Ukubheka Okusobala NoNaomi Klein

Okokuqala, ngifuna ukuhalalisela uNaomi Klein ngencwadi yakhe ekhuthazayo.  Lokhu Kushintsha Konke isize abafundi bayo ukuthi baqonde kangcono ukuhluma kokunyakaza kwesimo sezulu okusekelwe okubanzi, okunezinhlangothi eziningi kusuka phansi kuya phezulu kanye namandla ayo okuvuselela nokuvuselela Kwesokunxele. Futhi, ukhombise isibindi sokusho umsuka wenkinga—ubunxiwankulu—lapho izishoshovu eziningi zihlehla ekukhulumeni igama elithi “c”. Ukwengeza, ukugxila kwakhe embonini kaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi njengoba inhloso yesu lenhlangano igqamisa ngokusobala ukubaluleka kokuhlukanisa umkhakha omubi kakhulu wonxiwankulu bezimboni.

Kodwa naphezu kokuphathwa kwakhe okunokuqonda nokukhuthazayo kwamandla okunyakaza kwesimo sezulu shintsha konke, ngikholelwa ukuthi u-Klein ukhuluma ngokweqile udaba lwakhe futhi akanaki izici ezibalulekile zesistimu engasebenzi ngendlela eyingozi esibhekene nayo. Ngokubeka ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu phezu kwesisekelo, unciphisa ukuqonda kwethu ukuthi singanqamula kanjani amandla okufa konxiwankulu ezimpilweni zethu kanye nekusasa lethu.

Ngokwesibonelo, uKlein akakunaki ukuxhumana okujulile phakathi kwezinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu, impi, nempi. Ngenkathi echitha sonke isahluko echaza ukuthi kungani umnikazi we-Virgin Airlines, u-Richard Branson, kanye nabanye osozigidigidi baseGreen bengeke basisindise, unikeza izigwebo ezincane ezintathu esikhungweni esinodlame, esimoshayo, esishisa kakhulu uphethiloli Emhlabeni—amasosha ase-US.[1]  U-Klein wabelana ngale ndawo eyimpumputhe nesithangami sesimo sezulu esisemthethweni seNhlangano Yezizwe. I-UNFCCC ayibandakanyi ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli kwemboni yezempi kanye nokukhishelwa ngaphandle kwemikhiqizo yegesi ebamba ukushisa kuzwelonke.[2]  Lokhu kukhululwa kwaba umkhiqizo wokunxenxa okukhulu kwe-United States ngesikhathi sezingxoxo zase-Kyoto maphakathi nawo-1990. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-carbon “bootprint” yesikhungo samasosha ibinganakwa ngokusemthethweni.[3]  Incwadi kaKlein ilahlekelwe yithuba elibalulekile lokuveza lokhu kufihla okucashile.

I-Pentagon ayiyona nje isikhungo esikhulu kunazo zonke sokushisa amafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni; futhi iwumthengisi ophezulu wezikhali kanye nosebenzisa imali kwezempi.[4]  Umbuso wezempi waseMelika womhlaba wonke ugada izindawo zokuhluza i-Big Oil, amapayipi, kanye namathangi amakhulu. Isekela ama-petro-tyrannies asabela kakhulu; ishwabadela inqwaba kawoyela ukuze ifuthe umshini wayo wempi; futhi ikhiphe ubuthi obuyingozi kakhulu endaweni ezungezile kunanoma yimuphi ukungcola kwebhizinisi.[5]  Amasosha, abakhiqizi bezikhali, kanye nemboni kaphethiloli banomlando omude wokusebenzelana okunenkohlakalo. Lobu budlelwano obuyindida bugqama ngokukhululeka eMpumalanga Ephakathi lapho iWashington ihlomisa imibuso yengcindezelo yesifunda ngezikhali zakamuva futhi ibeka inqwaba yezisekelo lapho amasosha aseMelika, ama-mercenaries, nama-drones kuthunyelwa khona ukugada amaphampu, izindawo zokuhluza, kanye nemigqa yokuphakela. I-Exxon-Mobil, BP, ne-Chevron.[6]

I-petro-military complex iwumkhakha obiza kakhulu, ocekela phansi, omelene nentando yeningi wezwe lebhizinisi. Isebenzisa amandla amakhulu phezu kweWashington nakuwo womabili amaqembu ezepolitiki. Noma yimuphi umnyakazo wokulwisana nezinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu, uguqule ikusasa lethu lamandla, futhi uqinise intando yeningi emazingeni aphansi angeke ukwazi ukuziba umbuso kaphethroli waseMelika. Kodwa okuxakayo ukuthi lapho u-Klein efuna izindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali uguquko lwengqalasizinda yamandla avuselelekayo e-US, isabelomali sezempi esikhukhumele asicatshangelwa.[7]

