Imfundo Yokuthula Nesenzo Somthelela: Ibheke Kumodeli Yokwakha Ukuthula Kwamazwe Ngamazwe, Okuholwa Intsha, kanye Nokwakha Ukuthula Kwamasiko Ahlukahlukene

NguPhill Gittins, I-University College eLondon, Agasti 1, 2022

World BEYOND War abalingani ne Iqembu le-Rotary Action for Peace ukuhlola uhlelo olukhulu lokwakha ukuthula

Isidingo sokwakha ukuthula kwamazwe ngamazwe, okuholwa yintsha, namasiko ahlukene

Ukuthula okuzinzile kuncike emandleni ethu okubambisana ngempumelelo ezizukulwaneni zonke namasiko.

Okokuqala, ayikho indlela esebenzayo yokuthula okusimeme engafaki imibono yazo zonke izizukulwane. Naphezu kwesivumelwano esijwayelekile emkhakheni wokwakha ukuthula lokho umsebenzi wobambiswano phakathi kwezizukulwane ezahlukene zabantu ubalulekile, amasu ezizukulwane ngezizukulwane kanye nokusebenzisana akuyona ingxenye ebalulekile yemisebenzi eminingi yokwakha ukuthula. Lokhu akumangazi, mhlawumbe, uma kubhekwa ukuthi kunezici eziningi ezinciphisa ukubambisana, ngokujwayelekile, kanye nokusebenzisana kwezizukulwane, ikakhulukazi. Thatha ngokwesibonelo imfundo. Izikole eziningi namanyuvesi asabeka phambili izinto ezifunwa umuntu ngamunye, ezivuna ukuncintisana futhi zibukela phansi amathuba okubambisana. Ngokufanayo, izinqubo ezijwayelekile zokwakha ukuthula zincike endleleni eya phezulu, ebeka phambili ukudluliselwa kolwazi esikhundleni sokukhiqiza ulwazi oluhlanganyelwe noma ukushintshana. Lokhu kuphinde kube nomthelela ezinkambisweni zezizukulwane, ngoba imizamo yokwakha ukuthula ivamise ukwenziwa 'ngo-', 'for',' noma 'mayelana' nabantu bendawo noma imiphakathi kunokuthi 'nabo' noma 'ngabo' (bona, Gittins, 2019).

Okwesibili, nakuba zonke izizukulwane zidingeka ukuze kuthuthukiswe amathemba okuthuthukiswa okusimeme okunokuthula, icala lingenziwa ukuze kuqondiswe ukunaka okwengeziwe nomzamo ezizukulwaneni ezincane kanye nemizamo eholwa yintsha. Esikhathini lapho kunentsha eningi emhlabeni kunangaphambili, kunzima ukweqisa indima ebalulekile (engayenza futhi engayenza) ekusebenzeleni izwe elingcono. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi intshisekelo endimeni yentsha ekwakheni ukuthula iyanda emhlabeni wonke, njengoba kuboniswa yi-Ajenda Yomhlaba wonke Yentsha, Ukuthula, Nokuphepha, izinhlaka ezintsha zenqubomgomo yamazwe ngamazwe, nezinhlelo zokusebenza zikazwelonke, kanye nokwanda okuqhubekayo kwezinhlelo kanye nezifundiswa. umsebenzi (bona, Gittins, 2020, Berens & Prelis, 2022). Izindaba ezimbi ukuthi abantu abasha basamelwe ngaphansi kwenqubomgomo yokwakha ukuthula, umkhuba, kanye nocwaningo.

Okwesithathu, ukubambisana phakathi kwamasiko kubalulekile, ngoba siphila ezweni eliya ngokuya lixhumene nelincikene. Ngakho-ke, ikhono lokuxhuma kuwo wonke amasiko libaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Lokhu kuveza ithuba lenkundla yokwakha ukuthula, njengoba kutholwe ukuthi umsebenzi ohlanganisa amasiko unomthelela ekwakhiweni kwemibono engemihle ( stereotypes )Hofstede, 2001), ukuxazululwa kwengxabano (Huntingdon, 1993), kanye nokutshala ubudlelwano obuphelele (UBrantmeier no-Brantmeier, 2020). Izazi eziningi - kusuka I-Lederach kuya I-Austesserre, nezandulela emsebenzini we Curle futhi Galtung - khomba ukubaluleka kokubandakanya amasiko ahlukene.

