By Pat Elder, Agasti 26, 2020
IPentagon iqondisa ukunaka komphakathi emanzini njengomthombo oyinhloko wokungcola kwePFAS kubantu.
Indlela yokuqala yokuvezwa kwe-PFAS ngokusebenzisa ukudla, ikakhulukazi ukudla kwasolwandle.
Umbutho wezempi ubambe iqhaza emkhankasweni wokukhombisa umphakathi ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwePFAS okubangelwe yizisekelo zamasosha emhlabeni wonke kuyahlanzwa futhi kuvikela impilo yomphakathi ngokuhambisana nezeluleko zezempilo ze-EPA zezingxenye ezingama-70 trillion ngokuphuza amanzi. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, zombili izimangalo zingamanga.
I-DOD iyayazi indlela yokuqala yokuvezwa ku-PFAS kungukudla, ikakhulukazi ukudla kwasolwandle okuvela ezingxenyeni zamanzi ezingcolile, yize leli qiniso liphathwa njengolwazi oluhlukanisiwe. I-European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) ilinganisela ukuthi "Izinhlanzi nokunye ukudla kwasolwandle" kufinyelela kuma-86% okuchayeka ekudleni kwePFAS kubantu abadala. "
Kumele kunakwe kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwenqubomgomo ngokuya ngesayensi esiyaziyo. Ukuvezwa kwe-PFAS kusuka kumikhiqizo yasendlini kungasuswa ngokushesha ngokuguqula ukukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali kwalokhu okudlekayo. Ukuqeda ukuvezwa okubangelwa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba angcoliswe kakhulu, imifula, ulwandle, kanye namaketanga okudla olwandle anobuthi kuzothatha isikhathi eside kakhulu, okucishe kufane nengxenye yempilo yenuzi kaphethiloli osetshenzisiwe osetshenziswayo. Ingxenye yempi iyekisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo.
Ithebula lapha linikeza izilinganiso ezimbalwa zeminikelo yokuthola konke ukudalulwa kwe-PFAS kubantu abadala. Ukuphuza ama-akhawunti amanzi cishe acishe abe ngu-15% ukuvezwa kwe-PFAS kubantu abadala kuyilapho i-yokudla i-66%.
Amasampula ayi-17 wokudalulwa kwe-PFAS yabantu abadala aboniswe ngenhla aphakamisa ukuthi ukungcola okuvela ekudleni kungenzeka izikhathi ezingama-4.3 kunokungcola okuphuma emanzini kampompi. Lokho kungalingani kungenzeka ukwanda njengoba amasistimu wamanzi kamasipala ezweni lonke ashesha ukufaka amasistimu wokuhlunga ukuze anciphise amazinga e-PFAS ngenkathi izifundazwe ziyaqhubeka nokubeka amazinga angcolisayo okuphezulu okuphuza amanzi engxenyeni ye-70 ye-EPA. Iseluleko sempilo yonke.
I-European Food Safety Authority Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinhlanzi nokunye ukudla kwasolwandle kubusa ukuvezwa kwabantu abadala kwi-PFOS, uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu lwamakhemikhali e-PFAS. Kwabadala, i-EFSA ithi imikhiqizo yenyama nenyama ifinyelela ku-52% wokuvezwa kwe-PFOS, kuyilapho amaqanda nemikhiqizo yamaqanda ibalelwa kuma-42% okuvezwa kwezinsana.
Akumangazi. Amanzi angaphezulu ezweni lonke angcoliswe yizindawo zamasosha nezimboni ezisebenzisa futhi zilahle inani elikhulu lezinto. Izinkambu zezolimo zingcoliswe yi-PFAS egcwele indle sludge namanzi aniselwa ngenkasa kufakwe ubuthi. Izilwane nabantu badla izitshalo ezingcolile.
Abantu abaphuza emithonjeni eseduze nokufakwa kwamasosha behlukile komthetho ojwayelekile, noma kunjalo. Abaningi kungenzeka badalulwe ukungcola kwePFAS emanzini okuphuza ezinkulungwaneni zezingxenye ngetriliyoni, kuyilapho amasosha engakahlolisisi kahle imithombo yangasese eduzane nokufakwa ezweni lonke. Izifundazwe eziningi, ngaphandle kokumbalwa, azikhohlwa.
Ezinye izindawo ezifana I-Orange County, CA ulinganise lokho kuzo kubiza ngaphezulu kwe- $ 1 Bhiliyoni ukuphatha noma ukufaka eminye imithombo yayo kamasipala engcoliswe yi-PFAS, iningi layo elidalwa yimisebenzi yamasosha. Le ndlela eya ekuvikeleni impilo yabantu ekuqothulweni yilawa makhemikhali iyabiza, kepha ayisebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa nezindleko zokuvikela impilo ekudleni okunobuthi bePFAS.
