Ngesikhathi sokuhlala isikhathi eside, njenge-big hamba ngenxa yesimo sezulu, nokuhlobene okuhlukahlukene izenzakalo, zihlelwe futhi zizungezile Usuku Lomhlaba Wonke Wokuthula, URandall Amster usanda kushicilela incwadi ebalulekile ebizwa ngokuthi Ukuthula Ecology.
Leli bhuloho lencwadi lihlukanisa lokho kakhulu okudingeka ukuthi kuboshwe phakathi kokulwela ukuthula kanye nezifundiswa zokuthula, naphakathi kokukhuthaza ukuthula kanye nemvelo. Lokhu, empeleni, yincwadi yokuthula yabezemvelo ejulile kanye nencwadi yezemvelo yabameli bokuthula abajulile.
Imvamisa, ngicabanga ukuthi, izishoshovu zokuthula zibonakala ezifundweni zokuthula njengengazi lutho, eyokufunda, esebenzayo, futhi engeyinhle ngomqondo wokuthi "ulwe nokuthile kunokuba utholele okuthile."
Izifundiswa zokuthula, ngiyesaba, imvamisa zibonakala njengesishoshovu sokuthula zingenandaba nokuqeda izimpi, zingazi ngobubi bezimpi, zingathandwa yinkampani yezimboni yezempi njengezimbangela zezimpi, futhi zikhathazeke kakhulu ngobuhle babantu ababhekene neze nesihlava sempi. Yisifundo sezepolitiki esingajwayelekile kwesinye isikhathi esingabonwa ngempi ephikisayo noma sibhale ukuphakama komzabalazo ongenabudlova, kanti izifundiswa zezifundo zokuthula zingabameli bezemvelo kanye nentando yeningi abathi - ngokungafani nabanye abezemvelo kanye nentando yeningi - babone umgwaqo omkhulu ovimbe leyo mpi izipho ze-ajenda yabo. Noma kunjalo kubonakala kulesishoshovu, esesha ize ukuthola noma iyiphi impikiswano enkulu yezifundo enikeza impi nenkulumo-ze yempi ukugxekwa okuphelele abakufanele ngokucebile.
Ummeli wezemvelo, okwamanje, njengamelwa amaqembu amakhulu okulima kwemvelo kanye nalabo abakhulumela abantu, kubonakala sengathi isishoshovu sokuthula njengomuntu owedlule noma umlweli wempi, umuntu ofuna ukugcina umhlaba ngenkathi ehlabelela esikhungweni esakha umonakalo omkhulu kunazo zonke.
Umshicileli wokuthula, uma ebonwa ngumuntu ohlala endaweni ethile, kufanele avele esiceleni sodenge, umpangi, noma u-Vladimir-Putin-lover.
I-Amster iyimfundo yokuthula nemvelo ngokuthambekela okuqinile ekusebenzeni. Izingxenye zencwadi yakhe zazingabhalwa ngummeli othanda ukulwa nempi, kodwa iningi lalo lingeke libe khona. Lokho i-Amster esilandelayo yi-worldview ngaphakathi lapho sigwema khona izingozi zombili impi nokubhujiswa kwemvelo, kubandakanya ngokuqaphela ukuxhumana kwabo.
Abameli bempi babezotshela labo abathuthukisa izingadi zomphakathi ezihlangene kanye nomnotho wezipho kanye nezindawo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo, namanye amaphrojekthi u-Amster abhala ngawo, ukuthi "amabutho ethu anesibindi" ahlinzeka indawo ephephile yokuphishekela okunethezeka okunjalo. U-Amster, ngicabanga, angatshela abameli bezempi ukuthi iphrojekthi yabo empeleni iyasinciphisa ngokushesha leso sikhala, ukuthi le mizamo "yokunethezeka" empeleni iyadingeka ukuze kuphile, nokuthi ukuyiqonda kudinga isimo sengqondo esiphikisana nempi njengengavunyelwe inhlekelele.
“Lokhu kungabonakala kuyiphupho,” kubhala u-Amster ngamathemba omphakathi ozinikele ekuthuleni, kodwa ake ucabange ukuthi kunjena nje ukuqhubeka nenkambo yethu yanamuhla nethemba lesiphetho esijabulisayo.
U-Amster uthi i New York Times ikubheka “njengokuhlakanipha okwamukelekayo” abasekela ukuvikela isimo sezulu okufanele bakhuthaze umqondo wokuthi ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kusongela “ukuphepha kwezwe.” Umqondo ngukuthi izinhlekelele nokusweleka okubangelwa yisimo sezulu kudala izimpi. Yize u-Amster engasho kanjalo, lona ngumbono ovezwe nguBill McKibben, umgqugquzeli ovelele wemashi ezayo. Uma inhlangano yakhe, i-350.org, ingaphikisana nesikhathi ngasinye lapho uMongameli u-Obama ethumela amanye amasosha angama-350 e-Iraq, kuzoqala ukuthatha umthengi omkhulu kawoyela esinaye: umbutho wezempi. Isenzo esinjalo besingakaze sibonakale kunoma iyiphi inhlangano enkulu yezemvelo yase-US.