Kafushane, ukuthula okusimeme kuncike emandleni ethu okusebenza ngezizukulwane nangokwedlulele namasiko, nokudala amathuba emizamo eholwa yintsha. Ukubaluleka kwalezi zindlela ezintathu kuye kwaqashelwa kuzo zombili izinkulumo-mpikiswano zenqubomgomo kanye nezemfundo. Kukhona, nokho, ukuntula ukuqonda mayelana nokuthi ukwakhiwa kokuthula okuholwa yintsha, izizukulwane ngezizukulwane/ kwamasiko ahlukene kubukeka kanjani ekusebenzeni - futhi ikakhulukazi ukuthi kubukeka kanjani ngezinga elikhulu, enkathini yedijithali, ngesikhathi se-COVID.

I-Peace Education and Action for Impact (PEAI)

Lezi ngezinye zezinto eziholele ekuthuthukisweni kwe Ukufundiswa Kwezokuthula Nezenzo Zomthelela (PEAI) – uhlelo oluhlukile olwakhelwe ukuxhuma nokweseka abakhi bokuthula abasebasha (18-30) emhlabeni jikelele. Umgomo wayo uwukwenza imodeli entsha yokwakha ukuthula yekhulunyaka lama-21 - ebuyekeza imibono yethu nemikhuba yokuthi kusho ukuthini ukwenza ukuthula okuholwa yintsha, izizukulwane ngezizukulwane, kanye namasiko ahlukahlukene. Inhloso yawo ukufaka isandla oguqukweni lomuntu siqu nelomphakathi ngemfundo nangesenzo.

Isisekelo somsebenzi yizinqubo nezinqubo ezilandelayo:

• Imfundo nesenzo. I-PEAI iqondiswa ukugxila okukabili kwezemfundo nesenzo, emkhakheni lapho kunesidingo sokuvala igebe phakathi kokufundwa kokuthula njengesihloko kanye nomkhuba wokwakha ukuthula njengomkhuba (bona, Gittins, 2019).
• Ukugxila emizamweni yokusekela ukuthula ne-anti-war. I-PEAI ithatha indlela ebanzi yokuthula - ehlanganisa, kodwa ethatha okungaphezu kokungabikho kwempi. Kusekelwe ekwazisweni ukuthi ukuthula akukwazi ukuhlangana nempi, ngakho-ke ukuthula kudinga kokubili ukuthula okungekuhle nokuhle (bheka, World BEYOND War).
• Indlela ephelele. I-PEAI ihlinzeka ngenselelo ekwakhiweni okujwayelekile kwemfundo yokuthula encike ezindleleni zokufunda eziphusile ngaphandle kwezindlela ezihlanganisiwe, ezithinta imizwa, kanye nolwazi (bona, UCremin et al., 2018).
• Isenzo esiholwa yintsha. Imvamisa, umsebenzi wokuthula wenziwa 'phezu' noma 'mayelana' nentsha hhayi 'nge' noma 'kanye' nayo (bheka, Gittins et., 2021). I-PEAI inikeza indlela yokushintsha lokhu.
• Umsebenzi wezizukulwane. I-PEAI iletha amaqoqo ezizwe ngezizwe ukuze ahlanganyele ku-praksis ehlanganyelwe. Lokhu kungasiza ekubhekaneni nokungathembani okuqhubekayo emsebenzini wokuthula phakathi kwentsha nabantu abadala (bona, Simpson, 2018, I-Altiok & Grizelj, 2019).
• Ukufunda ngamasiko ahlukene. Amazwe anezimo ezihlukahlukene zezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, ezomnotho, nezemvelo (okuhlanganisa ukuthula okuhlukahlukene nemizila yezingxabano) angafunda lukhulu komunye nomunye. I-PEAI yenza lokhu kufunda kwenzeke.
• Ukucabanga kabusha nokuguqula amandla aguquguqukayo. I-PEAI inaka kakhulu ukuthi izinqubo 'zamandla phezu', 'amandla ngaphakathi', 'amandla okuba', 'namandla nge' (bona, U-VeneKlasen noMiller, ngo-2007) ukudlala emizamweni yokwakha ukuthula.
• Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bedijithali. I-PEAI inikeza ukufinyelela kunkundla yokusebenzisana esiza ukwenza lula ukuxhumana kwe-inthanethi futhi isekele ukufunda, ukwabelana, nezinqubo zokudala ngokubambisana phakathi naphakathi kwezizukulwane namasiko ahlukene.