IPentagon ngokwayo ikubona ngokusobala ukuxhumana phakathi kokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nempi. NgoJuni, umbiko we-US Military Advisory Board mayelana Ukuphepha Kwezwe kanye Nezingozi Ezisheshayo Zokushintsha Kwesimo Sezulu uxwayise ngokuthi “…imithelela ehlongozwayo ye ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuyoba ngaphezu kokuphindaphinda izinsongo; zizoba yizisusa zokungazinzi nezingxabano.” Iphendula, i-Pentagon ilungiselela ukulwa "izimpi zesimo sezulu" ngezinsiza ezisongelwa ukuphazamiseka komoya, njengamanzi ahlanzekile, umhlaba olimekayo, nokudla.[8]

Noma u-Klein ekushaya indiva ukuxhumana phakathi kwezempi nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu futhi ekushaya indiva ukunyakaza kokuthula njengabambisene nabo ababalulekile, inhlangano yokuthula ayikushayi indiva ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Amaqembu amelene nempi afana namaVeterans for Peace, War Is A Crime, kanye neWar Resisters League enze ukuxhumana phakathi kwezempi nokuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu kwagxila emsebenzini wabo. Inkinga yesimo sezulu yayiyinkinga enkulu yamakhulu ezishoshovu zokuthula ezivela emhlabeni wonke ezazihlangene eCapetown, eNingizimu Afrika ngoJulayi 2014. Ingqungquthela yabo, eyayihlelwe yi-War Resisters International, yayikhuluma ngezishoshovu ezingenalo udlame, umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu. ukwanda kwezempi emhlabeni jikelele.[9]

UKlein uthi ucabanga ukuthi ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kunamandla ahlukile ngoba kuveza ubuntu “ngenkinga ekhona.” Uzimisele ukukhombisa ukuthi ingashintsha kanjani yonke into ngokuhlanganisa “zonke lezi zinkinga ezibonakala zihlukene zibe yindaba ehambisanayo yokuthi singavikelwa kanjani isintu ekulimaleni kwesimiso somnotho esingenabulungisa esibi kanye nesimo sezulu esiwohlokayo.” Kodwa-ke ukulandisa kwakhe akunaki impi cishe ngokuphelele. Lokhu kunginika ikhefu. Ingabe kukhona umnyakazo oqhubekayo ongavikela iplanethi ngaphandle kokuxhumanisa amachashazi phakathi kwezinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu nempi noma ukubhekana ngqo nalo mbuso wezempi kaphethiloli? Uma i-US kanye nabanye ohulumeni beya empini ngenxa yemithombo yamandla enciphayo yomhlaba nezinye izinsiza, kufanele yini sigcine ukugxila kwethu kukhiyiwe ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, noma kufanele ukumelana nezimpi zezinsiza kube yindaba yethu esheshayo?

Enye indawo ebalulekile eyimpumputhe encwadini kaKlein indaba “yamafutha aphezulu.” Leli yiphuzu lapho izinga lokukhishwa kwe-petroleum selikhulile futhi liqala ukwehla kakhulu. Njengamanje sekwamukeleka kabanzi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela we-CONVENTIONAL emhlabeni wonke kwanda cishe ngo-2005.[10]  Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kukhiqize amanani aphezulu kawoyela adala ukuwohloka komnotho ngo-2008 futhi kwaqala umkhankaso wakamuva wokukhipha uwoyela we-shale obizayo, ongcolile ongajwayelekile nezihlabathi zetiyela lapho intengo ekugcineni ibenze bazuza.[11]

Nakuba okunye kwalokhu kukhishwa kuyibhamuza elixhaswe kakhulu, eliqagela ngokwezezimali elingase libonise ukuthi likhuphuke kakhulu maduze, ukutheleka kwesikhashana kwama-hydrocarbon angajwayelekile kunike umnotho ikhefu elifushane ekuwohlokeni komnotho. Kodwa-ke, ukukhiqizwa kukawoyela okuvamile kubikezelwa ukuthi kuzokwehla ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-50 emashumini amabili eminyaka ezayo kuyilapho imithombo engajwayelekile mancane amathuba okuthi ithathe indawo yamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-6.[12]  Ngakho ukuwohloka komnotho wembulunga yonke kungase kubuye ngokushesha ngokuphindisela.

