni se-ABM yayimikhulu kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivumele i-US ukuthi iqhubeke nokuqalisa ngezinhlelo zayo zokuvikela imicibisholo ezingavunyelwe futhi ezibizayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inxenxe abaseRussia ukuba baqale ucwaningo nokuthuthukisa izindlela zabo zokulwa. Ngenxa yaleyo mizamo, ngoMashi 1, 2018, enkulumweni yakhe yeSimo Sezwe, uVladimir Putin wamemezela ukuthi abaseRussia manje sebesungule izikhali zenuzi ezintsha ezinhlanu, zonke ezingavimbela amasistimu ezempi e-US. Ngakho-ke, ukuchithwa kweSivumelwano Sakwa-ABM kwanika i-US umuzwa wokulondeka okungelona iqiniso futhi ngokubeka iRussia engcupheni, kwaqubula izinto ezintsha zaseRussia ezibeke i-US esimweni esibuthakathaka. Kukonke, lokhu kwenze umhlaba waba yingozi kakhulu. Ukuchithwa kweSivumelwano se-INF ngokufanayo kuholele ekwethulweni kwemicibisholo eyingozi kakhulu engahle idale ubudlelwano. Yilokhu okwenzekayo lapho oklebe ababona kude, abafuna inzuzo benza inqubomgomo hhayi abaphathi bezwe abanomthwalo wemfanelo.

I-6) Ucabanga ukuthi kungani i-US ibisuka kulezi zivumelwano zokulawulwa kwezikhali zenuzi ezazisayine neSoviet Union ekuqaleni? Ngabe bebengayifezi injongo yabo?

Abenzi bezinqubomgomo zokuphatha kukaTrump abafuni ukubona i-US ivinjelwe yizivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Bakholelwa ukuthi i-US ingakwazi futhi izowina umjaho wezingalo. UTrump ukhulume kaninginingi. Ngo-2016, wamemezela, “Makube ngumjaho wezikhali. Sizobadlula kunabo bonke abantu sidlule kubo bonke. ” NgoMeyi owedlule, umxoxisi omkhulu wezokulawulwa kwezikhali kaTrump, uMarshall Billingslea, naye wathi, "Singachitha iRussia neChina ekukhohlakalweni ukuze sinqobe umjaho omusha wezikhali zenuzi." Bobabili bayahlanya futhi kufanele bathathwe amadoda agqoke amajazi amhlophe. Ngo-1986, ngesikhathi somjaho wezikhali owedlule ngaphambi kokuba uGorbachev, ngosizo olwaludlulile kuReagan, afake ingqondo emhlabeni wonke, amandla enuzi ayeseqoqe cishe izikhali zenuzi ezingama-70,000, ezilingana namabhomu aseHiroshima angaba yizigidi eziyi-1.5. Ngabe sifuna ngempela ukubuyela kulokho? USting wahlabelela ingoma enamandla ngawo-1980 enezinhlamvu ezithi, “Ngiyethemba abaseRussia bayazithanda nezingane zabo.” Sibe nenhlanhla yokuthi bakwenzile. Angicabangi ukuthi uTrump uyakwazi ukuthanda omunye umuntu ngaphandle kwakhe futhi unolayini oqondile wenkinobho yenuzi kungekho noyedwa omi endleleni yakhe.

7) Siyini iSivumelwano Sokuqala Esisha futhi singena kanjani kukho konke lokhu?

Isivumelwano Esisha Sokuqalisa silinganisela inani lezikhali zenuzi ezisetshenzisiwe saba ngu-1,550 futhi sinciphisa nenani lezimoto zokwethula. Ngenxa yobuchwepheshe, inani lezikhali empeleni liphezulu. Konke okusele ekwakhiweni kwezikhali zenuzi okuthathe amashumi eminyaka ukwakhiwa. Konke lokho kumi endleleni yesiyaluyalu senuzi kanye nomjaho wezikhali omusha ebengikhuluma ngawo nje. Sekuzophelelwa isikhathi ngoFebhuwari 5. Kusukela osukwini lokuqala lukaTrump esesikhundleni, uPutin ubelokhu ezama ukuthi uTrump aselule isikhathi esingenamibandela iminyaka emihlanu njengoba isivumelwano sivuma. UTrump wahlambalaza isivumelwano wasungula nezimo ezingenakwenzeka zokuvuselelwa kwaso. Manje, elangazelela ukunqotshwa kwenqubomgomo yezangaphandle ngosuku olwandulela ukhetho, uzamile ukuxoxisana nokwelulwa kwalo. Kepha uPutin uyenqaba ukwamukela imigomo ephakanyiswa nguTrump noBillingslea, okwenza umuntu azibuze ukuthi uPutin uqine kangakanani ekhoneni likaTrump.

I-8) Ungathanda ukubona abenzi bezinqubomgomo besuka lapha, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamandla amakhulu enuzi?

Okokuqala, badinga ukwelula iSivumelwano SOKUQALA Esisha iminyaka emihlanu, njengoba uBiden ethembisile ukuthi uzokwenza. Okwesibili, badinga ukubuyisela kabusha i-JCPOA (isivumelwano senuzi sase-Iran) neSivumelwano se-INF. Okwesithathu, badinga ukususa zonke izikhali ekuxwayiseni izinwele. Okwesine, badinga ukuqeda wonke ama-ICBM, okuyingxenye esengozini kakhulu yezikhali futhi adinga ukwethulwa ngokushesha uma kutholwa umcibisholo ongenayo njengoba kwenzekile kaningi ukutholakala nje kungama-alamu amanga. Okwesihlanu, badinga ukuguqula umyalo nokulawula ukuqinisekisa ukuthi abanye abaholi abanesibopho kufanele basayine ngaphandle kukamongameli ngaphambi kokuba kusetshenziswe izikhali zenuzi. Okwesithupha, badinga ukunciphisa izinqolobane ezingaphansi komkhawulo wobusika benuzi. Okwesikhombisa, badinga ukujoyina i-TPNW nokuqeda nya izikhali zenuzi. Okwesishiyagalombili, badinga ukuthatha imali abebeyichitha ngezikhali zokubhujiswa bese beyitshala ezindaweni ezizophakamisa ubuntu futhi zenze ngcono izimpilo zabantu. Ngingabanika iziphakamiso eziningi zokuthi bangaqala kuphi uma befuna ukulalela.

UPeter Kuznick unguProfesa weMlando e-American University, nomlobi we Ngaphandle kweLebhubhu: Ososayensi Njengabasebenzi Bombusazwe e-1930s America, umbhali ohlangene no-Akira Kimura  Ukucubungula ama-Atomic Bombings aseHiroshima naseNagasaki: Amaphuzu aseJapan naseMelika, umbhali ohlangene no-Yuki Tanaka Amandla eNyukliya neHiroshima: Iqiniso Ngemuva Kokusetshenziswa Okuthula Kwamandla eNyukliya, kanye no-co-editor noJames Gilbert Ukucubungula imikhosi ye-Cold War. Ku-1995, wasungula iNuclear Studies Institute yase-American University. Ku-2003, uVuznick wahlela iqembu labafundi, abalobi, abaculi, abefundisi, kanye nezishoshovu ukuphikisana nokubukwa kukaSmithsonian kwe-Enola Gay. Yena nomenzi wefilimu u-Oliver Stone wabhala i-12 ingxenye ye-Showtime idokhumenti yochungechunge lwefilimu futhi ibhuku elibili elibiziwe Umlando we-Untold we-United States.