Cabanga ngomthelela omubi womnotho ezinkulungwaneni zemiphakathi ezweni lonke kanye nezimboni ezikhulayo zokuhweba nezokungcebeleka. Cabanga ukuvala IGulf of Mexico ukulima ama-oyster noma ukudoba amalungelo ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu obuthi noma ukuqinisa izinhlanzi Izeluleko Zezinhlanzi eNew Jerseyobekungavimba ngokuphelele ukudla izinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezibanjelwe esifundazweni.
Gxila emanzini okuphuza
Emhlanganweni omkhulu weCongress, i-DOD ishicilele umbiko ngoMashi, 2018, Ekhuluma nePerfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) nePerfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). Lo mbiko ubheke kakhulu emiphumeleni yokuphuza amanzi nokuhlolwa kwamanzi komhlaba ezisekelweni zamasosha ezweni lonke. Inikeza ukukhulunywa kafushane kwezinhlanzi ezingcolisiwe eduze kwesizinda semikhosi yomoya eMichigan.
Imininingwane eku-Wurtsmuth AFB eMichigan ikhombisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ku-810,000 ppt. ye-PFOS / PFOA. (Izisekelo eziningi zazinamazinga aphezulu.) Asazi amanani nezinye Amakhemikhali e-PFAS akhona emanzini. I-Air Force ibike ukuthi, "Kufakwe uhlelo lokwelashwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ukunciphisa ukudonswa kwePFOS / PFOA kuClark's Marsh, kunciphisa ukuqoqwa kwezicubu zenhlanzi ngokuya ngezidingo zoMbuso."
Kuzwakala kukuhle.
Kamuva ku-2018, abalawuli bezemvelo bezwe bafuna ukuthi i-Air Force ithobele umthetho okhawulela iPFAS ukungena emizimbeni yamanzi angaphezulu. Izikhulu ze-Air Force zikuphikisile lokho "Ukungazetheki kobukhosi" - umbono wokuthi uhulumeni wumbuso awukwazi ukumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yawo - ubakhulula emthethweni.
I-oyster eChesapeake Bay eMaryland eduze komgodi oshile wePatuxent River Naval Air Station kwatholakala ukuthi iqukethe i-1,100,000 ppt ye-PFOS ngo-2002. I-Smallmouth Bass ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ayikhulu esifundazweni esifanayo eduze kwezikhungo eziningi zamasosha ikhombise i-PFOS engu-574,000. . Kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-PFAS, i-PFOS yaziwa ngokuqoqa ngokushesha izinhlanzi.
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Ukuhlinzeka ngamanzi okuphuza ngaphansi kweseluleko se-EPA sika-70 ingxenye ye-trillion (ppt) kusavumela abantu ukuthi basebenzise amazinga anobuthi obuthi, kubhekwa ukuthi izikhulu eziphezulu zezempilo zomphakathi zithi i-1 ppt emanzini okuphuza kungenzeka ibe yingozi. Isidlo sakusihlwa esisodwa sokudla kwasolwandle singabika ngokufakwa kokugxila okuphezulu kwe-PFAS kunamanzi okuphuza aqukethe i-70 ppt yamakhemikhali impilo yonke.
Sesha iPFAS ngaphansi kwewebhusayithi ye-DOD ongayithola I-Per- nePolyfluoroalkyl Izinto (PFAS) 101
Amasosha abeka lo mbuzo, "Ngabe IDD Iphendula Kanjani Ekukhululweni kwePFAS?"
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Impendulo yabo igxile ngokuphelele ekulungiseni amanzi okuphuza. Bathi, "Yize Ukwelulekwa Kwezempilo kwe-EPA kuyisiqondiso futhi kungeyona indinganiso yokuphuza ephoqelelwayo, iDoD ibhekana ngqo namanzi okuphuza athintwe ukukhishwa kweDoD." Benza kubonakale sengathi bahlangabezana “namazinga” amanzi okuphuza ngenxa yobuhle bezinhliziyo zabo.
