Izifundo Zokuthula

NguDavid Swanson

Ngisanda kufunda okungaba isingeniso esihle kakhulu kwizifundo zokuthula engake ngazibona. Kuyabizwa Izifundo Zokuthula, futhi iyincwadi entsha kaTimothy Braatz. Akusheshi ngokweqile noma kuhamba kancane, kungafihli noma kuyisicefe. Akuhlisi umfundi kude nobushoshovu bokuzindla kanye "nokuthula kwangaphakathi," kepha kuqala futhi kugcine ukugxila kubushoshovu kanye namasu asebenzayo wokushintsha kwezinguquko emhlabeni esikalini esidingekayo. Njengoba kungenzeka uhlangana, ngifunde ezinye izincwadi ezifanayo engibe nezikhalazo ezinkulu ngazo.

Akungabazeki ukuthi kunezinye eziningi, izincwadi ezifanayo engingazifundanga, futhi ngokungangabazeki eziningi zazo zihlanganisa imiqondo eyisisekelo yodlame oluqondile, olwakhiwe, nolwamasiko nokungabi nodlame. Akungabazeki ukuthi abaningi babo babukeza umlando wekhulu lama-20 lokwehliswa okungenabudlova kwabashiqela. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukunyuswa kwamalungelo omphakathi wase-US kuyisihloko esivamile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwababhali base-US. Incwadi kaBraatz ihlanganisa le ndawo nezinye ezijwayeleke kakhulu angikaze ngilingeke ukuyibeka phansi. Unikeza ezinye izimpendulo ezinhle kakhulu ezitholakala emibuzweni ejwayelekile evela esikweni elibusayo lempi, futhi: “Ungamdubula umuntu oshayayo osangene ukuze asindise ugogo wakho?” “Kuthiwani ngoHitler?”

IBraatz yethula imiqondo eyisisekelo ngokucaca kwe-crystal, bese iqhubeka nokuyikhanyisa ngengxoxo yempi yaseLittle Bighorn ngombono wokuthula. Incwadi kufanele izuzwe ngalokhu kuphela, noma ngengxoxo enokuqonda okufanayo ngokusetshenziswa kukaJohn Brown ngamasu angenabudlova ngokuhambisana nokusebenzisa kwakhe udlame. UBrown usungule iphrojekthi eyakhayo, umphakathi obambisanayo wezinhlanga ezingezona izinzalamizi. UBrown wayephethe ngokuthi ukufa kwamadoda amhlophe kuphela okwakungavusa abaseNyakatho ebubini bobugqila, ngaphambi kokwehluleka kwakhe ukubaleka isikebhe sikaHarper. Funda iBraatz ngezimpande zeBrown's Quaker ngaphambi kokucabanga ukuthi uyakuqonda ubunzima bakhe.

Isifinyezo seBraatz esithi “Kodwa kuthiwani ngoHitler?” umbuzo ungahle uhambe into enjengale. Ngenkathi uHitler eqala ukudina abantu baseJalimane abagula ngengqondo, amazwi ambalwa avelele aphakanyiswa aphikisayo aholela ekumisweni kwalolo hlelo, olwaziwa nge-T4. Lapho iningi labantu baseJalimane lingajabule ngokuhlaselwa kweCrystal Night kumaJuda, lawo maqhinga ashiywa. Ngenkathi amakhosikazi angewona amaJuda amadoda angamaJuda eqala ukukhombisa eBerlin efuna ukukhululwa, futhi nabanye bangenela imibhikisho, lawo madoda kanye nezingane zawo akhululwa. Yini okungenzeka ukuthi umkhankaso omkhulu wokulwa nokungabi nodlame ohleliwe ungcono? Akuzange kuzanywe, kepha akunzima ukukucabanga. Isiteleka esivamile sase siguqule umbuso waseJalimane ngo-1920. Ubudlova baseJalimane base buqedile ukuhlaselwa kwabantu baseFrance esifundeni saseRuhr ngawo-1920, futhi ukungabi nodlame kamuva kwakuzosusa umashiqela onesihluku emandleni eMpumalanga Jalimane ngo-1989. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungabi nodlame kwabonakala ngokulinganisela iphumelele ngokumelene namaNazi eDenmark naseNorway ngokuhlela okuncane, ukuxhumanisa, amasu, noma isiyalo. EFinland, eDenmark, e-Italy, ikakhulukazi eBulgaria, nakwezinye izindawo, abantu abangewona amaJuda bamelana ngempumelelo nemiyalo yamaJalimane yokubulala amaJuda. Futhi kuthiwani uma amaJuda aseJalimane ayebuqonda ubungozi futhi amelana ngokungenabudlova, ukuphatha ngomlingo ukusebenzisa amasu athuthukisiwe futhi aqondakala emashumini eminyaka alandela, futhi amaNazi aseqale ukuwabulala emigwaqweni yomphakathi hhayi emakamu akude? Ngabe izigidi ngabe zazisindisiwe ngokusabela komphakathi jikelele? Asikwazi ngoba akuzange kuzanywe.