Isimo esibucayi sikawoyela siphakamisa izindaba ezibalulekile zokwakha umnyakazo kubashisekeli besimo sezulu kanye nazo zonke inqubekela phambili. U-Klein kungenzeka ukuthi uyigwemile le nkinga ngoba abanye abantu esixukwini sikawoyela ophakeme basibukela phansi isidingo sokunyakaza kwesimo sezulu esinamandla. Hhayi ukuthi bacabanga ukuthi ukuphazamiseka kwesimo sezulu akuyona inkinga enkulu, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi bakholelwa ukuthi sisondela ekuwohlokeni kwezimboni emhlabeni wonke okubangelwa ukwehla okukhulu kwezimboni. net ama-hydrocarbon akhona ukuze kukhule umnotho. Ekulinganiseni kwabo, ukunikezwa kukaphethiloli wezinto ezimbiwa phansi emhlabeni wonke kuzokwehla kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesidingo esikhulayo ngoba umphakathi uzodinga amanani akhula njalo wamandla ukuze nje uthole futhi ukhiphe ama-hydrocarbon asele angcolile, angajwayelekile.

Ngakho, nakuba kungase kube nenani elikhulu lamandla ezinsalela ngaphansi komhlaba, umphakathi kuyodingeka unikele ngezingxenye ezinkulu kakhulu zamandla nemali ukuze nje uphumelele, ushiye kancane kancane kukho konke okunye. Izazi zemibono kawoyela eziphakeme zicabanga ukuthi lo mandla kawoyela kanye nokuchithwa kwemali kuzowucekela phansi wonke umnotho. Bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu konakala okuzayo kungenza okukhulu kakhulu ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kunanoma iyiphi inhlangano yezepolitiki. Ingabe baqinisile? Kwazi bani? Kodwa noma ngabe banephutha mayelana nokuwa ngokuphelele, ama-hydrocarbon aphezulu nakanjani azobangela ukwehla komnotho okukhulayo kanye nokwehla okuhambisana nokuphuma kwekhabhoni. Lokhu kuzosho ukuthini ngokunyakaza kwesimo sezulu kanye nomthelela waso oshisayo ngakwesobunxele?

U-Klein ngokwakhe uyavuma ukuthi, kuze kube manje, ukuncipha okukhulu kakhulu kokukhipha i-GHG kuvela ekuwohlokeni komnotho, hhayi ezenzweni zezombusazwe. Kodwa uyawugwema umbuzo ojulile owuphakamisayo: uma ubunxiwankulu buntula inala, amandla ashibhile adingekayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokukhula, ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu kuzosabela kanjani lapho ukuqina, ukwehla komnotho, nokudangala kuba yinto entsha evamile futhi ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuqala ukwehla ngenxa yalokho?

U-Klein ubona i-capitalism njengomshini wokukhula ongapheli odala umonakalo emhlabeni. Kodwa umgomo oyinhloko wobunxiwankulu yinzuzo, hhayi ukukhula. Uma ukukhula kuphendukela ekufinyezweni nasekuweni, ubunxiwankulu angeke buhwamuke. Ama-capitalist elite azokhipha inzuzo ngokuqongelela, inkohlakalo, inhlekelele, kanye nezingxabano. Emnothweni ongakhuli kancane, isisusa senzuzo singaba nomthelela omubi emphakathini. Igama elithi “catabolism” livela esiGrekini futhi lisetshenziswe kuyisayensi yezinto eziphilayo ukuze libhekisele esimweni lapho into ephilayo izidla khona. I-Catabolic capitalism wuhlelo lwezomnotho oluzidlayo. Ngaphandle uma sizikhulula ekubanjweni kwayo, ubungxiwankulu be-catabolic buba ikusasa lethu.

Ukucatshangelwa kobungxiwankulu kuphakamisa izingqinamba ezibalulekile okufanele izishoshovu zesimo sezulu kanye nabaNxele kufanele bazicabangele. Esikhundleni sokukhula okunganqamukiyo, kuthiwani uma ikusasa liba uchungechunge lokuwohloka komnotho okubangelwa amandla-izitebhisi ezimbi, ezingalingani, ezisuka endaweni ephakeme kawoyela? Inhlangano yesimo sezulu izosabela kanjani uma isikweletu sinqamuka, izimpahla zezimali ziwohloka, amanani emali eguquguquka ngendlela exakile, uhwebo luvalwa, futhi ohulumeni bebeka izinyathelo ezinzima ukuze balondoloze igunya labo? Uma abantu baseMelika bengakutholi ukudla ezitolo ezinkulu, imali kuma-ATM, igesi emaphampuni, nogesi ezintanjeni zikagesi, ingabe isimo sezulu sizoba ukukhathazeka kwabo okuyinhloko?

