Imibiko ye-Pentagon 250 Izindawo ezintsha zixubene ne-PFAS

Ngo-Pat Elder, ngoMashi 27, 2020

Kusukela Izibopho Zempi

IPentagon manje iyakuvuma lokho Izindawo ezingama-651 zamasosha zingcoliswe yi-per- ne-poly fluoroalkyl vitu, (PFAS), ukwanda ngamaphesenti angama-62 kusuka kuyo ukubalwa kokugcina kwezindawo ezingama-401 ngo-Agasti, 2017.

Bheka ama-DOD  ukungezwa kwakamuva kwezindawo ezingcolisiwe ezingama-250 ihlelwe ngendlela enengqondo ngabangane bethu kwi-Environmental Working Group.

I-PFAS itholakala emanzini okuphuza noma kumanzi angaphansi komhlaba kulezi zindawo ezintsha, yize kungaziwa ngqo amazinga okungcola ngoba i-DOD ayenzanga ukuhlolwa ukuthola amazinga ento ebanga umdlavuza.

Isipiliyoni sezwe kuze kube manje ngalesi sifo sobhubhane se-coronavirus sikhombisile ukubaluleka kokuhlola abantu abathile njengesinyathelo sokuqala ekuqukethe ukusakazwa kwaleli gciwane. Ngokufanayo, ukuhlola yonke imithombo yamanzi okuphuza kamasipala neyangasese yezingcolile ezifana nePFAS kumele kwenziwe ukuze kuqale inqubo yokuvikela impilo yomphakathi. Akwanele ukwazi ukuthi amanzi anobuthi.

Ukuqhubeka kwamasosha ukusetshenziswa kogwebu olwenza ifilimu (i-AFFF) olunamanzi, olwenziwe ngamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene e-PFAS, kudala imithelela emibi kakhulu empilweni yabantu nasemvelweni. UMaureen Sullivan, iPhini Likasekela Nobhala Wezokuvikela Ezemvelo utshele iTara Copp kaMcClatchy kuleli sonto ukuthi “noma iyiphi indawo lapho amanzi okuphuza angcoliswe khona sekukhulunyiwe."USullivan uqhubeke wathi," Njengoba uMnyango Wezokuvikela uqala ukucubungula ukungcoliseka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, uzobheka ukuthi 'liphi iphunga? Ngabe kuhamba kanjani? '”

Lezi zitatimende ziyakhohlisa futhi ziyaphikisana. Amapayipi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba athatha ama-carcinogen ukuya emithonjeni kamasipala neyangasese yokuphuza. I-DOD yehlulekile ukubhekana nezinkinga zomphakathi. Amapulangwe abulalayo angahamba amamayela, kuyilapho i-DOD yehlulekile ukuhlola imithombo yangasese ebangeni elingamamitha ayi-2,000 20 ukusuka ekukhishweni kwePFAS ezisekelweni zaseMaryland futhi ibuyisela imininingwane mayelana nemiphetho ebulalayo eCalifornia. Sekuyiminyaka, amapulangwe e-carcinogenic ahamba aqonde eningizimu mpumalanga eWisconsin National Guard's Truax Field eMadison, kepha i-DOD ibingazihloli imithombo yangasese lapho. Abantu base-Alexandria, eLouisiana, lapho uhlobo olulodwa lwe-PFAS olwaziwa nge-PFHxS lutholakale emanzini angaphansi komhlaba emazingeni angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-XNUMX ppt., Abayitholanga imithombo yabo.

Okwamanje, ososayensi bezempilo yomphakathi baxwayisa ngokufaka ngaphezulu kwe-1 ppt yePFAS nsuku zonke. I-DOD ikhohlisa umphakathi waseMelika futhi umphumela waba usizi nokufa.

Ezweni lonke, abezempi bakhetha ngokukhetha izindawo eziseduze nezisekelo njengezindawo zokufaka imiphakathi yasendaweni, futhi ngokuvamile babika kuphela ezinhlotsheni noma ngaphezulu kwezintathu zezinhlobo zamakhemikhali eziyingozi ze-PFAS.

