By Isikhungo seZero seGround for Action Nonviolent Action, Januwari 5, 2020
Izishoshovu zokuthula ze-Puget Sound, ngaphambi kokuqala kweSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa KweNuclear, banxuse izisebenzi zeNavy e-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor: Yenqaba imiyalo engekho emthethweni; Yenqaba ukudubula imicibisholo yenuzi.
NgeSonto, January 3rd, isikhangiso esigcwele ikhasi sashicilelwa ephephandabeni i-Kitsap Sun, sikhuluma namasosha e-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor. Lesi sikhangiso siyisicelo kubasebenzi beNavy ukuthi bamelane nemiyalo yokwethula izikhali zenuzi. Isikhalazo esinamasiginesha asekelayo sithi okuthunyelwe kuwebhusayithi yethu.
Isikhalazo kubasebenzi baseNavy sicela ukuthi amalungu amasosha -
Melana nemiyalelo engekho emthethweni.
Yenqaba ukubulala izakhamuzi ezingenacala.
Yenqaba umyalo wokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi.
Ukuba seduze kwethu nenani elikhulu lezikhali zenuzi ezisetshenziswayo kusibeka eduze nosongo oluyingozi lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe.
Lapho izakhamuzi ziqaphela indima yazo ekucabangeni kwempi yenuzi, noma engcupheni yengozi yenuzi, le ndaba ayisenandaba. Ukuba seduze kwethu ne-Bangor kudinga impendulo ejulile.
Mayelana nokudluliswa kwesicelo kubasebenzi beNavy, izishoshovu zokuthula aziceli ukuthi amasosha ashiye inkonzo, kodwa esikhundleni salokho ukuthi asebenze ngokuhlonipha nangokuhambisana nemithetho. Ikhodi Elinganayo Yobulungiswa Bezempi (UCMJ) kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ilungu leGround Zero u-Elizabeth Murray uthe, "Izishoshovu zokuthula esifundeni sasePuget Sound zikhulume nomphakathi wethu ngokumelene nezikhali zenuzi ezisekelweni kusukela 1970s. Sifunde ukuthi sihlanganyela ukukhathazeka okufanayo namalungu amabutho ahlomile—ukukhathazeka ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi kungaholela ekubhujisweni kwabantu abangenacala neplanethi yethu ngendlela engenakucatshangwa.”
Izinqumo zamazwe ngamazwe ziye zanquma ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenuzi akukho emthethweni, kuhlanganise nezinqumo e International iNkantolo Wezobulungiswa ngo-1996; the 1948 Isimemezelo Somhlaba Wonke Samalungelo Abantu; the 1949 Geneva Convention; futhi i 1977 Geneva Convention protocol.
Inhlangano Yezizwe ISivumelwano Sokuvimbela Izikhali Zase-Nuclear (TPNW) izoqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngoJanuwari 22nd manje njengoba izizwe ezingaphezu kuka-50 zisayinile futhi zagunyaza. I-TPNW ivimbela amazwe agunyaze iSivumelwano "ekuthuthukiseni, ekuhloleni, ekukhiqizeni, ekukhiqizeni, ekutholeni, ekuphatheni, nasekugcineni izikhali zenuzi noma ezinye iziqhumane zenuzi." Banqatshelwe ukudlulisa noma ukwamukela izikhali zenuzi neziqhumane zenuzi, okusho ukuthi ngeke bavumele izikhali zenuzi ukuthi zimiswe noma zisetshenziswe emazweni abo. Amazwe aphinde anqatshelwe ukusebenzisa noma ukusabisa ngokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi nezinye iziqhumane zenuzi. Okubaluleke kakhulu, i-Article XII yeSivumelwano idinga ukuthi ohulumeni abagunyaze isivumelwano bacindezele amazwe angaphandle kweSivumelwano ukuthi asisayine futhi basiqinisekise. I-United States, nanoma yiziphi ezinye izizwe ezihlomile ngezikhali zenuzi, azikakasayini i-TPNW.