Uhlelo luhlelwe ngalokho u-Gittins (2021) akuvezayo njengokuthi 'ukwazi, ukuba, kanye nokwenza ukuthula'. Ifuna ukulinganisa ukuqina kobuhlakani nokuzibandakanya kobudlelwano kanye nolwazi olusekelwe ekusebenzeni. Uhlelo luthatha indlela enezinhlangothi ezimbili yokwenza ushintsho - imfundo yokuthula nokuthula - futhi ilethwa ngendlela ehlanganisiwe, enomthelela omkhulu, ngefomethi emasontweni e-14, ngamaviki ayisithupha emfundo yokuthula, amaviki angu-8 wokuthula, kanye nokugxila kwentuthuko kulo lonke.

Implemenukudwebaiyunithi ye-PEUmshayeli wendiza we-AI

Ngo 2021, World BEYOND War ihlanganyele ne-Rotary Action Group for Peace ukwethula uhlelo lokuqala lwe-PEAI. Kungokokuqala ngqa ukuthi intsha nemiphakathi emazweni ayi-12 kuwo wonke amazwekazi amane (iCameroon, Canada, Colombia, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, Serbia, South Sudan, Turkey, Ukraine, USA, kanye neVenezuela) ihlanganiswe ndawonye isinyathelo, ukuzibandakanya ohlelweni lokuthuthukisa lokwakha ukuthula phakathi kwezizukulwane namasiko ahlukene.

I-PEAI iqondiswe imodeli yobuholi obambisene, eyaholela ekuhlelweni okuklanywe, kwasetshenziswa, futhi kwahlaziywa ngochungechunge lokusebenzisana komhlaba wonke. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:

• I-Rotary Action Group for Peace imenywe ngu World BEYOND War ukuba nguzakwethu wamasu kulolu hlelo. Lokhu kwenzelwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-Rotary, abanye ababambiqhaza, kanye ne-WBW; lula ukwabelana kwamandla; futhi sisebenzise ubuchwepheshe, izinsiza, namanethiwekhi awo womabili amabhizinisi.
• I-Global Team (GT), ebihlanganisa abantu abavela World BEYOND War kanye ne-Rotary Action Group for Peace. Kwakuyindima yabo ukufaka isandla ebuholini bemicabango, ukuphatha uhlelo, kanye nokuziphendulela. I-GT yayihlangana masonto onke, phakathi nonyaka, ukuze ihlanganise umshayeli.
• Izinhlangano/amaqembu ashumekwe endaweni emazweni ayi-12. 'Ithimba Lephrojekthi Yezwe' (CPT) ngalinye, elihlanganisa abaxhumanisi ababili, abeluleki abangu-2, kanye nentsha eyi-2 (10-18). I-CPT ngayinye yayihlangana njalo kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya kuDisemba 30.
• 'Ithimba Locwaningo', elihlanganisa abantu abavela eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, Columbia University, Young Peacebuilders, kanye World BEYOND War. Leli thimba lihole umshayeli wocwaningo. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa nezinqubo zokuqapha nokuhlola ukuze kubonwe futhi kudluliselwe ukubaluleka komsebenzi kubabukeli abahlukene.

Imisebenzi nemithelela ekhiqizwe kuhlolo lwe-PEAI

Nakuba isethulo esinemininingwane yemisebenzi yokwakha ukuthula nemithelela evela kumshayeli wendiza ingakwazi ukufakwa lapha ngenxa yezizathu zendawo, lokhu okulandelayo kunikeza amazwibela okubaluleka kwalo msebenzi, kubabambiqhaza abahlukene. Lokhu kubandakanya okulandelayo:

1) Umthelela kubantu abasha nakubantu abadala emazweni ayi-12

I-PEAI ihlomule ngokuqondile intsha elinganiselwa ku-120 kanye nabantu abadala abangama-40 abasebenza nabo, emazweni ayi-12 ahlukene. Abahlanganyeli babike uhla lwezinzuzo ezihlanganisa:

• Ulwazi olwandisiwe namakhono ahlobene nokwakha ukuthula nokusimama.
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwamakhono obuholi kuyasiza ekuthuthukiseni ukusebenzelana komuntu siqu nobungcweti nawe, abanye kanye nomhlaba.
• Ukuqonda okwengeziwe ngeqhaza labantu abasha ekwakheni ukuthula.
• Ukwazisa okukhulu kwempi kanye nesikhungo sempi njengesithiyo sokufinyelela ukuthula nentuthuko esimeme.
• Isipiliyoni ngezindawo zokufunda ezihlanganayo nezihlukene zamasiko nezinqubo, kokubili mathupha kanye naku-inthanethi.
• Ukwenyuswa kwamakhono okuhlela kanye nobushoshovu ikakhulukazi maqondana nokwenza kanye nokuxhumana namaphrojekthi aholwa yintsha, asekelwa abantu abadala, kanye nahlangene nomphakathi.
• Ukuthuthukiswa nokugcinwa kwamanethiwekhi nobudlelwano.

Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi:

• U-74% wabahlanganyeli kuhlelo ukholelwa ukuthi ukuzizwisa kwe-PEAI kube negalelo ekuthuthukisweni kwabo njengomakhi wokuthula.
• Ama-91% athi manje anamandla okuthonya ushintsho oluhle.
• Ama-91% azizwa eqiniseka ngokuzibandakanya emsebenzini wokwakha ukuthula phakathi kwezizukulwane.
• Ama-89% azibheka njengabanolwazi emizamweni yokuhlanganisa amasiko okudala ukuthula

2) Umthelela ezinhlanganweni nemiphakathi emazweni ayi-12

I-PEAI ihlomise, yaxhuma, yafundisa, futhi yabasekela ababambiqhaza ukuze benze amaphrojekthi okuthula angaphezu kwe-15 emazweni ahlukene ayi-12. Lawa maphrojekthi asenhliziyweni yalokho 'umsebenzi omuhle wokuthula' imayelana, "ukucabanga izindlela zethu ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zesenzo futhi senze indlela yethu ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokucabanga" (Bing, ngo-1989: 49).

3) Umthelela wemfundo yokuthula nomphakathi owakha ukuthula

Umbono wohlelo lwe-PEAI bekuwukuhlanganisa amaqoqo ezizukulwane ngezizukulwane ndawonye emhlabeni wonke, nokubabandakanya ekufundeni ngokubambisana kanye nesenzo sokuthula nokusimama. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo kanye nemodeli ye-PEAI, kanye nokutholwe kuphrojekthi yokuhlola, kwabiwe engxoxweni namalungu avela emfundweni yokuthula nomphakathi wokwakha ukuthula kusetshenziswa izethulo ezihlukahlukene eziku-inthanethi nezabantu mathupha. Lokhu kwakuhlanganisa umcimbi wokuphela kwephrojekthi/umgubho, lapho abantu abasha babelane khona, ngamazwi abo, ulwazi lwabo lwe-PEAI kanye nomthelela wamaphrojekthi abo okuthula. Lo msebenzi uzokwaziswa futhi ngezindatshana ezimbili zamajenali, ezisacutshungulwa njengamanje, ukukhombisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-PEAI, kanye nemodeli yalo, lunamandla okuthonya ukucabanga nezinqubo ezintsha.

Yini elandelayo?

Umshayeli wendiza wango-2021 unikeza isibonelo somhlaba wangempela salokho okungenzeka mayelana nokwakhiwa kokuthula okuholwa yintsha, izizukulwane ezihlukene/amasiko ahlukene ngezinga elikhulu. Lo mshayeli wokuhlola akabonwa njengendawo yokugcina, kodwa kunalokho njengesiqalo esisha - isisekelo esiqinile, esisekelwe ebufakazini, isisekelo sokwakhela phezu kwaso kanye nethuba (kabusha) lokucabanga izikhombisi-ndlela ezingaba khona zesikhathi esizayo.

Kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka, World BEYOND War ubesebenza ngokuzikhandla ne-Rotary Action Group for Peace, kanye nabanye, ukuhlola intuthuko engenzeka yesikhathi esizayo - okuhlanganisa isu leminyaka eminingi elifuna ukuthatha inselele enzima yokukala ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuthintana nezidingo phansi. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiliphi isu elamukelwayo - ukusebenzisana kwezizukulwane ngezizukulwane, okuholwa yintsha, kanye namasiko ahlukene kuzoba yinhliziyo yalo msebenzi.

Umlando Wombhali:

UPhill Gittins, PhD, unguMqondisi Wezemfundo we World BEYOND War. Uphinde a I-Rotary Peace Fellow, KAICIID Umngane, kanye ne-Positive Peace Activator ye Isikhungo soMnotho noxolo. Unobuholi beminyaka engama-20, ukuhlela, kanye nesipiliyoni sokuhlaziya emikhakheni yokuthula nokungqubuzana, imfundo nokuqeqeshwa, intsha nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi, kanye nokwelulekwa nokwelashwa kwengqondo. UPhill ungafinyelelwa ku-: phill@worldbeyondwar.org. Thola okwengeziwe mayelana nohlelo lwe-Peace Education and Action for Impact lapha: ku https://worldbeyondwar.org/action-for-impact/