Cabanga ngamanzi omthombo kaMnu noNkk. Kenneth Culberton, ngaphandle nje kweGeorge Air Force Base eVictorville, eCalifornia. Yize isisekelo savalwa ngo-1992 amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asetshenziswa emithonjeni yangasese esisekelweni asenobuthi futhi kungenzeka abe izinkulungwane zeminyaka - noma ngaphezulu.

Ibhodi Lokulawula Amanzi Lesifunda Lahanton (kune-DOD) ihlole kahle uCulberton ngonyaka owedlule futhi ngathola izingxenye ezingama-859 nge-trillion (ppt) ngayinye yokungcola kwe-PFAS. I-PFOS ne-PFOA zifinyelele ku-83 ppt, kuyilapho ukungcola okufana nokubulala okungekho kwe-PFOS / PFOA kufinyelela ku-776 ppt. Imithombo yangasese ayizange ihlolwe ama-carcinogens abangelwa amasosha esifundeni sonke.

I-Air Force yavala iGeorge Air Force Base ngonyaka ka-1992. Ngokusho kuka-Okthoba, 2005 Umbiko we-George AdBory Advisory Board Adjournment Report, amapayipi amanzi aphansi komhlaba aqukethe izinto ezingcolisayo ayengafudukeli emithonjeni yamanzi okuphuza noma eMfuleni iMojave. "Amanzi okuphuza emphakathini ayaqhubeka nokuphephile ukuthi awasebenzise," ngokusho kombiko wokugcina.

Ngokusobala, yilokhu okwakushiwo yiPhini Likasekela Nobhala Wezokuvikela uSullivan lapho ethi amanzi angcolile “aselungisiwe.”

Abantu emphakathini waseVictorville kungenzeka ukuthi baphuze amanzi anobuthi ezizukulwaneni ezimbili futhi lokhu bekuyinto evamile emiphakathini eseduze nezisekelo kuzwelonke.

Amazinga e-PFAS emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ekufakweni kwamasosha e-14 ezweni lonke angaphezulu kwesigidi esingu-1 ppt, ngenkathi i-EPA ikhiphe "ukwelulekwa" okungaphoqelelwa kwe-70 ppt emanzini okuphuza. Izindawo ezingama-64 zamasosha zazinamazinga we-PFAS emanzini angaphansi komhlaba angaphezu kwe-100,000 ppt.

Idlanzana lezindaba zezinkampani ezibika njalo ngenkulumo-ze ye-DOD's PFAS ngezingcezu ezidlulayo ezihluleka kakhulu ukuhlaziya inkinga yokungcola kwePFAS nganoma iyiphi imininingwane. Kulokhu, izinhlangano zezindaba ezihola phambili ezweni zehlulekile ukubika lolu daba. Umshini wenkulumo-ze we-DOD manje usukhipha imininingwane emisha, ohambisana nezindaba zezindawo ezingama-250 ezingcolisiwe.
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Ubhedu oluphezulu lukhethe usuku uMongameli uTrump athe lumemezele isimo esiphuthumayo kuzwelonke maqondana nomqedazwe we-coronavirus ukukhipha obekulindelwe isikhathi eside Umbiko Wenqubekelaphambili Yomsebenzi ku-Per- ne-Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, (PFAS). Umbiko uthi uqinisekisa "ukuzibophezela kwePentagon kwezempilo nokuphepha kwamalungu ethu ezinsizakalo, imindeni yawo, abasebenzi bezomphakathi be-DoD, kanye nemiphakathi iDoD esebenza kuyo." Irekhodi langempela le-DOD lishoda ngokuzibophezela ngokuzibophezela.