The Ikhodi Elinganayo Yobulungiswa Bezempi (UCMJ) ikwenza kucace ukuthi abasebenzi bezempi banesibopho kanye nomsebenzi wokuthobela imiyalelo esemthethweni kuphela futhi banesibopho ephula imiyalo engekho emthethweni, okuhlanganisa imiyalo kamongameli engahambisani ne-UCMJ. Isibopho sokuziphatha nezomthetho sikuMthethosisekelo wase-US hhayi kulabo abangase bakhiphe imiyalo engekho emthethweni, ikakhulukazi uma leyo miyalo yephula ngokuqondile uMthethosisekelo kanye ne-UCMJ.
I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor iyisizinda esikhulu kunazo zonke sezikhali zenuzi ezisetshenzisiwe e-US Izikhali zenuzi zisatshalaliswa e-Trident Imicibisholo engu-D-5 on Amasosha angaphansi komhlaba we-SSBN futhi zigcinwa ngaphansi komhlaba indawo yokugcina izikhali zenuzi kwisisekelo.
Kunemigwaqo engaphansi eyisishiyagalombili yeTrident SSBN esetshenziswe kuyo Bangor. Imigwaqo eyisithupha eyisithupha yeStanger ye-SSBN isetshenziswa ogwini lwase-East Coast eKing Bay Bay, Georgia.
Umkhumbi-ngwenya owodwa we-Trident uphethe amandla acekela phansi amabhomu e-Hiroshima angaphezu kwe-1,200 (ibhomu lase-Hiroshima lalingama-kiloton angu-15) noma amandla abhubhisayo amabhomu e-900 Nagasaki (20 kilotons.)
Umkhumbi-ngwenya ngamunye weTrident ekuqaleni wawuhlonyiselwe imicibisholo engama-24 eTrident. Ngo-2015-2017 amashubhu omcibisholo amane akhutshazwa kulolwasemanzini ngalunye ngenxa Yesivumelwano Esisha SOKUQALA. Njengamanje, i-Trident submarine ngayinye ithumela ngemicibisholo engu-20 D-5 kanye nemicibisholo yempi yenuzi engaba ngu-90 (isilinganiso samakhanda empi angama-4-5 ngomcibisholo ngamunye). Ama-warheads angaba yi-W76-1 90-kiloton noma i-W88 455-kiloton warheads.
I-Navy ekuqaleni kuka-2020 yaqala ukuthumela entsha I-W76-2 i-warhead yesivuno esiphansi (cishe amakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili) kumicibisholo ekhethiwe yemikhumbi-ngwenya e-Bangor (kulandela ukuthunyelwa kokuqala e-Atlantic ngoDisemba 2019). Ikhanda lempi lathunyelwa ukuvimbela ukusetshenziswa kokuqala kwezikhali zenuzi zaseRussia, okuyingozi ukudala i umkhawulo ophansi ukusetshenziswa kwezikhali zamandla zenuzi zase-US.
Noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwe izikhali zenuzi ngokumelene nomunye umbuso wezikhali zenuzi kungenzeka uvuse impendulo ngezikhali zenuzi, kubangele ukufa okukhulu nokubhujiswa. Ngaphandle kwe- imiphumela eqondile kubaphikisi, ukuwa okunemisebe ehambisanayo kuzothinta abantu bakwezinye izizwe. Imithelela yabantu kanye nezomnotho emhlabeni wonke ibizodlula kude ukucabanga, kanye nemiyalo yobukhulu engaphezu kwemiphumela yesifo se-coronavirus.
UHans M. Kristensen umthombo wochwepheshe walesitatimende, “I-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor… enenqwaba yezikhali zenuzi ezisetshenziswe e-US” (Bheka imithombo yomthombo ekhonjiwe lapha futhi laphaUMnu. Kristensen ungumqondisi we Iphrojekthi yolwazi lweNyukliya ngesikhathi I-Federation of American Scientists lapho anikezela khona umphakathi ngokuhlaziya nemininingwane engemuva ngesimo semikhosi yenuzi kanye neqhaza lezikhali zenuzi.
Isibopho somphakathi nezikhali zenuzi
Ukuba seduze kwethu nenani elikhulu kakhulu lezikhali zenuzi ezisetshenzisiwe kusibeka eduze kosongo oluyingozi lwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Lapho izakhamizi ziqaphela indima yazo ethembeni lempi yenuzi, noma ingozi yengozi yenuzi, udaba aluseyona into engekho. Ukusondela kwethu eBangor kudinga impendulo ejulile.