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I-PFAS 101 iyaqhubeka, "Okusemqoka kwi-DoD ukubhekana ngokushesha ne-PFOS ne-PFOA emanzini okuphuza avela emisebenzini ye-DoD ngaphansi komthetho wokuhlanzwa kombuso .." Ngokudabukisayo, i-DOD ingcolise amanzi okuphuza ngamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene anobuthi we-PFAS, hhayi iPFOS ne-PFOA kuphela ezifakwe ngamanye amakhemikhali anobuthi e-PFAS ezintanjeni zokucisha umlilo. I-DOD ithi, “Okwamanje akekho umuntu ophuza amanzi ngaphezu kwezinga lezeluleko ngezeMpilo, ngaphakathi noma ngaphandle, lapho iDoD ingumthombo owaziwayo.” Asinabo ubufakazi bokuphikisana nesimangalo sabo. I-DOD ifake izinhlelo eziningi zokuhlunga amanzi okuphuza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kokufaka ukuletha amazinga e-PFOS / PFOA ngaphansi komkhawulo we-70 ppt. Le mpumelelo ijwayele ukukhishwa ekukhishweni kwabezindaba, kepha abasitsheli yonke indaba. Cishe batshela kuphela i-15% yayo. Futhi ababheki ukuthi ingaqukatha kanjani i-PFAS ethathwe ku-granular activated carbon (GAC) noma ezinye izinhlelo zokuhlunga.
Abahlinzeki abahle, abahlinzeka ngosizo lwamanzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle basusa amanani aphezulu ePFOS nePFOA emanzini okuphuza, kodwa-ke? Abakwazi ukuyishisa, abakwazi ukuyingcwaba, futhi abakwazi ukumboza ngayo amasimu epulazi. Izinto aziyeki ukubulala futhi basazisebenzisa.
I-DOD's PFAS 101 isingeniso esidabukisayo kule nkinga yezempilo yomphakathi ecindezelayo.
I-DOD nalowo obambisana naye, i-EPA, ivumele umphakathi ukuthi uchithe amakhemikhali amaningi e- “non-PFOS / PFOA” e-PFAS lapho ephuza khona amanzi ngenkathi enqaba ukukhuluma nenhlanzi kanye nemifino kanye nama-oysters nenyama namaqanda nakho konke okunye abantu abakudlayo okungangcoliswa yiPFAS.
ICongress yabelana ngecala lokulungiswa okuphela kwamanzi okuphuza. Ku-2017 iKomidi Lezinsizakalo Zendlu lacela ukwaziswa ngesivivinyo i-DOD eyayenze ezinhlelweni zamanzi ezinamazinga e-PFOS / PFOA atholwe ngaphezulu kwe-70 ppt. futhi yacela imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba. Isicelo siholele embikweni we-2018 DOD okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla. ICongress yehlulekile ukukhipha inetha elibanzi ngokufuna i-DOD ukuthi ibike ngokungcoliswa kwamanzi angaphezulu kanye nokungcola okuhambisana nakho kwempilo yasolwandle, njll. ICongress isalile ngokuqinile ukuphoqa i-EPA ukuthi ithathe izinyathelo zokuvikela impilo yomphakathi waseMelika ekungcoleni kwePFAS . Kungubufakazi bethonya lendawo yokwamukela izivakashi ngamakhemikhali.
Ngo-1962, uRachel Carson waxwayisa ubuntu ngengozi ebangelwa amakhemikhali ezimboni. Ubhale ukuthi, "Uma sizophila ngokusondelana nalawa makhemikhali ... ukuwangenisa kanye emthanjeni wamathambo ethu - kungcono sazi okuthile ngemvelo namandla awo."
Namuhla, sazi okuthile ngemvelo yabo namandla abo, kepha asinayo intando yezepolitiki yokuthatha isinyathelo ngokudabukisayo.
Izimpendulo ze-2
Okuthile ongakudlulisela kunoma ngubani ozama ukwelapha lawo makhemikhali:
Lesi sithako sokwenza izimonyo singabhubhisa ama-99% 'wamakhemikhali angunaphakade'
https://grist.org/climate/this-makeup-ingredient-could-destroy-99-of-forever-chemicals/?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=beacon
Luphi uhlu lwezindawo okungafanele sidle ukudla kuzo? Akunandaba ngoba ukudla kwethu akunamalebula abakubonile lokho eminyakeni embalwa edlule ngemuva kokuthi sichithe unomphela amalebuli bawachitha ubusuku bonke. Angikhumbuli kahle ukuthi kanjani noma ngani kepha kungenzeka ukuthi bekungaphezu kwama-GMOs ukuqabula ukufa kepha ngokusobala ukuthi ngama-PFO.
Lezi zihlobene neTeflon elungile? Kungani amasosha eqhubeka nokuzisebenzisa lokho kimi kungabonakala ngathi kwephula isifungo sabo sokuvikela wonke umuntu ezitheni zakwamanye amazwe naseDOMESTIC.