Vele, empeleni izinhlekelele ziholela ezimpini kuphela lapho umphakathi ukhetha ukubhekana nazo ngezimpi, futhi inala yezinsizakusebenza iholele ezimpini kaningi njengokushoda. Ukusimama kanye nokulingana, u-Amster uthi, kungakhuthaza uzinzo, kanti ukuxhashazwa okungapheli kanye nokungalingani kusho ukungazinzi kanye nempi engahle ibe khona. Ngabe kufanele sisebenze ukunciphisa izinga lokushintsha kwesimo sezulu noma ukunciphisa ukuhlupheka kwalo ngokuzivumelanisa nalo? U-Amster uveza ukuthi imikhuba efanayo ingahle ikwenze kokubili. Enye engakwazi, noma kunjalo, yimpi ebhebhethekisa inkinga ngenkathi empeleni yehluleka ukuzivumelanisa nayo.
U-Ian Morris usanda kushicilela ubuwula obuphawulekayo ibhuku ukuphikisana nokufaneleka kwempi. Kuyo wabiza uThomas Hobbes njengeqhawe lokuthula owayeqonda indlela yokuthula yokuqamba amanga ngezimpi zombuso wamakhosi kanye nokuzimela kukahulumeni ngodlame. I-Amster inikeza ukwenqaba okunempilo, iveze ukuthi empeleni ohulumeni “abaphucukile” babheka imiphakathi enodlame kakhulu eye yenza ukuncintisana okunesihluku kwaba okujwayelekile ngokukucabanga ukuthi akunakugwemeka futhi kuziphuphuthekisa ekufanelekeni kwamanye amasiko. I-Amster isiholela ekubeni senqabe imicabango eyisisekelo kaHobbes.
U-Amster wenza okufanayo nakuGarrett Hardin's Inhlekelele ye-Commons. Ukube abantu bangempela babeyizicucu zemidlalo yezibalo eziqhutshwa kuphela ukuhaha kwabantu kanye nokubala, ukukhula kwabantu nokuchuma kufanele kuholele enhlekeleleni. Kepha njengoba abantu bekhombisa ukuphana nobungane kaningi njengokuhaha okungenamkhawulo nobugovu, kuvela ukuthi akusikho ukuba khona kwemiphakathi evulekile eholela enhlekeleleni kepha ukwenziwa ngasese nokuvalelwa kwamakhosi - noma, kunalokho, ukulahlwa kwempilo Amakhomishana, lokho kuholela ngokungenakuvinjelwa ezinkingeni.
Yini esinayo kwesokunxele esingaphethwe njengama-commons? U-Amster ukhombisa umoya, amanzi, amapaki, imigwaqo, imitapo yolwazi, i-airwaves, i-intanethi, izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezihlukahlukene, ukuthutha, i-Antarctica, isofthiwe evulekile, isikhala sangaphandle, nokunye okunye. Futhi unikeza izibonelo zabantu abaziphatha ngendlela efanele.
Ngabe abantu abathuthukisa izindlela zokuphila ezinempilo bafunda ukuthi ukuqhunyiswa kwamabhomu akuyona impendulo ewusizo ekunqandeni umphimbo yi-ISIS? Mhlawumbe akunjalo. Kepha kunenye indlela yokubona ukuxhumana. Ukulawulwa kwamafutha ezimbiwa kuyisisusa esikhulu sezimpi, futhi izimpi zingumthengi omkhulu wamafutha ezimbiwa phansi. Empeleni kwakuyisifiso sokuphemba ibutho lasolwandle laseBrithani elaqala ukudala ukuthanda kweNtshonalanga ngamafutha aseMpumalanga Ephakathi. Kepha umphakathi ozinikele ekuthuleni ubungeke ufune ukondla umbutho wezempi wasemanzini noma ukulwa izimpi ukuze uphembele umkhumbi. Umphakathi ozinikele ekuthuleni uzobe uthuthukisa amandla aluhlaza nezindlela zokuphila eziluhlaza.
Inhlangano yezemvelo efuna izigidi zabahlanganyeli abazinikele izofuna umphakathi ozinikele ukuthula. Inzuzo eseceleni kungaba ukukhululwa kwe- $ 2 trillion ngonyaka emhlabeni jikelele, $ 1 trillion e-United States, ebikade isetshenziselwa ukulungiselela impi kepha manje ingasetshenziselwa ukuqeda masinyane konke ukuzenzisa kokuthi amandla aluhlaza awakwazi ukwenza izimangaliso.
Uma uhlala endaweni engakhanyisiwe kakhulu ebusuku, unga - ngokumane uzulazule ngemuva kokumnyama - uthole umqondo wendawo ezakhiwe ngabantu eguqulwe ngokuphelele yimvelo. Ubumnyama bumboza konke. Futhi engxenyeni yomhlaba engihlala kuyo, umsindo wezinambuzane ubusa ngokuphelele ebumnyameni.
Uma uhlala endaweni ekhombise ukungathandeki kangako ekusetshenzisweni okungeyona "eyinhlekelele" kunangaphambili, ungathola umuzwa wokuthi umhlaba ongewona womuntu uzokwenzani endalweni yabantu uma isintu sithatha ikhefu laso. Imigwaqo nezakhiwo kuzonyamalala nakanjani njengama-dinosaurs. Imfucumfucu yenuzi kuphela ekugcineni ezohlala njengobufakazi bokuthi izinhlobo zethu zikhona.
Ngaphandle kokuthi sishintshe.
"Ukonga imvelo" kungahle kungabi isiqubulo sethu esihle, kuphakamisa u-Amster. Okuningi ephuzwini kungaba ukuthi "Gcina abantu."