Izakhamuzi ezibusa ngentando yeningi nazo zinezibopho—okuhlanganisa ukukhetha abaholi bethu nokuhlala zazi ngohulumeni wethu okwenzayo. Isizinda sangaphansi kwamanzi e-Bangor singamamayela angu-20 ukusuka edolobheni lase-Seattle, nokho iphesenti elincane kuphela lezakhamizi esifundeni sethu elaziyo ukuthi i-Naval Base Kitsap-Bangor ikhona.
Izakhamizi zaseWashington State zihlala zikhetha izikhulu zikahulumeni ezisekela izikhali zenuzi eWashington State. Ngawo-1970, uSenator uHenry Jackson waqinisekisa iPentagon ukuthi ithole isikebhe sangaphansi kolwandle iTrident kuHood Canal, kuyilapho uSenator uWarren Magnuson ethola uxhaso lwemigwaqo neminye imithelela ebangelwe yisisekelo seTrident. Umkhumbi-ngwenya weTrident okuwukuphela kwawo ozoqanjwa ngegama lomuntu (futhi owake waba yiSenator Yethu YaseWashington State) yi- USS UHenry M. Jackson(SSBN-730), ikhaya lifakwe eNaval Base Kitsap-Bangor.
Ngo-2012, iWashington State yasungula i I-Washington Military Alliance (WMA), ephakanyiswe kakhulu yibo bobabili uGrigre Giregoire no-Inslee. I-WMA, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, nezinye izinhlaka zikahulumeni zisebenza ukuqinisa iqhaza le Uhulumeni waseWashington njenge "…Ipulatifomu Yokubona Amandla (Strategic Ports, Rail, Roads, and Airports) [nomoya] ohambisanayo, umhlaba, nezingxenye zasolwandle ukufeza lokhu kuthunyelwa. ” Futhi bona "amandla kagesi. "
INaval Base Kitsap-Bangor kanye nohlelo lwangaphansi kolwandle iTrident kuye kwavela selokhu umkhumbi wamanzi wokuqala weTrident wafika ngo-Agasti 1982. isisekelo sithuthukisiwe emcibisholo ocitshwayo we-D-5 omkhulu kakhulu onekhanda elikhulu le-W88 (455 kiloton), ngokwenziwa kwesimanjemanje kwezinhlelo zokuqondisa nemicibisholo yokulawula. I-Navy isanda kuthumela encane I-W76-2 "Isivuno esiphansi" noma isikhali se-nyukleyitha (cishe amakhilogremu ayisishiyagalombili) kwimicibisholo ekhethiwe engaphansi komkhumbi e-Bangor, okwenza ingozi ephansi yokusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi.
Izingqinamba
* I-US ichitha imali ethe xaxa izikhali zenuzi izinhlelo kunangesikhathi sokuphakama kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi.
* Okwamanje i-US ihlela ukusebenzisa imali ecatshangelwe $ 1.7 isigidintathu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 yokwakha kabusha izikhungo zezwe zenuzi nokwakha izikhali zenuzi zesimanje.
* I-New York Times ibike ukuthi i-US, Russia kanye China baphishekela ngesihluku isizukulwane esisha sezikhali zenuzi ezincane nezingacekeli phansi. Ama-buildups asabisa ukuvuselela a Umjaho wezingalo ezibandayo futhi ungamisi ukulingana kwamandla phakathi kwezizwe.
* I-US Navy ithi I-SSBN imikhumbi-ngwenya egadayo ihlinzeka i-US “ngamandla ayo angasinda futhi ahlala njalo esiteleka senuzi.” Kodwa-ke, ama-SSBN asechwebeni nasezihlokweni zezikhali zenuzi agcinwe e-SWFPAC cishe ayimpokophelo yokuqala empini yenuzi. Google izithombe kusuka ngo-2018 kukhombisa ama-subtrami amathathu e-SSBN emgodini wamanzi waseHood Canal.