I-Task Force ithi igxile ezinhlosweni ezintathu: ukunciphisa nokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kwegwebu lamanje elenza umbukiso wamabhayisikobho, (i-AFFF); ukuqonda imithelela ye-PFAS empilweni yomuntu; nokufeza isibopho sethu sokuhlanza esihlobene ne-PFAS.
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Ngempela? Ake sibheke ukukhohliswa kwe-DOD.

Igoli # 1 - Ukunciphisa nokuqeda ukusetshenziswa kogwebu lwamanje olwakha ifilimu, (i-AFFF):

I-DOD ikhombise ukunyakaza okuncane okuya "ekunciphiseni nasekuqedeni" ukusetshenziswa kwegwebu lokulwa nomlilo le-carcinogenic. Eqinisweni, bamelane nezingcingo zokushintshela kumagwebu angenayo i-fluorine angenabungozi okusetshenziswa njengamanje emhlabeni wonke. I-DOD ivikela ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezinto ezibanga umdlavuza ngenkathi ithi "iDoD ingomunye wabasebenzisi abaningi be-AFFF, nabanye abasebenzisi abakhulu kubandakanya nezikhumulo zezindiza, imboni kawoyela negesi, kanye neminyango yezomlilo yendawo." Lesi sitatimende sidukisa kakhulu ngenxa yokuhamba kwabantu abaningi kule mikhakha kude nokusetshenziswa kwamagwebu ababulali. Isimo esilawulwa yizinkunzi zamasosha sidla izimpilo zabantu futhi senza umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni.
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Ngaleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwe-foam-free foams (fo3 Fams) kwizicelo zamasosha nezomphakathi kuqhathaniswa nalezo ezifunwa yi-MIL-SPEC (imininingwane yezempi) kuboniswe kaningi esivivinyweni kulo lonke elaseYurophu.

Isibonelo, i-International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) iyalela ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kogwebu lomlilo ngezinhloso zezindiza zezindiza ezisebenzisa izivivinyo zokucima umlilo. Ama-foams ambalwa we-F3 asedlule amazinga aphezulu kakhulu wokuhlolwa kwe-ICAOfuthi manje asetshenziswa kabanzi ezikhumulweni zezindiza emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba wonke ezinjengeDubai, Dortmund, Stuttgart, London Heathrow, iManchester, Copenhagen, ne-Auckland. Izinkampani zomkhakha wangasese ezisebenzisa amagwebu we-F3 zifaka i-BP, i-ExxonMobil, iTotal, iGazprom, kanye nenqwaba yabanye.

I-3F iyabasebenzela. Yini hhayi impi yase-US?

Kuze kube ngu-2018, i-Federal Aviation Administration ibifuna izikhungo zezindiza zezwe ukuba zisebenzise i-carcinogenic AFFF. Ngaleso sikhathi, iCongress yagcina yenze isenzo sokuvumela izindiza zezindiza ukuthi zisebenzise amachwane we-F3 anobuhlobo bemvelo. Cishe ngokushesha, kusho izifundazwe eziyisishiyagalombili ukwethula umthetho wokulawula amagwebu amadala abanga umdlavuza, kanti nabanye bayalandela. I-DOD ayilandisi yonke le ndaba futhi ukuphikelela kwayo ekusebenziseni la ma-carcinogens kufana nokuziphatha kobugebengu.

Igoli # 2 - Ukuqonda imithelela ye-PFAS empilweni yomuntu:

I-DOD ikhuluma umdlalo omuhle. Ngisho nesihloko seGoli # 2 sidukisa umphakathi. Uhulumeni wobumbano, izikhungo zemfundo, nososayensi emhlabeni wonke bakhe umkhakha omkhulu wolwazi ngemiphumela yezempilo ye-PFAS.