Ukubanjwa kwezomnotho emhlabeni jikelele kanye nokufinyela kuzokwehlisa kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwe-hydrocarbon, kubangele ukwehla kwezintengo zamandla okwesikhashana. Phakathi kokuwohloka komnotho okujulile kanye nokwehliswa okumangazayo kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ingabe izinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu zizohlala ziyindaba ekhathaza umphakathi kanye nenkinga ekhuthazayo kwaNxele? Uma kungenjalo, inhlangano ethuthukayo egxile ekuguquleni kwesimo sezulu ingawugcina kanjani umfutho wawo? Ingabe umphakathi uzozamukela izicelo zokuthi kunqandwe ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni ukuze kongiwe isimo sezulu uma ukushisa ama-hydrocarbon ashibhile kubonakala kuyindlela eshesha kakhulu yokuqalisa ukukhula, noma ngabe kungokwesikhashana kangakanani?

Ngaphansi kwalesi simo okungenzeka ukuthi, ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu kungawa ngokushesha kunomnotho. Ukwehliswa kwe-GHG okubangelwa ukudangala kungaba yinto enhle kakhulu esimweni sezulu, kodwa kungamunca ukunyakaza kwesimo sezulu ngoba abantu bazobona isizathu esincane sokuzikhathaza ngokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Phakathi kokudangala nokwehla kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, abantu nohulumeni bazokhathazeka kakhulu ngokusimama komnotho. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, umnyakazo uzosinda kuphela uma udlulisela ukugxila kwawo ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu kuye ekwakheni ukululama okuzinzile, okusimeme okungenayo imilutha yezinqolobane ezishabalalayo zezibaseli ezimbiwa phansi.

Uma abahleli bomphakathi oluhlaza kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ziqala izinhlobo ezingenzi-nzuzo zokubhanga ezibophezelekile emphakathini, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokushintshisana okusiza abantu basinde ekulimaleni okuhlelekile, bazothola ukugunyazwa okubalulekile emphakathini nokuhlonishwa.  If basiza ukuhlela amapulazi omphakathi, amakhishi, imitholampilo yezempilo kanye nokuphepha komakhelwane, bazothola ukubambisana okwengeziwe nokusekelwa. Futhi if bangakwazi ukuhlanganisa abantu ukuthi bavikele imali yabo kanye nezimpesheni futhi bavimbele ukudliwa, ukuxoshwa, ukudilizwa, nokuvalwa kwezindawo zokusebenza, khona-ke ukumelana okudumile konxiwankulu be-catabolic kuzokhula kakhulu. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe uguquko oluya emphakathini ophumelelayo, onobulungiswa, ozinzile ngokwemvelo, yonke le mizabalazo kufanele ihlanganiswe futhi ifakwe nombono okhuthazayo wokuthi impilo ingaba ngcono kangakanani uma sizikhulula kulolu hlelo olungasebenzi, olugxile enzuzweni, olucwile ku-petroleum. kanye kanye.

Isifundo uNaomi Klein angasinaki sibonakala sicacile. Izinxushunxushu zesimo sezulu ziwuphawu olulodwa OLUDUKUZA umphakathi wethu ongasebenzi kahle. Ukuze sisinde kubungxiwankulu obunamandla futhi kuqhume enye indlela, izishoshovu zenhlangano kuyodingeka zilindele futhi zisize abantu baphendule ezinkingeni eziningi ngenkathi bezihlela ukuze zibone futhi zisiphule umsuka wazo. Uma inhlangano intula ukubona kusengaphambili lezi zinhlekelele ezehlelayo futhi iguqule ukugxila kwayo lapho kudingeka, sizobe sisichithile isifundo esibalulekile esivela encwadini kaKlein edlule, The Shock Doctrine. Ngaphandle uma abaseNxele bekwazi ukubona ngeso lengqondo nokuqhubekisela phambili enye indlela engcono, izikhulu zamandla zizosebenzisa inkinga entsha ngayinye ukuze zidlulele ku-ajenda yazo “yokubhoboza nokubulala” kuyilapho umphakathi udonsa kanzima futhi uhlukumezekile. Uma Abakwesobunxele bengakwazi ukwakha inhlangano enamandla ngokwanele futhi evumelana nezimo ngokwanele ukumelana nezimo eziphuthumayo zemvelo, ezomnotho, nezempi zokuwohloka kwempucuko yezimboni futhi baqale ukukhiqiza ezinye izindlela ezinethemba kuzolahlekelwa umfutho ngokushesha kulabo abazuza enhlekeleleni.

U-Craig Collins Ph.D. umbhali we"Izintuba Ezinobuthi” (I-Cambridge University Press), ehlola isimiso saseMelika esingasebenzi sokuvikela indawo ezungezile. Ufundisa isayensi yezepolitiki kanye nomthetho wezemvelo eCalifornia State University East Bay futhi wayeyilungu elisungula i-Green Party yaseCalifornia.