* Kuvele ingozi ebandakanya izikhali zenuzi November 2003 lapho iladi lingena ku-nuclear nosecone ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwemicibisholo emisiwe e-Explosives Handling Wharf e-Bangor. Yonke imisebenzi yokubamba imicibisholo e-SWFPAC yayekwa amasonto ayisishiyagalolunye kuze kube yilapho u-Bangor enikezwa isitifiketi kabusha sokuphatha izikhali zenuzi. Abaphathi abathathu abaphezulu badutshulwa, kepha umphakathi awuzange waziswe kuze kube yilapho imininingwane isithola kwabezindaba ngoMashi 2004.
* Izimpendulo zomphakathi ezivela kwizikhulu zikahulumeni ezenzakalelayo ngengozi yemicibisholo ka-2003 ngokuvamile zazisesimweni se Ukumangala futhiukudumala.
* Ngenxa yezinhlelo zesimanje eziqhubekayo nezinhlelo zokulungisa izimpi eziseBangor, izimpi zenuzi zithunyelwa njalo ngamaloli angamakiwe phakathi koMnyango Wezamandla i-Pantex Plant ngase-Amarillo, eTexas naseBangor base. Ngokungafani neNavy eBangor, i- DOE ikhuthaza ngenkuthalo ukulungiswa kwezimo eziphuthumayo.
Izikhali zenuzi nokumelana
Ngawo-1970 nawo-1980, izinkulungwane zabonisa ukulwa nezikhali zenuzi endaweni yaseBangor futhi amakhulu baboshwa. Seattle UMbhishobhi Hunthausen umemezele isizinda sangaphansi kolwandle i-Bangor ngokuthi “I-Auschwitz ye-Puget Sound " futhi ngo-1982 waqala ukubamba ingxenye yezintela zakhe zikahulumeni ephikisa “ukuqhubeka kwesizwe sethu sibambe iqhaza emjahweni wokubamba izikhali zenuzi.”
NgoMeyi 27, 2016, UMongameli Obama wakhuluma eHiroshima futhi wanxusa ukuba kuqedwe izikhali zenuzi. Uthe amandla enuzi “...kumele abe nesibindi sokubalekela umqondo wokwesaba, futhi aphishekele izwe elingenabo. " U-Obama wengeza, "Kumele siguqule indlela esicabanga ngayo ngempi ngokwayo.”
Mayelana ne-Ground Zero Center
I-Ground Zero Center for Nonviolent Action yasungulwa ngo-1977. Lesi sikhungo sikumahektha angu-3.8 axhumene nesizinda sangaphansi kolwandle i-Trident e-Bangor, e-Washington. I-Ground Zero Center for Nonviolent Action inikeza ithuba lokuhlola izimpande zobudlova nokungabi nabulungisa emhlabeni wethu kanye nokuzwa amandla othando aguqulayo ngesenzo esiqondile esingenalo ubudlova. Simelana nazo zonke izikhali zenuzi, ikakhulukazi i-Trident ballistic missile system.
Imisebenzi ezayo ye-Ground Zero:
- I-Ground Zero Centre Yesenzo Esingenalo Udlame kanye World Beyond War bayakhokha ukuze bakhiphe amabhodi amane e-Seattle ngoJanuwari ememezela ukuqala kokusebenza kweSivumelwano Sokuvinjelwa Kwezikhali Zenuzi (TPNW) futhi sikhumbuza izakhamuzi ngamabutho angaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba e-Trident ballistic azinze endaweni eseduze yase-Kitsap County.
- I-Ground Zero izoshicilela izimemezelo ezimbili ezengeziwe ze-Paid Public Service ephephandabeni i-The Kitsap Sun - ngoJanuwari 15th ngokuhlonipha uMartin Luther King Jr., nangoJanuwari 22nd ebona ukungena kokusebenza kwe-TPNW.
- NgoJanuwari 15th, isikhumbuzo sokuzalwa kuka-Martin Luther King, Omncane., I-Ground Zero izosingatha umlindelo esikhungweni sangaphansi kwamanzi sase-Bangor Trident, sihloniphe ifa likaDkt. King lokungabi nabudlova nokuphikisa izikhali zenuzi.
- Amalungu e-Ground Zero azobe ebambe izibhengezo emigwaqweni emikhulu nemigwaqo enguthelawayeka eKitsap County naseSeattle ngoJanuwari 22.nd imemezela ukungena kokusebenza kwe-TPNW.
Oxhumana naye info@gzcenter.org ukuze uthole imininingwane yemisebenzi kaJanuwari.