I-PFAS ifaka isandla kumdlavuza wamasende, wesibindi, webele, nowezinso, yize i-DOD ingalokothi ikhulume ngegama elithi "C". Ososayensi bazi kancane ngala makhemikhali. Isibonelo, enye yamakhemikhali we-6,000+ PFAS avame ukutholakala emanzini angaphansi komhlaba nasemanzini angaphezulu eduze kwezisekelo ezweni lonke, i-PFHxS, (ekhonjiswe ngenhla emanzini aseCulberton ku-540 ppt.) intambo yegazi futhi idluliselwa kumbungu ngezinga elikhudlwana kunalokho okubikwe i-PFOS, i-carcinogen ejwayelekile ehlotshaniswa namagwebu okucisha umlilo e-DOD. Ukuvezwa ngaphambi kokubeletha kwe-PFHxS kuhlotshaniswa nokuvela kwezifo ezithathelwanayo (njenge-ottis media, inyumoniya, igciwane le-RS kanye ne-varicella) empilweni yokuqala.

Njengoba umphakathi uqala ukufunda kabanzi ngemiphumela emibi yempilo yalezi zimakhemikhali kanye nolwazi mayelana namazinga okungcoliswa ezisekelweni nasemiphakathini eyizungezile evuzayo, umbutho wezempi uphoqeleka ukuba ubambe imihlangano yomphakathi ukubhekana nokukhathazeka okwandayo, njengalowo obanjelwe umtapo wolwazi ongaphandle kwesango elikhulu lePatuxent River Naval Air Station eLexington Park, eMaryland ngoMashi 3, 2020.

Hlola lesi sitatimende, esithathwe ebhodini lemininingwane elivezwe yiNavy eMaryland. "Okwamanje, ososayensi basafunda ukuthi ukuvezwa yi-PFAS kungayithinta kanjani impilo yabantu."  Inani lobuso, isitatimende siyiqiniso; noma kunjalo, kushiya abantu becabanga ukuthi ukungcola kwePFAS kuyinkinga entsha nokuthi kungenzeka kungabi kubi kangako. Empeleni, i-DOD iyazi ngobungozi balezi zinto cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane.

I-DOD ayengakwenza ugqugquzele umphakathi ukuthi uhlole uhlobo oluyingozi lwamakhemikhali e-PFAS ahlukahlukene ngokuhola abantu ukuthi bahlole iNational Library of Medicine ye-NIH I-Pub Chem injini yokusesha, kepha ayenzi. Lo mthombo omangalisayo, okusamele uvalwe ukuphathwa kukaTrump, uchaza ubuthi babantu obudalwa yizinkulungwane zamakhemikhali ayingozi, amaningi asetshenziswa njalo ngamasosha futhi namanje awathathwa njengezinto ezinobungozi yi-EPA, ngakho-ke, hhayi kulawulwa ngaphansi komthetho weSuperfund. Noma yini iyahamba.
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezedlule, i-Trump Administration idonse ipulaki kwizinsizakusebenza ezimbili ezibalulekile: iToxnet neToxmap. Lawa mathuluzi avumela umphakathi ukuthi useshe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokungcola kwezempi nezimboni, kufaka phakathi i-PFAS. Impungushe ephethe indlu yezinkukhu ngenkathi i-DOD isebenza emphakathini ongafundile.

Abangane bethu e-Earthparice nakwisikhwama sezokuvikela imvelo usanda kukhipha uphenyo oluhlangene kukhombisa ukuthi i-EPA kaTrump yephula kanjani njalo umthetho weToxic Substances Control Act olawula ukwenziwa, ukusetshenziswa nokusatshalaliswa kwamakhemikhali abulalayo, kufaka phakathi iPFAS. UTrump ube yinhlekelele kuma-akhawunti amaningi, kepha ifa lakhe elihlala njalo lizoshintshwa i-DNA, ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa, ukungabi nenzalo neCancer.