Ngingangeza, ngombono ohambisanayo: Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngemuva kwePearl Harbour, ehholo le-Union Methodist Church eManhattan, unobhala omkhulu we-War Resisters League u-Abraham Kaufman wathi i-United States kwakudingeka ixoxisane noHitler. Kulabo ababephikisana nokuthi awukwazi ukuxoxisana noHitler, wabachazela ukuthi ama-Allies asevele axoxisana noHitler mayelana neziboshwa zempi kanye nokuthunyelwa kokudla eGrisi. Eminyakeni ezayo, izishoshovu zokuthula zazingaphikisana ngokuthi ukuxoxisana ngokuthula ngaphandle kokulahleka noma ukunqoba kusazosindisa amaJuda futhi kusindise umhlaba ezimpini ezazizolandela ezamanje. Isiphakamiso sabo asizange sizanywe, izigidi zafa emakamu amaNazi, futhi izimpi ezalandela leyo azikapheli.

Kodwa inkolelo yokuthi ukungavinjelwa kwempi kungapheli. Umuntu angaqonda kalula, njengoba uBraatz ephawula, ukuziphatha okuhlakaniphile kuma-1920 naku-1930s kwakuyogwema iMpi Yezwe II.

Umlando kaBraatz wezenzo ezingemuva zempi yangemva kweMpi Yomhlaba Yesibili wenziwe kahle, kufaka phakathi nokuhlaziya kwakhe ukuthi ukuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi kuvumele kanjani impumelelo ePhilippines nasePoland ukuvusa umkhuba izimpumelelo zangaphambili ezazingazange zibe nawo. Ngicabanga ukuthi ukuxoxwa kukaGene Sharp nokuguqulwa kombala kungazuza ekucabangeni okubucayi kwendima eyadlalwa nguhulumeni wase-US - into eyenziwe kahle I-Ukraine: I-Grand Chessboard kaZbig nokuthi iNtshonalanga Yayihlolwa Kanjani. Kodwa ngemuva kokuqala ukubhala izinyathelo ezimbalwa eziphumelelayo, uBraatz kamuva uhamba azungeze ukuze afanele lelo libula. Eqinisweni, uhlambalaza kakhulu impumelelo engapheliyo njengoba engalungile ukulungisa ubudlova nezakhiwo zamasiko, okwenza ushintsho lwangempela ngabaholi abachitha phansi.

Ubuye akugxeke kakhulu ukunyakaza kwamalungelo omphakathi ase-US, hhayi ngomqondo wokuzidla wobuntwana wokubukela phansi noma yibaphi ababambiqhaza, kepha njengecebo lokufuna amathuba alahlekile nezifundo eziya phambili. Amathuba alahlekile, ucabanga ukuthi afaka iMashi eWashington kanye nezikhathi ezimbalwa ezahlukahlukene emkhankasweni weSelma, kufaka phakathi nesikhathi lapho iNkosi iphenduka imashi yazungeza ibhuloho.

Le ncwadi ingenza uchungechunge olubi kakhulu lwezingxoxo esifundweni samathuba okuthula. Njengenkambo enjalo, noma kunjalo, ngicabanga ukuthi ayinakho - njengoba cishe sonke isiyalo semfundo yezifundo zokuthula singekho - ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kwenkinga yezimpi zaseMelika zekhulu lamashumi amabili nanye kanye nempi yezwe - lapho lo mshini wempi ongakaze ubonwe khona, okuyiqhubayo , nokuthi ungahlehlisa kanjani. UBraatz, nokho, unikeza umbono iningi lethu elalinawo ngaleso sikhathi futhi abanye (njengoKathy Kelly) benza okuthile: Kuthiwani uma kuholela ekuhlaselweni kwe-Iraq ngo-2003 ibutho elikhulu lokuthula okubandakanya abantu abadumile abavela eNtshonalanga kanye umhlaba wonke wayenze indlela yawo eya eBaghdad njengezihlangu zomuntu?

Singasebenzisa lokho manje e-Afghanistan, e-Iraq, eSiriya, ePakistan, e-Yemen, eSomalia, e-Ukraine, e-Iran nasezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene ze-Afrika nase-Asia. I-Libya ezintathu Eminyakeni emine eyedlule kwakungethuba lokuthola isenzo esinjalo. Ingabe umshini wezempi uzobe ungcono, unesixwayiso esanele? Ingabe siyobe silungele ukubhekana nayo?