Iphaneli elingenhla libuye lithi, "Olunye ucwaningo lwesayensi lukhombisa ukuthi i-PFAS ethile ingathinta amasistimu athile emzimbeni." Lesi sitatimende sidala ukungabaza emqondweni womphakathi ngoba sishiya kuvuleke ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ezinye izinto zePFAS zingabi zimbi kangako ngenkathi ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisa ukuthi zonke izinto zePFAS zingaba nobungozi. I-DOD ilandela ukuhola kwe-EPA neCongress kulokhu. Esikhundleni sokuvimbela ngokushesha wonke amakhemikhali e-PFAS futhi avumele ukusetshenziswa kwe-PFAS eyodwa eyodwa uma kubhekwa ukuthi ayinabungozi, i-EPA neCongress ziyaqhubeka nokuvumela ukwanda kwala ma-carcinogens ngenkathi becabanga ukuthi bazozihlola ngamunye ngamunye .

Igoli # 3 - Ukufeza umthwalo wethu wokuhlanza ohlobene ne-PFAS.

Akukho okungaba kude neqiniso ngoba i-DOD ayemukeli umthwalo wayo ngokuziphatha kwayo kobugebengu. I-Air Force ibilokhu ifuna enkantolo ezinkantolo ukuthi "Ukuvikelwa kombuso wobumbano" ikuvumela ukuthi inganaki noma imiphi imithethonqubo yombuso ephathelene nokungcola kwePFAS. I-DOD yeTrump Administration itshela abantu baseMelika ukuthi inelungelo lokufaka ubuthi kuyilapho umphakathi ungenzanga lutho ngakho.

Ngasikhathi sinye, ezempi zisika futhi zinamathisele kusuka kulimi olune-boilerset kanye nentuthuko, nokuqinisekisa ukuthi abaSebenzi beDoD bayakhuluma futhi baxhumana ngePFAS endabeni engaguquki, evulekile necacile. ”

Lokhu kudoti futhi sekuyisikhathi sokuthi umphakathi waseMelika uvuke unuke ubuthi.

Ukube i-DOD ibizimisele ngempela ngokuhlanza iPFAS, bebezohlola amanzi ezweni lonke, kufaka phakathi amanzi esiphepho namanzi angcolile ageleza evela kumasayithi angcolisiwe ezisekelweni.

I-DOD iyaqonda ukuthi i-PFAS evela ekufakweni kwamasosha ingcolise amasistimu okuhambisa amanzi ezikhukhula kanye nama-biosolids wamanzi angcolile kanye nodaka. Lokhu kukhishwa okujwayelekile kumelela indlela eyinhloko yokungeniswa komuntu ngoba amanzi anobuthi angcolisa amanzi angaphezulu kanye nempilo yasolwandle edliwa ngabantu, kanti indle yendle isatshalaliswa emasimini asepulazini akhulisa izitshalo ukuze zisetshenziswe ngabantu. Ama-oysters, izinkalankala, izinhlanzi, ama-strawberry, i-asparagus, no-anyanisi zifakwe ushevu - ukusho izinto ezimbalwa esizidlayo.

Esikhundleni sokusebenzisana ne-EPA ukusungula amazinga aphezulu angcolisayo kule mithombo yezindaba, i-DOD's Task Force imane nje ifune ukulandela umkhondo wezidingo ezahlukahlukene zePFAS ezimvumelweni zokukhipha amanzi esiphepho. Amasosha athi azohlola ukuthi uzothuthukisa umhlahlandlela maqondana nezindlela zokulahlwa kwabezindaba eziqukethe i-PFAS ukuphatha konke ukukhishwa okuqukethe i-PFAS; nokuphatha ama-biosolid wamanzi angcolile kanye nodaka oluqukethe i-PFAS. Abahluleki ukubhekana nokushiswa kwenqwaba yezinsalela zePFAS.

Bayenqaba ukulungisa inkinga yezempilo yomphakathi eyabangelwa.

Yize cishe kune-600 PFAS kwezentengiselwano, okwamanje zintathu kuphela - i-PFOS, i-PFOA, ne-PFBS - ezisungule amanani obuthi asetshenziswa yi-DoD ukunquma ukuthi ukuhlanza kuyadingeka yini. Eminye iyimidlalo efanelekile, futhi eminingi isivele isemzimbeni wakho, idala ukulimala.